Les interactions mito-nucléaire sont au centre des fonctions de la mitochondrie, telles que la production d’énergie. Or, peu d’informations sont connues sur comment le génome mitochondrial peut influencer la réponse nucléaire. Les cybrides (hybrides cytoplasmiques) peuvent présenter des modifications phénotypiques (adaptatives ou non) dûe à ces interactions. Dans cette étude, les différents mitotypes (haplotype mitochondriale) de l'espèce Chrosomus eos furent utilisés comme modèle afin d’étudier plus en profondeur les interactions entre les différents génomes d’une cellule. Ce complexe présente en plus du type sauvage, deux types de cybrides, dont les mitochondries proviennent de deux refuges glaciaires différents : Mississippien et Atlantique. Cette étude fut effectuée sur des individus en sympatrie afin de prendre en compte l’influence environnementale. Des populations en allopatrie furent également mesurés séparément afin de complémenter les études précédentes. Afin de répondre à ces objectifs, plusieurs approches furent employées, adressant ainsi divers niveaux d’intégration : la méthylation, la transcription, la protéomique et l’activité enzymatique. Des différences entre les divers mitotypes furent observées, mais de magnitude inférieure à l’influence environnementale. Ce résultat suggère donc que les différences associées au mitotype en sympatrie affecte leur répartition et leur habileté à coloniser différents types d’environnements, créant ainsi la similarité intra-mitotype inter-lac observé dans les études précédentes. Pour adresser l’analyse transcriptomique, une référence a été produite. Cette référence offre beaucoup d’informations pour des applications futures. / The mito-nuclear interactions are at the center of the mitochondrial functions, such as energy production. Despite their importance, little is known about how the influence of the mitochondrial genome on the nuclear genes expressions. The cybrids (cytoplasmic hybrids) can present phenotype modification (adaptive or not) caused by the mito-nuclear interactions. In this study, different mitotype of Cybrids of the Chrosomus eos species were used as model to further study the interaction between a cell’s genomes. This complex of species has two types of cybrids, the mitochondria of which originates from two different glacial refugia : Atlantic and Mississippian. This set up of this study was a sympatric lake, to minimise the environmental factor. Allopatric population were also separately analysed to supplement past studies. To accomplish these goals, multiple methods were used, assessing also multiple levels of gene expression: Methylation, transcription, protein and enzymatic activity. Differences between mitotypes were observed, but of lesser magnitude then the environmental factor. Thus, this result suggest that the differences associated to the sympatric mitotypes drive a deference in environment colonization, which would create the inter-lake intra-mitotype similarity observed in past studies. To assess the transcription of mitotype, a transcriptomic reference was produced. This reference offers a lot of information and future applications.

On retrouve dans le complexe Chrosomus eos-neogaeus une forme cybride ayant le génome nucléaire de C. eos et le génome mitochondrial de C. neogaeus. Ce modèle particulier fournit une occasion unique d’étudier l’influence d’une mitochondrie exogène sur le métabolisme et la physiologie d'organismes vivant en milieu naturel, et s'étant donc adaptés à cette situation cellulaire atypique. La mitochondrie jouant un rôle fondamental vital, nous nous attendons à ce que la présence d’une mitochondrie exogène chez la forme cybride ait un impact sur l’expression de son génome et du protéome qui en découle. L’objectif de ce projet est d’étudier les différences au niveau protéomique entre des individus C. eos purs (forme sauvage) et des cybrides provenant d'habitats similaires afin de faire ressortir au maximum les différences dues à la présence de mitochondries C. neogaeus chez la forme cybride. Pour ce faire, nous avons comparé les protéomes des formes cybride et sauvage en utilisant l'électrophorèse en deux dimensions. Un sous-groupe de protéines produisant un signal spécifique révélé par l’analyse comparative a été identifié et analysé par spectrométrie de masse (LC/MS). Les résultats indiquent que la présence de mitochondries C. neogaeus chez le cybride influence fortement la régulation génique chez ce dernier. De plus, les protéines identifiées apportent des pistes intéressantes supportant l'hypothèse que la présence de mitochondries C. neogaeus chez le cybride rendrait ce biotype plus résistant au froid que la forme sauvage. / The Chrosomus eos-neogaeus genetic complex regroups different forms of hybrids of these two species, among which a cybrid form, that harbours the nuclear genome of C. eos and the mitochondria of C. neogaeus. This peculiar model is thus a unique opportunity to study the influence of an exogenous mitochondria on the metabolism and cellular physiology in a living animal in the wild, and thus perfectly adapted to this atypical cellular environment. Mitochondria being at the core of fundamental biological processes, we expect that the presence of foreign mitochondria will modify gene expression and the resulting proteome of these fishes. The overall goal of this master thesis is thus to compare the proteome of pure (wild type) C. eos with the cybrid form sampled in similar lakes from the same geographical area so that most differences could be attributed to the different mitochondrial genomes. To achieve this goal, we used two dimensional electrophoresis. We selected a sub-group of proteins that showed the most extreme expression differences and identified these spots by mass spectrometric analyses (LC/MS). Results demonstrate that C. neogaeus mitochondria has a strong influence on gene expression in cybrid. Proteins identified bring new clues supporting the hypothesis that cybrid are more cold tolerant than the wild type biotype.

Esta pesquisa disserta sobre o processo de convergência entre o espaço urbano e as mídias locativas, que forma um terceiro espaço: o espaço cíbrido. O termo cíbrido foi criado pelo arquiteto Peter Anders, para designar um meio híbrido onde se desenvolvem as práticas sociais relacionadas à cibercultura. Com a difusão da Internet 1.0 na década de 90, que ocorre a partir da venda massiva de computadores pessoais, as mais variadas vertentes do conhecimento se debruçaram sobre as implicações do surgimento de um novo lugar: o espaço virtual. Porém é especialmente entre os \'artistas digitais\' da Net.art e arquitetos que se investigou as formas de perceber, produzir e criar esteticamente este novo lugar. Uma década mais tarde, o meio virtual sofreu uma nova guinada: a difusão dos dispositivos portáteis de telecomunicação: os smartphones, acoplados com dispositivos de rastreamento, demarcação e mapeamento espacial. As práticas resultantes destas novas mídias: as mídias locativas, associam camadas informacionais aos objetos, às pessoas e aos agenciamentos em rede e localizam esta rede espacialmente. Para investigar o processo de hibridização entre a esfera informacional e o espaço, traçou-se um mapeamento de obras de arte e arquitetura que tratam especificamente deste tema. A seleção desses dois campos de conhecimento para a análise, se justifica por serem áreas correlatas que vêm promovendo mudanças paradigmáticas neste campo e trazendo contribuições essenciais para a compreensão das práticas sociais que envolvem os espaços cíbridos. Cada projeto selecionado oferece em sua especificidade, o suporte teórico, descritivo, sobre as atuais formas de convergência telemática no espaço e tensionam questões específicas desse processo de hibridização, contribuindo para o avanço do conhecimento acerca do processo de produção, apropriação e compartilhamento destas tecnologias com o espaço urbano. / This research talks about the issue and process of convergence between urban space and locative media, which form a third space: the Cybrid space. The Cybrid is a term coined by the architect Peter Anders, to designate a hybrid environment where to develop social practices related to cyberculture. With the spread of Internet 1.0 in the 90\'s, which takes place from the massive sales of personal computers, the aspects of knowledge have addressed the implications of the emergence of a new place: the virtual space. But it is especially among \'digital artists\' of Net.art and architects who investigated the ways of perceiving, producing and aesthetically create this new place. A decade later, the virtual environment has suffered a new twist: the distribution of portable telecommunication devices: smartphones, coupled with tracking devices, demarcation and spatial mapping. The resulting practices of these new media: locative media, associated informational layers to objects, people and assemblages networking and spatially locate this network. To investigate the process of hybridization between the informational sphere and space, drew up a mapping of art and architecture works that specifically address this issue. The selection of these two fields of knowledge for the analysis is justified because they are related areas that are promoting paradigmatic changes in this field and bringing essential contributions to the understanding of social practices involving cybrids spaces. Each project offers, the theoretical, descriptive support, on current forms of telematics convergence in space and tense specific issues that the hybridization process, contributing to the advancement of knowledge about the production process, ownership and sharing of these technologies urban space.

Esta pesquisa disserta sobre o processo de convergência entre o espaço urbano e as mídias locativas, que forma um terceiro espaço: o espaço cíbrido. O termo cíbrido foi criado pelo arquiteto Peter Anders, para designar um meio híbrido onde se desenvolvem as práticas sociais relacionadas à cibercultura. Com a difusão da Internet 1.0 na década de 90, que ocorre a partir da venda massiva de computadores pessoais, as mais variadas vertentes do conhecimento se debruçaram sobre as implicações do surgimento de um novo lugar: o espaço virtual. Porém é especialmente entre os \'artistas digitais\' da Net.art e arquitetos que se investigou as formas de perceber, produzir e criar esteticamente este novo lugar. Uma década mais tarde, o meio virtual sofreu uma nova guinada: a difusão dos dispositivos portáteis de telecomunicação: os smartphones, acoplados com dispositivos de rastreamento, demarcação e mapeamento espacial. As práticas resultantes destas novas mídias: as mídias locativas, associam camadas informacionais aos objetos, às pessoas e aos agenciamentos em rede e localizam esta rede espacialmente. Para investigar o processo de hibridização entre a esfera informacional e o espaço, traçou-se um mapeamento de obras de arte e arquitetura que tratam especificamente deste tema. A seleção desses dois campos de conhecimento para a análise, se justifica por serem áreas correlatas que vêm promovendo mudanças paradigmáticas neste campo e trazendo contribuições essenciais para a compreensão das práticas sociais que envolvem os espaços cíbridos. Cada projeto selecionado oferece em sua especificidade, o suporte teórico, descritivo, sobre as atuais formas de convergência telemática no espaço e tensionam questões específicas desse processo de hibridização, contribuindo para o avanço do conhecimento acerca do processo de produção, apropriação e compartilhamento destas tecnologias com o espaço urbano. / This research talks about the issue and process of convergence between urban space and locative media, which form a third space: the Cybrid space. The Cybrid is a term coined by the architect Peter Anders, to designate a hybrid environment where to develop social practices related to cyberculture. With the spread of Internet 1.0 in the 90\'s, which takes place from the massive sales of personal computers, the aspects of knowledge have addressed the implications of the emergence of a new place: the virtual space. But it is especially among \'digital artists\' of Net.art and architects who investigated the ways of perceiving, producing and aesthetically create this new place. A decade later, the virtual environment has suffered a new twist: the distribution of portable telecommunication devices: smartphones, coupled with tracking devices, demarcation and spatial mapping. The resulting practices of these new media: locative media, associated informational layers to objects, people and assemblages networking and spatially locate this network. To investigate the process of hybridization between the informational sphere and space, drew up a mapping of art and architecture works that specifically address this issue. The selection of these two fields of knowledge for the analysis is justified because they are related areas that are promoting paradigmatic changes in this field and bringing essential contributions to the understanding of social practices involving cybrids spaces. Each project offers, the theoretical, descriptive support, on current forms of telematics convergence in space and tense specific issues that the hybridization process, contributing to the advancement of knowledge about the production process, ownership and sharing of these technologies urban space.