Yuan, Qin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 112-119). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.III / Publications --- p.V / List of Abbreviations --- p.VI / List of Figures --- p.VII / List of Tables --- p.VIII / Abstract in English --- p.IX / Abstract in Chinese --- p.XII / Table of Contents --- p.XIII / Chapter CHAPTER1 I --- NTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- What is telemedicine --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- What is telepathology --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Types of telepathology system --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Main events in the development of telepathology --- p.9 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- Diagnostic accuracy in telepathology and telecytology --- p.12 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Applications of telepathology --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.4.a --- Remote primary diagnosis --- p.18 / Chapter 1.2.4.b --- Remote expert consultation --- p.19 / Chapter 1.2.4.c --- "Image libraries, databases and archiving" --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.4.d --- Quality assurance --- p.20 / Chapter 1.2.4.e --- Remote teaching and training --- p.21 / Chapter 1.3 --- Technical aspects of telepathology --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Image presentation --- p.24 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Image acquisition and display --- p.25 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Image compression --- p.27 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Networking and line connections --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.4.a --- Public (analog) telephone network --- p.29 / Chapter 1.3.4.b --- Integrated services digital network (ISDN) --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3.4.c --- Computer network --- p.30 / Chapter 1.3.4.d --- Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) --- p.31 / Chapter 1.4 --- Legal and ethical aspects --- p.32 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Licensure of the facility --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Licensure of the pathologist --- p.33 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Accreditation --- p.34 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- The electronic medical record: privacy --- p.35 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Malpractice liability --- p.36 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Reimbursement --- p.38 / Chapter 1.4.7 --- Conclusion --- p.38 / Chapter 1.5 --- Telemedicine and telepathology in China --- p.40 / Chapter 1.6 --- Cytopathology practice in China --- p.42 / Chapter CHAPTER2 --- OBJECTIVES OF STUDY --- p.46 / Chapter CHAPTER3 --- MATERIALS AND METHODS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.1 --- Case materials --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Static image capture and display --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3 --- Static telecytology study --- p.55 / Chapter 3.4 --- Web-based tutorial program --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Pre-tutorial evaluation --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Cytology tutorial --- p.62 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Post-tutorial evaluation --- p.66 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Data analysis --- p.67 / Chapter 3.5 --- Dynamic telecytology study --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Equipment --- p.68 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Trial design --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2a --- Telecytology diagnosis --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5.2b --- Light microscopy diagnosis --- p.73 / Chapter 3.5.2c --- Data analysis --- p.74 / Chapter CHAPTER4 --- RESULTS --- p.75 / Chapter 4.1 --- General information about participating cytology laboratories --- p.75 / Chapter 4.2 --- Static telecytology study --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Telecytology diagnostic agreement --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Confidence of telecytology diagnosis --- p.80 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- "The acceptance of the image quality, time required for each case" --- p.83 / Chapter 4.3 --- Web-based program on cervical cytology --- p.84 / Chapter 4.4 --- Dynamic telecytology study --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Diagnostic accuracy --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Time studies --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Diagnostic certainty --- p.89 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Image quality --- p.91 / Chapter CHAPTER5 --- DISCUSSION --- p.92 / Chapter 5.1 --- Static image telecytology study linking 14 Mainland China hospitals --- p.93 / Chapter 5.2 --- Problems encountered in setting up links with Mainland China --- p.97 / Chapter 5.3 --- Web-based tutorial programme for remote teaching --- p.100 / Chapter 5.4 --- Dynamic image telecytology study for immediate diagnosis at a distance --- p.103 / Chapter 5.5 --- Limitations of this study --- p.105 / Chapter 5.6 --- Concluding remarks --- p.108 / REFERENCES --- p.112

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-08T10:24:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Andrea Alves Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 3681565 bytes, checksum: ba070b3da33be6a596380c597c60ac22 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-02-08T10:24:49Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Andrea Alves Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 3681565 bytes, checksum: ba070b3da33be6a596380c597c60ac22 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-08T10:24:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Andrea Alves Ribeiro - 2017.pdf: 3681565 bytes, checksum: ba070b3da33be6a596380c597c60ac22 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-25 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / Sexually transmitted infections are considered (STIs) pose a major public health problem. Adolescents and young adults are more likely to get Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection for two main reasons: sexual behavior and biological vulnerability. Some risk factors such as parity and number of children as well as Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection are co-factors associated with HPV infection responsible for precursor lesions and cervical cancer. OBJETIVE: Estimate the prevalence of HPV types and CT in adolescents and young adult females and to relate to the detection of cytological abnormalities, with sociodemographic and habits related to sexual risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 276 adolescents and young adult females sexually active aged 15-24 years. Conventional cytology was performed to detect HPV DNA by PCR using the primers PGMY09/PGMY11 and genotyping by reverse dot blot hybridization. Detection of CT was performed by PCR using primers directed to the region encoding the cryptic plasmid. The population was stratified into two age groups: Group I (15-19 years) and Group II (20-24 years). It was conducted univariate analysis considering a p <0.20 for inclusion in the multivariate analysis to calculate the odds ratio (OR), confidence interval of 95% and significance level of <0.05. RESULTS: The prevalence of HPV infection was 47.1% (CI 95% 41.0–53.2). The HPV 16 was the most prevalent, present in 27.7% (36/129) of cases, followed by HPV 68 (8.5%; 11/130), HPV 52 (6.2 %; 8/130) e HPV 39 (4.6%; 6/130). The prevalence of HPV in the cytologic diagnosis of ASC-US was 66.7% in adolescents and 77.8% in young adult females. In diagnosis of LSIL HPV infection that present in 87.5% of adolescents and 75% of young adults females. The cytologic diagnosis of HSIL were detected only in adolescents with 100% prevalence of HPV infection. The total prevalence of CT infection was 9.1% (IC 95% 5.61–12.4). Among adolescents, the prevalence was 68% (17/25) and among young adults was 32% (8/25). The association with HPV infection related to behavioral and sociodemographic risk factors was statistically significant in the single marital status and had more than four sexual partners. Cytological abnormalities present among adolescents and young adults were associated with HPV and CT infection. CONCLUSION: HPV and CT infections are prevalent in adolescents and young adults, especially those with cytologic abnormalities. Sexual habits have a relationship with HPV infection, corroborating two of the risk factors for single marital status, the number of sexual partners. CT infection increases the risk for acquisition of cytologic abnormalities. / As infecções sexualmente transmissíveis são consideradas (ISTs) representam um grande problema de saúde pública. As adolescentes e adultas jovens estão mais susceptíveis a adquirem infecção pelo Papilomavírus humano (HPV), por dois motivos principais: o comportamento sexual e a vulnerabilidade biológica. Alguns Fatores de risco como, paridade e número de filhos, assim como infecção por Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) são cofatores associados à infecção pelo HPV responsáveis pelas lesões precursoras e câncer cervical. OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de tipos de HPV e CT presentes em adolescentes e adultas jovens e relacionar com a detecção de anormalidades citológicas, com fatores de risco sóciodemográficos e relacionados aos hábitos sexuais. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata de um estudo de corte transversal, incluiu 276 adolescentes e adultas jovens sexualmente ativas com idade entre 15 a 24 anos. Foi realizada a citologia convencional, a detecção de DNA-HPV por PCR utilizando os primers PGMY09/PGMY11 e a genotipagem por hibridização reversa em pontos. Para a amplificação do DNA de CT foi usado o teste AMPLICOR CT/NG, um ensaio multiplex, qualitativo, que permite a amplificação do DNA de CT, de NG e do controle interno (CI) da reação, simultaneamente. A população foi estratificada em dois grupos etários: Grupo I (15 a 19 anos) e Grupo II (20 a 24 anos). Realizou-se a análise univariada considerando um p< 0,20 para a inclusão na análise multivariada com o cálculo do Odds Ratio (OR), intervalo de confiança de 95% e nível de significância < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A prevalência de infecção por HPV foi de 47,1% (IC 95% 41,0–53,2). O HPV 16, em infecções simples e múltiplas, foi o mais prevalente detectado em 27,7% (36/130) dos casos, seguido pelo HPV 68 (8,5%; 11/130), HPV 52 (6,2 %; 8/130) e HPV 39 (4,6%; 6/130). A prevalência de HPV nos diagnósticos citológicos de ASC-US foi de 66,7 % em adolescentes e 77,8% nas adultas jovens. Nos diagnósticos de LSIL a infecção pelo HPV este presente em 87,5% das adolescentes e 75% das adultas jovens. Os diagnósticos citológicos de HSIL foram detectados apenas nas adolescentes com 100% de prevalência de infecção por HPV. A prevalência total da infecção por CT foi de 9,1% (IC 95% 5,61–12,4). Entre as adolescentes a prevalência foi de 68% (17/25) e entre as adultas jovens foi de 32% (8/25). A associação infecção pelo HPV relacionada aos fatores de risco comportamentais e sociodemográficos, mostrou-se estatisticamente significante o estado civil solteira e possuir mais que quatro parceiros sexuais. As anormalidades citológicas presentes entre adolescentes e adultas jovens foram associadas quanto à infecção pelo HPV e por CT. CONCLUSÃO: Infecções por HPV e CT são prevalentes em adolescentes e adultas jovens, especialmente nas que apresentam anormalidades citológicas. Hábitos sexuais possuem uma relação com a infecção por HPV, corroborando dois dos fatores de risco o estado civil solteira, o número de parceiros sexuais. A infecção por CT aumenta o risco para aquisição das anormalidades citológicas.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-28T21:50:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Jessica_Coelho_Valerianoatual.pdf: 1739335 bytes, checksum: 6ad29bd975f2995c8c9a68ceee755a5b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-28T21:50:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o_Jessica_Coelho_Valerianoatual.pdf: 1739335 bytes, checksum: 6ad29bd975f2995c8c9a68ceee755a5b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-18 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. and Pseudobombax simplicifolium A. Robins are species widely distributed in the Brazilian semiarid. The pressure on the genetic resources from Caatinga biome, mainly medicinal and for wood, caused by subsistence or commercial use, leads to reduce genetic variability of these species. Based on that, the cytogenetic and the tissue culture can support the characterization and propagation strategies of their populations. The research goals of this study were evaluate growth regulators and culture media effects on the establishment and in vitro micropropagation for the species, and the use of fluorochromes CMA3/DAPI in the cytogenetic characterization of P. simplicifolium. For P. simplicifolium it was evaluated different DKW ingredient concentration, added or not activated charcoal and different concentration of BAP and IBA on the establishment and in vitro multiplication of the species. For S. brasiliensis, it was evaluated the micropropagation media DKW and WPM (with different concentration of BAP and IBA) and the use of activated charcoal and polyvinylpyrrolidone to reduce the oxidation during establishment of in vitro cultivation of the species. In S. brasiliensis, the addition of BAP in the micropropagation media did not promote in vitro multiplication of the species. In P. simplicifolium, the results obtained for variables studied varied depending on the regulators concentrations and among genotypes. Concentrations above 4.92 and 6.64 ?M.L-1 AIB inhibited the multiplication in vitro in both species. The double staining CMA3/DAPI allowed the visualization of 2n = 84 chromosomes and different numbers of CMA+ blocks in the genotypes of P. simplicifolium. / As esp?cies Schinopsis brasiliensis Engl. e Pseudocombax simplicifolium A. Robins encontram-se amplamente distribu?das no semi?rido brasileiro. A press?o sobre os recursos gen?ticos do bioma caatinga, principalmente, medicinal e madeireiro, seja devido ao uso para subsist?ncia ou comercial, tem levado ? perda da variabilidade gen?tica destas esp?cies. Em vista a isto, a cultura de tecidos e a citogen?tica podem auxiliar nas estrat?gias de caracteriza??o e propaga??o de suas popula??es. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de reguladores de crescimento e meios de cultura no estabelecimento e multiplica??o in vitro das duas esp?cies, bem como o uso dos fluorocromos CMA3/DAPI na caracteriza??o citogen?tica do imbiru?u. Em P. simplicifolium, avaliou-se diferentes concentra??es dos sais DKW, acrescidos ou n?o com carv?o ativado e diferentes concentra??es de BAP e AIB no estabelecimento e multiplica??o da esp?cie. Em S. brasiliensis, avaliou-se os meios DKW e WPM e o uso do carv?o ativado e da polivinilpirrolidona na redu??o da oxida??o, e o efeito de diferentes concentra??es de BAP e AIB no meio WPM no estabelecimento do cultivo in vitro da esp?cie. Em S. brasiliensis, a adi??o de BAP ao meio de cultura n?o favoreceu a multiplica??o in vitro da esp?cie. Em P. simplicifolium as respostas para as vari?veis estudadas variaram em fun??o das concentra??es dos reguladores e entre os gen?tipos da esp?cie. Concentra??es acima de 4,92 e 6,64 ?M.L-1 de AIB inibiram a multiplica??o in vitro em ambas esp?cies. A dupla colora??o CMA3/DAPI permitiu a visualiza??o de 2n= 84 cromossomos e diferentes n?meros de blocos CMA+ nos gen?tipos estudados de P. simplicifolium.

Hund, bakterieller/ zytologischer Konjunktivalstatus, Konjunktivitis, Klinikaufenthalt

Estudo prospectivo para identificar a presença do papilomavírus humano em gestantes adolescentes por meio da captura híbrida II e correlacionar com colpocitologia oncótica convencional, em base líquida e colposcopia. O grupo constituído por 60 gestantes entre 12 a 18 anos e idade gestacional media de 23 semanas. A captura híbrida II foi positiva em 51,7%. A colpocitocologia oncótica convencional : normal em 90% e anormal em 10%. Os achados citológicos anormais: lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau em 8,3% e carcinoma invasor em 1,7%. A colpocitologia em base líquida: normal em 90% e anormal em 10%. Os achados citológicos anormais: lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau em 8,3% e lesão intraepitelial escamosa de alto grau em 1,7%. Os achados colposcópicos normais foram o epitélio escamoso normal em 20%, epitélio glandular em 18,3% e a zona de transformação normal em 40%. A zona de transformação anormal presente em 21,7% / Study delineated to identify human papillomavirus by hybrid capture II in pregnant teenagers and to correlate with conventional, liquid-based Pap test and colposcopic findings. The study group was constituted by 60 pregnant women aged between 12 and 18 years old; mean gestational age was 23 weeks. They were submitted to anamnese, Pap smear, hybrid capture technique and colposcopy. Hybrid capture II of human papillomavirus was positive in 51,7% of the cases. Conventional Pap test was normal in 90% and abnormal in 10% of the cases. Abnormal results: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 8,3% and Invasor carcinoma in 1,7%. Based-liquid Pap test was normal in 90% and abnormal in 10% of the cases. Abnormal results: 8,3% of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and 1,7% of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Normal results: 20% of normal squamous epithelium, 18,3%of columnar epithelium and 40% of normal transformation zone. Abnormal transformation zone was seen in 21,7% of the cases

O Papilomavírus Humano (HPV) é uma prevalente infecção do mundo atual, sendo o comportamento sexual um fator determinante para a o acometimento da infecção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o HPV em diferentes sítios de infecção, buscando um maior entendimento do seu mecanismo de disseminação. Foram analisadas amostras das mucosas cervical, oral e do sangue de 50 pacientes do sexo feminino. Foram identificados o HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31 e HPV-33. Nenhuma paciente foi negativa para os quatro tipos nos três sítios. O HPV-16 foi o mais detectado e o mais prevalente nos três sítios, simultaneamente, 32 pacientes apresentaram esse perfil. Todos os tipos virais presentes no sangue, também estavam presentes na mucosa cervical, na mucosa oral ou em ambas. Foram identificados seis achados citológicos, sugestivos da infecção pelo HPV. Foi realizada a detecção dos transcritos virais de E6, E6/E7 e L1 nos três sítios. Os resultados do nosso trabalho demonstram a alta prevalência do HPV, a atividade viral nos três sítios analisados e a provável disseminação do vírus. / Human papillomavirus (HPV) is one of the most prevalent infections of the current world, with sexual behavior being one determining fator of infection. The objective of this study was to study HPV in different sites of infection, seeking a better understanding of its mechanism and spreading. Cervical, oral and blood mucosa samples from 50 female patients were analyzed. HPV-16, HPV-18, HPV-31 and HPV-33 were identified. No patient was negative in the four types at all three sites. HPV-16 was the most detected and the most prevalent in the three sites, simultaneously, 32 patients presented this profile. All viral types present in the blood were also present in the cervical mucosa, oral mucosa, or both. Six cytological findings were identified, suggestive of infection by HPV. Detection of viral transcripts of E6, E6 / E7 and L1 was performed at the three sites. The results of our study demonstrate the high prevalence of HPV, viral activity in the three sites analyzed and the probable virus spreading.

Estudo prospectivo para identificar a presença do papilomavírus humano em gestantes adolescentes por meio da captura híbrida II e correlacionar com colpocitologia oncótica convencional, em base líquida e colposcopia. O grupo constituído por 60 gestantes entre 12 a 18 anos e idade gestacional media de 23 semanas. A captura híbrida II foi positiva em 51,7%. A colpocitocologia oncótica convencional : normal em 90% e anormal em 10%. Os achados citológicos anormais: lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau em 8,3% e carcinoma invasor em 1,7%. A colpocitologia em base líquida: normal em 90% e anormal em 10%. Os achados citológicos anormais: lesão intraepitelial escamosa de baixo grau em 8,3% e lesão intraepitelial escamosa de alto grau em 1,7%. Os achados colposcópicos normais foram o epitélio escamoso normal em 20%, epitélio glandular em 18,3% e a zona de transformação normal em 40%. A zona de transformação anormal presente em 21,7% / Study delineated to identify human papillomavirus by hybrid capture II in pregnant teenagers and to correlate with conventional, liquid-based Pap test and colposcopic findings. The study group was constituted by 60 pregnant women aged between 12 and 18 years old; mean gestational age was 23 weeks. They were submitted to anamnese, Pap smear, hybrid capture technique and colposcopy. Hybrid capture II of human papillomavirus was positive in 51,7% of the cases. Conventional Pap test was normal in 90% and abnormal in 10% of the cases. Abnormal results: low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 8,3% and Invasor carcinoma in 1,7%. Based-liquid Pap test was normal in 90% and abnormal in 10% of the cases. Abnormal results: 8,3% of low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and 1,7% of high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion. Normal results: 20% of normal squamous epithelium, 18,3%of columnar epithelium and 40% of normal transformation zone. Abnormal transformation zone was seen in 21,7% of the cases

Background Screening by cytology has been highly effective in reducing the incidence and mortality from squamous invasive cervical cancer (ICC), but the effectiveness is less established regarding non-squamous ICC and regarding women above screening ages and below 30 years of age. Cervical cancer still occurs despite the presence of an organised screening programme. A substantial proportion of screened women with ICC are reported to have had previous abnormal cytology findings. The significance of negative cytology with limited evaluation is not quite determined, the most effective management of women with low-grade abnormalities is controversial, and evaluation of long-term effect of different treatment methods is limited. Aims To identify possible areas of improvements in the prevention of cervical cancer by evaluating the effectiveness of the Swedish cervical screening programme, and by exploring risk factors for ICC in the cytological screening histories and in the management of women with abnormal cytology findings. Methods The screening histories of all ICC cases in Sweden 1999-2001 (n=1230) and of five population-based control women per case were reviewed, using data from the Swedish Cancer Registry, the national population register, the Swedish national cervical screening quality register, histopathological reports and questionnaires to clinicians. The risk of cervical cancer according to screening histories 0.5-6.5 years before cancer diagnosis was estimated as odds ratios (ORs) in logistic regression models with 95% confidence interval (CI) (Paper I). Risk related to different cytological reports was assessed in women below 67 years of age with cytology (n=572, n=3569) in Paper II. The initial follow-up of women with abnormal or unsatisfactory cytology reports (n=159, n=258) was evaluated in Paper III, and further investigation and treatment of abnormalities (n=143 cases, n=176 controls) in Paper IV. Results The cancer cases were above screening ages (31%), had not been screened according to recommendations (33%), had negative cytology (23%), or had previous positive screening tests (13%). No screening within the recommended interval increased the risk of squamous (OR 2.97, 95% CI 2.51-3.50) as well as non-squamous cancer (OR 1.59, 95% CI 1.20-2.11), and increased the risk in all ages. Negative cytology with partially obscuring factors and unsatisfactory cytology increased the risk of subsequent early stage ICC. All cytological abnormalities increased the risk of ICC, and women with glandular atypia or atypia in cells of uncertain origin carried a particularly high risk (OR 11.69, 95% CI 7.02-19.46). After a low-grade squamous abnormal smear finding, further investigation with biopsy was more effective than repeated cytology (OR 0.46, 95% CI 0.24-0.89). Lack of biopsy increased the risk in women with both low-grade and high-grade squamous abnormalities. Neither repeat cytology, nor biopsy, decreased the risk in women with glandular atypia or atypia in cells of uncertain origin. Treatment decreased the risk, even when the biopsy before treatment was negative or showed low-grade atypia only. Ablative therapy was less effective than excision and laser conisation was the most effective therapy. Conclusions Improved adherence to screening recommendations and including older women at increased risk in the programme would have significant cancer preventive gains. Women with negative cytology with limited evaluation and with unsatisfactory cytology may need further evaluation. Assessment with biopsy should be recommended for women with low-grade as well as high-grade squamous abnormalities. The diagnosing of precancer lesions and the identification of women in need of treatment warrant improvements, in particular in cases of glandular or “other” atypia in cytology. Treatment techniques need further evaluation.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Lund, 1995. / Published dissertation. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Lund, 1995. / Published dissertation. Includes bibliographical references.