Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A. f.) est un modèle bactérien parfaitement adapté à l’étude de la survie en milieu acide. Si plusieurs métalloprotéines ont été identifiées et caractérisées d’un point de vue biochimique, le fonctionnement de la chaîne respiratoire couplant l’oxydation du Fe(II) à la réduction de l’oxygène dans cet organisme n’est pas élucidée. Au cours de ce travail de thèse, après avoir optimisé les conditions de croissance de la bactérie et de production des protéines redox impliquées, nous avons reconstitué sur interface électrochimique une partie de la chaîne respiratoire d’A. f. dans le but de déterminer étape par étape le chemin de transfert d’électrons (TE). Notre attention s’est portée sur trois protéines qui interagissent dans la chaîne respiratoire: la cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), la cuprédoxine AcoP, qui copurifie avec la CcO mais de fonction inconnue, et un cytochrome dihémique (Cyt c4) proposé comme interagissant avec la CcO. La mise en évidence, puis la quantification d’un TE intermoléculaire entre le Cyt c4 et AcoP, puis entre le Cyt c4 et la CcO nous a permis de proposer un rôle pour AcoP et un nouveau chemin de TE vers la CcO. Nous avons ensuite étudié les propriétés électrochimiques de la CcO vis à vis de la réduction catalytique de l’O2, en particulier avec une forte affinité. Nous avons ainsi pu montrer que la CcO de A. f. réduisait l’O2 à des potentiels 500 mV plus anodiques que les CcO neutrophiles par une connexion directe de l’enzyme sur nanomatériaux carbonés. Affinité pour O2 et haut potentiel redox font de cette CcO une enzyme de choix pour développer une nouvelle génération de piles à combustible enzymatique. / Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans is one of the most studied bacterial models to understand how to survive in an acid environment. Although several metalloproteins have been identified and characterized from a biochemical point of view, the electron transfer pathway (ET) of the respiratory chain coupling the oxidation of ferrous iron with the reduction of oxygen in this organism has not been elucidated.During this thesis work, after having optimized the growth conditions of the bacterium and the production of the redox proteins involved, we reconstituted on the electrochemical interface part of the respiratory chain of A. ferrooxidans for the purpose of determining step by step the ET. Our attention focused on three proteins that interact in the respiratory chain: cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), the cupredoxin AcoP, which co-purifies with CcO but of unknown function, and a cytochrome dihemic (Cyt c4) proposed as interacting with the CcO. The demonstration, then the quantification of an intermolecular ET between the Cyt c4 and AcoP, then between the Cyt c4 and the CcO allowed us to propose a role for AcoP and a new pathway for the ET to the CcO. We then studied the electrochemical properties of CcO with respect to the catalytic reduction of O2. We have demonstrated the strong affinity of this oxidase for O2. We have established the chemical functions required to obtain a direct wiring of the enzyme on carbon nanomaterials. This showed that A. ferrooxidans CcO reduced O2 at potentials 500 mV more anodic than neutrophilic CcOs. Affinity for O2 and high redox potential make this CcO an enzyme of choice to develop a new generation of enzymatic fuel cells.

No description available.

The ability to accurately identify species is fundamental to ecological research and environmental monitoring. Current taxonomic identifications often rely on differentiation of morphologically ambiguous characters, and a process of categorization which is tedious and often leads to misidentifications. This is compounded by the presence of cryptic taxa, which may be prevalent among Polychaete worms (Polychaeta: Annelida). With increased access to genetic techniques, Cytochrome c oxidase subunit I has been suggested as a possible aid to assist in the discrimination of species resources. In this study, I tested the hypothesis that the mtDNA COI gene locus is effective in discriminating morphologically recognised species of Polychaete worms. A 543 base-pair fragment of the COI locus was successfully extracted for 111 individuals from 16 out of 20 morphologically recognised species. Average intraspecific divergences were 0.8 %, ranging from 0 % to 5 %. Average interspecific variation was 26.4 %, ranging from 13.8 % to 36.8 %. The lowest divergences were found between two Nereid species (13.8 %), and two Glycera americana species (17.2 %). Relatively high maximum divergences of over 30 % suggest that some species may have reached a divergence saturation level, which may partially explain why familial groupings in constructed trees were not monophyletic. Divergences within the different Nereid species - a group previously known to have morphologically cryptic species - did not reveal the presence of any cryptic taxa. Pairwise comparisons showed a clear divide between percentages of intra- and interspecific divergences, and the suggested threshold of 11 % is effective for the taxa investigated here. On the basis of these results, I conclude that sequence variation in the mtDNA COI gene locus is effective in discriminating morphologically recognised species of Polychaete worms, but may not be appropriate for deeper (e.g. generic or familial) phylogenetic relationships among taxa.

Fluorescent molecules commonly shift to transient dark states, induced bylight or triggered by chemical reactions. The transient dark states can beused as probes of the local environment surrounding the fluorescent molecules,and are therefore attractive for use in biomolecular applications. Thisthesis explores the use and development of novel fluorescence spectroscopictechniques for monitoring transient dark states.This work demonstrates that kinetic information regarding photoinduced transient dark states of fluorescent molecules can be obtained from the time-averaged fluorescence intensity of fluorescent molecules subject totemporally modulated illumination. Methods based on this approach havethe advantage that the light detectors can have a low time resolution, which allows for parallelization and screening of biomolecular interactions withhigh throughput. Transient state images are presented displaying local environmental differences such as those in oxygen concentration and quencher accessibility.Analysis of the fluorescence intensity fluctuations resulting from thetransitions to and from transient dark states can be used to obtain information regarding the transition rates and occupancy of the transient darkstates. Fluorescence fluctuation analysis was used to reveal rates of protonbinding and debinding to single fluorescent molecules located close to biological membranes and protein surfaces. The results from these studies show that the proton exchange rate increases dramatically when the fluorescent molecule is close to the membrane. / QC 20100809

COX deficiency in human presents a plethora of phenotypes which is not surprising given the complexity of the enzyme structure and the multiple factors and many steps required for its assembly. A functional COX requires three mitochondrially encoded subunits (Cox1p, Cox2p and Cox3p), at least 10 nuclearly encoded subunits, some of which are tissue specific, and a yet unknown number of assembly factors. Mutations in four of these factors, hSco1p, hSco2p, hCox10p and hSurf1p, have been associated with lethal COX deficiency in patients. Sco proteins, conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, are probably involved in the insertion of copper in COX. The role of hSco1p and hSco2p in this process was investigated in this work. Moreover the importance of some hSco mutations found in patients was analysed. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses show that the hSco proteins are localised in the mitochondria. Both proteins are per se unable to substitute for ySco1p. However, a chimeric construct consisting of the N-terminal portion, the TM and a part of the C-terminal portion of ySco1p and the remaining C-terminal part derived from hSco1p was able to complement a ysco1 null mutant strain. This construct was used to define the role of a point mutation (P174L) found in the hSCO1 gene of infants suffering from ketoacidotic coma. These mutation was shown to affect the COX activity and the levels of Cox1p and Cox2p. The fact that copper was able to suppress this mutation, strongly outlined the importance of Sco proteins in the copper insertion in COX. The C-terminal portions of recombinant hSco1p and hSco2p were purified from E. coli by affinity chromatography. The purified proteins were subjected to atomic emission and absorption analyses and were shown to specifically bind copper. A stoichiometry of 1:1 for hSco2p and of 0,6:1 for hSco1p was determined. To identify the Aa residues involved in copper binding, in vitro mutagenesis was performed. hSco1p and hSco2p, lacking the cysteines of the predicted metal binding site CxxxC, show a dramatic decrease in the ability to bind copper. A model for the structure of the metal binding site in hSco proteins is proposed. hSco proteins could bind copper with trigonal coordination, involving the two cysteines of the CxxxC motif and a conserved histidine. The purified recombinant proteins were also used in an enzymatic assay to test their ability to reduce disulfide bridges, similar to thioredoxin-like proteins involved in the assembly of bacterial COX. Both hSco proteins were not able to act as thioredoxins suggesting a role for the hSco proteins as copper chaperones. To define the pathway of the copper transfer to COX, hSco proteins were tested for their ability to interact with hCox17p, a mitochondrial copper chaperone, and with Cox2p, which contains two copper ions. An interaction between hSco1p and Cox2p was detected. Both hSco proteins were shown to homomerise and to form heterodimers one with each other. Two mutations found in hSCO2 patients suffering from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, (E140K and S225F) were shown not to affect the copper binding properties, the intracellular localisation and the ability to form homomers. In accordance to these data, a model is proposed in which hSco2p dimers transfer copper to hSco1p dimers. hSco1p dimers interact with COX and insert copper in the binuclear centre of Cox2p.

Ο ρόλος του χαλκού είναι πολύ σημαντικός για τη σωστή λειτουργία της κυτοχρωμικής c οξειδάσης (CcO), και συνεπώς για την κυτταρική αναπνοή στους ευκαρυωτικούς και προκαρυωτικούς οργανισμούς. Η συγκρότηση της CcO στον ενδομεμβρανικό μιτοχονδριακό χώρο είναι μια πολύπλοκη διαδικασία, εξαρτώμενη από πλήθος συνεργών πρωτεϊνών, υπεύθυνων για τη λειτουργική αναδίπλωση των υπομονάδων του ενζύμου και τη μεταφορά αίμης και ιόντων Cu σε αυτές. Ενώ οι πρωτεΐνες που ενέχονται στη διαδικασία είναι μάλλον γνωστές, οι μηχανισμοί μεταφοράς και ενσωμάτωσης των μεταλλικών ιόντων στα δυο ενεργά κέντρα της CcO, CuA και CuB, παραμένουν ανεξερεύνητοι. Το CuA κέντρο είναι ένα διπυρηνικό κέντρο χαλκού, του οποίου ο ρόλος εντοπίζεται στη μεταφορά e- από το κυτόχρωμα c στο καταλυτικό κέντρο CuB της CcO. Η σωστή συγκρότηση του CuA κέντρου είναι κρίσιμης σημασίας για την καταλυτική δράση του ενζύμου. Αρκετές πρωτεΐνες έχουν χαρακτηριστεί σαν ενεργοί παράγοντες στη μεταφορά ιόντων Cu στο CuA κέντρο, ο ακριβής, ωστόσο, μοριακός μηχανισμός και ρόλος της κάθε πρωτεΐνης είναι άγνωστος. Στους προκαρυωτικούς οργανισμούς, δυο οικογένειες πρωτεϊνών έχουν προταθεί για την εμπλοκή τους στη συγκρότηση του CuA. Η πρώτη περιλαμβάνει πρωτεΐνες που δεσμεύουν ιόντα Cu1+ με ένα συντηρημένο μοτίβο δέσμευσης H(M)x10Mx21HxM (υποθετικές πρωτεΐνες Hyp1) ενώ η δεύτερη περιλαμβάνει τις πρωτεΐνες της οικογένειας Sco, των οποίων ο ρόλος στον μηχανισμό του CuA κέντρου σαν θειορεδοξίνες ή χαλκομεταφορείς, παραμένει ασαφής. Στην παρούσα εργασία αποδείχθηκε ότι μια νέα περιπλασματική πρωτεΐνη (TtHyp1 ή PCuAC) εισάγει επιλεκτικά ιόντα Cu1+ στην Cox2 υπομονάδα της ba3-CcO του Thermus thermophilus προς σχηματισμό του φυσιολογικού διπυρηνικού TtCuA κέντρου, καθώς και ότι η Sco πρωτεΐνη του συγκεκριμένου οργανισμού (TtSco1) δεν μεταφέρει μεταλλικά ιόντα στο CuA, αλλά δρα σαν θειο-δισουλφιδική αναγωγάση ρυθμίζοντας τη σωστή οξειδωτική κατάσταση των κυστεϊνικών καταλοίπων του CuA. Οι πρωτεΐνες PCuAC, TtSco1 και TtCuA εκφράστηκαν, απομονώθηκαν και μελετήθηκαν τα βιοχημικά χαρακτηριστικά τους, η ικανότητα δέσμευσης μεταλλικών ιόντων και οι μεταξύ τους αλληλεπιδράσεις. Επιπλέον η PCuAC χαρακτηρίστηκε δομικά με φασματοσκοπία NMR στην απο και Cu(I) μορφή της. Ο ρόλος των προκαρυωτικών Sco διερευνήθηκε περαιτέρω με μελέτες γονιδιακής ανάλυσης και την έκφραση και τον προκαταρκτικό χαρακτηρισμό μιας νέας πρωτεΐνης, PpSco1/cytc της Pseudomonas putida, πρωτεΐνης αποτελούμενης από δυο επικράτειες, Sco1 και cytc, συνδέοντας το ρόλο των Sco πρωτεϊνών με τη θεωρια περί θειρεδοξινικής τους δράσης. Καινοτομία στην παρούσα εργασία αποτέλεσε η μεθοδολογική προσέγγιση της πολλαπλής κλωνοποίησης των γονιδίων-στόχων με μια νέα τεχνολογία κλωνοποίησης (Gateway) συνδυασμένης με τοποειδική ένθεση σε πολλαπλούς πλασμιδιακούς φορείς και η ανάπτυξη high throughput τεχνικών για πολλαπλές δοκιμές έκφρασης – απομόνωσης. Η συγκεκριμένη μελέτη παρέχει νέα δεδομένα για το μηχανισμό τη συγκρότησης του CuA κέντρου της προκαρυωτικής CcO, υποστηρίζοντας ένα νέο μοντέλο για τη συγκεκριμένη διαδικασία και παράλληλα συνδράμει στην αποκρυπτογράφηση του πολύπλοκου ρόλου των Sco πρωτεϊνών. / Copper is essential for the correct assembly and function of the cytochrome c oxidase (CcO), thus for the efficient cellular respiration in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. CcO assembly in the inner mitochondrial membrane space is a multi complicated procedure, depended on a number of co-factors and their synergic action. These co-factors are proteins commissioned with the correct folding of the enzyme subunits and the transport/incorporation of heme moieties and Cu ions to them. While the proteins involved in this multistep procedure are rather known, the mechanisms of metal ion delivery and incorporation within the two active centers of CcO, CuA and CuB, still remain uncharted. The CuA center is a binuclear copper center, whose part in the respiratory chain is spoted in electron transport from the active cytochrome c to the catalytic CuB center of CcO. Efficient CuA assembly is crucial for the catalytic action of the entire enzyme. Several proteins have been characterized as essential factors for the transport of Cu ions to the CuA center; however their exact molecular mechanism of action still remains obscure. In prokaryotes, two protein families have been suggested to be involved in the CuA assembly. The first includes proteins that bind Cu1+ ions through a potential conserved motif H(M)x10Mx21HxM (hypothetical proteins, Hyp1), while the second includes proteins of the Sco family, whose exact role in CuA assembly as thioredoxins or copper chaperones is widely debated. In this work, it is propesed that a new periplasmic protein (TtHyp1 or PCuAC) selectively inserts Cu1+ ions in the Cox2 subunit of the ba3-CcO of Thermus thermophilus resulting the formation of the physiological binuclear TtCuA center, as well as that the Sco protein of the organism (TtSco1) is not able to transfer metal ions to the CuA center; instead it acts rather like a thio-disulfide reductase adjusting the proper redox state of the CuA cysteine residues. Proteins PCuAC, TtSco1 and TtCuA were over-expressed, purified and subjected to biochemical characterization, while their Cu binding capability and their inter se interactions were studied through NMR and UV spectroscopy. In addition, PCuAC was structurally characterized through NMR in its apo and Cu(I) form. The role of Sco proteins was further investigated through genome based analysis and the expression and biochemical characterization of a new protein, PpSco1/cytc from Pseudomonas putida, a unique bacterial protein consisted on two domains, a Sco1 and a cytc domain, presumptively connecting the role of Sco proteins with the suggested theory of thioredoxin action. A novelty in this work was the methodological aspect of the multiple cloning of the target genes with a new cloning technology (Gateway) combined with site specific recombination into multiple expression plasmid vectors and the development of a high throughput technique for parallel expression/purification tests. The infra work provides new insights to the CuA center assembly molecular mechanism of the prokaryotic CcO, supporting a new model for the particular procedure and also subscripts for the decipherment of the complicated role of Sco proteins.

The thesis summarizes data gathered on various components of respiratory chain of Trypanosoma brucei. Namely, NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I), alternative NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NDH2) and mitochondrial glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase are discussed themselves and in broader context of energy metabolism. Also, a work done using RNA interference library is described.

COX deficiency in human presents a plethora of phenotypes which is not surprising given the complexity of the enzyme structure and the multiple factors and many steps required for its assembly. A functional COX requires three mitochondrially encoded subunits (Cox1p, Cox2p and Cox3p), at least 10 nuclearly encoded subunits, some of which are tissue specific, and a yet unknown number of assembly factors. Mutations in four of these factors, hSco1p, hSco2p, hCox10p and hSurf1p, have been associated with lethal COX deficiency in patients. Sco proteins, conserved from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, are probably involved in the insertion of copper in COX. The role of hSco1p and hSco2p in this process was investigated in this work. Moreover the importance of some hSco mutations found in patients was analysed. Both in vitro and in vivo analyses show that the hSco proteins are localised in the mitochondria. Both proteins are per se unable to substitute for ySco1p. However, a chimeric construct consisting of the N-terminal portion, the TM and a part of the C-terminal portion of ySco1p and the remaining C-terminal part derived from hSco1p was able to complement a ysco1 null mutant strain. This construct was used to define the role of a point mutation (P174L) found in the hSCO1 gene of infants suffering from ketoacidotic coma. These mutation was shown to affect the COX activity and the levels of Cox1p and Cox2p. The fact that copper was able to suppress this mutation, strongly outlined the importance of Sco proteins in the copper insertion in COX. The C-terminal portions of recombinant hSco1p and hSco2p were purified from E. coli by affinity chromatography. The purified proteins were subjected to atomic emission and absorption analyses and were shown to specifically bind copper. A stoichiometry of 1:1 for hSco2p and of 0,6:1 for hSco1p was determined. To identify the Aa residues involved in copper binding, in vitro mutagenesis was performed. hSco1p and hSco2p, lacking the cysteines of the predicted metal binding site CxxxC, show a dramatic decrease in the ability to bind copper. A model for the structure of the metal binding site in hSco proteins is proposed. hSco proteins could bind copper with trigonal coordination, involving the two cysteines of the CxxxC motif and a conserved histidine. The purified recombinant proteins were also used in an enzymatic assay to test their ability to reduce disulfide bridges, similar to thioredoxin-like proteins involved in the assembly of bacterial COX. Both hSco proteins were not able to act as thioredoxins suggesting a role for the hSco proteins as copper chaperones. To define the pathway of the copper transfer to COX, hSco proteins were tested for their ability to interact with hCox17p, a mitochondrial copper chaperone, and with Cox2p, which contains two copper ions. An interaction between hSco1p and Cox2p was detected. Both hSco proteins were shown to homomerise and to form heterodimers one with each other. Two mutations found in hSCO2 patients suffering from hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, (E140K and S225F) were shown not to affect the copper binding properties, the intracellular localisation and the ability to form homomers. In accordance to these data, a model is proposed in which hSco2p dimers transfer copper to hSco1p dimers. hSco1p dimers interact with COX and insert copper in the binuclear centre of Cox2p.

No description available.

No description available.