Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type-II (CaMK-II) is a Ser/Thr protein kinase regulated by Ca2+ and Calmodulin. It is a highly conserved and broadly expressed enzyme and has a unique structure and dynamic regulation. It has the ability to remain active in the absence of Ca 2+ as a result of Ca2+ dependent autophosphorylation. CaMK-II phospliorylates proteins involved in neurotransmitter secretion, long term potentiation, cytoskeletal dynamics, gene transcription, and cell motility. To support existing and identify new intracellular roles of CaMK-II, potential binding partners were identified. This was accomplished by transfecting and purifying "FLAG-tagged" CaMK-II's (α, βE, δC, and δE). CaMK-II associated proteins were then identified using tandem mass spectrometry. Known binding partners were identified using this approach, including CaMK-II and calmodulin, verifying the approach's validity. Additionally several unexpected but interesting proteins were identified, including the gelsolin related actin binding protein, Flightless-I. Fli-I is an actin binding and capping protein that also functions as a transcriptional coactivator. The CaMK-II-Fli-I interaction was confirmed with endogenous (un-tagged) proteins. The association and localization of Fli-I are dependent on CaMK-II's activity state, although Fli-I is not a substrate of CaMK-II. When CaMK-II is inhibited, Fli-I translocates to the nucleus. Conversely when CaMK-II is artificially activated using a Ca2+ ionophore, Fli-I returns to the cytosol. The discovery of this reversible interaction epresents a potentially new CaMK-II regulated pathway and likely serves as a link between Ca2+ based signal transduction pathways and regulation of the actin component of the cytoskeleton and transcription.

The ankyrins comprise a family of proteins serving as components of the membrane cytoskeleton, and participate in a diverse set of associations with multiple binding partners including the cytoplasmic domains of transporters, ion channels, some classes of receptors, and cell adhesion proteins. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that ankyrin participates in defining functionally distinct subcellular regions. The complex functional and structural roles of ankyrins indicate they are likely to play essential roles in the pathology of traumatic axonal injury. The current study examined changes in ankyrin-G expression following a moderate central fluid percussion injury administered to adult rats. At 1d, 3d, and 7d postinjury (or following a sham control injury), protein levels of ankyrin-G in the corpus callosum and cerebral cortex were assessed using Western Blot analysis. Three immunopositive bands were identified in both brain regions as 220,212, and 75 kD forms of ankyrin-G. Time-dependent changes in ankyrin-G were observed in the corpus callosum. At 1d injury-induced elevations were observed in the callosal 220 kD (+147% relative to sham levels) and in the 212 kD (+73%) forms of ankyrin-G, but in both cases the expression decreased to control levels by 3d and 7d. In contrast, the 75 kD form showed moderate increases at 1d postinjury, but was significantly below control levels at 3d (-54%) and at 7d (-41%). Ankyrin-G expression in the cerebral cortex was only slightly affected by the injury, with a significant decrease in the `220 kD form occurring between 1d and 3d. These data suggest that the 220 and 212 kD changes probably represent postinjury proteolytic fragments derived from intact ankyrin-G isoforms of 480 andor 270 kD, while the 75 kD effects are likely breakdown products of intact 190 kD ankyrin-G. These results were discussed as they relate to prior findings of differential vulnerabilities of callosal myelinated and unmyelinated axons to injury. In this context, the 220,212 kD changes may reflect pathology within myelinated axons, and alterations to the 75 kD form may reflect more persistent pathology affecting unmyelinated callosal fibers.

Les étapes précoces du cycle réplicatif du VIH-1 sont assistées par des cofacteurs cellulaires dont la nature et la fonction restent mal connues. Nos travaux ont caractérisé la contribution de la protéine kinase dépendante de l'AMP cyclique (PKA), dans la cellule cible ou incorporée dans la particule virale VIH-1, dans les étapes post-entrée du cycle réplicatif. Les virus dépourvus d'activité PKA se caractérisent par un défaut de la synthèse de l'ADN proviral. En absence de Nef, la perte d'activité PKA associée aux particules VIH-1 induit une baisse plus modérée du pouvoir infectieux. En outre, le contournement des voies d'entrée classiques, par l'utilisation de particules pseudotypées, rend l'infectiosité indépendante de l'activité PKA. L'action de PKA s'exercerait donc au sein de la particule VIH-1 assemblée et impliquerait à la fois la protéine Nef et les voies de transport des complexes de transcription inverse au cours des étapes post-entrée. De plus, l'inhibition de l'activité PKA dans les cellules cibles entraîne également un défaut de synthèse de l'ADN proviral. Nos résultats indiquent que PKA agit comme un cofacteur de la transcription inverse. / The nature and function of cellular factors involved in post-entry steps of the HIV-1 life cycle are still poorly understood. We highlighted the role of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) in the early step of viral cycle, either as a host cellular protein in infected cells or as an incorporated protein into HIV-1 particles. PKA-deficient viruses failed to synthesize proviral DNA. In the absence of Nef, the loss of PKA activity associated to HIV-1 particles induces a minor diminution of infectiousness. Accordingly, VSV-G pseudotyped viruses, that use alternate entry pathway, exhibit full infectivity regardless of PKA deficiency. PKA action could therefore take place in the assembled HIV-1 particles, implying Nef protein and intracellular pathways of reverse transcription complexes. Moreover, the inhibition of PKA activity in target cells engenders a defective proviral DNA synthesis. Taken together, our data suggest that PKA may act as a cofactor required for HIV-1 reverse transcription.

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Student Number : 9906751K - MSc dissertation - School of Molecular and Cell Biology - Faculty of Science / In addition to its crucial role in cell adhesion, β-catenin is also known to augment gene expression by forming a complex with lymphoid enhancer factor/T-cell factor in the nucleus. Unregulated β-catenin expression and/or its increased nuclear presence can lead to abnormal cell proliferation, tumour invasion and metastasis. Pertinent is the fact that the actin cytoskeleton is central to the translocation of several nuclear proteins. This study investigated whether the actin cytoskeleton influences the nuclear translocation of β-catenin in human oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (HOSCC), a metastatic disease of common occurrence in South Africa. Disruption of the actin cytoskeleton of five moderately differentiated HOSCC cell lines, with cytochalasin D (cytoD), showed that the nuclear β-catenin level was unaltered in SNO, WHCO1 and WHCO5, but decreased in WHCO3 and WHCO6. CytoD treatment did not affect the cytoplasmic/membrane β-catenin level in these cell lines. Further examination of the possible association between the actin cytoskeleton and nuclear β-catenin translocation, required the design and stable transfection, of a vector containing full-length human β-catenin cDNA into one of the HOSCC lines. Stimulation of exogenous β-catenin expression in transfected WHCO1 cells did not increase cellular β-catenin level, nor did the stimulation of endogenous β-catenin expression with DMSO. In most cases (SNO, WHCO1 and WHCO5) the nuclear distribution of β-catenin in HOSCC is independent of a functional actin cytoskeleton, nonetheless there are some exceptions (WHCO3 and WHCO6). The observed variation within the HOSCC lines is possibly due to specific underlying event/s particular to the cell line. The stable level of β-catenin expression could be a consequence of regulatory pathways in WHCO1 compensating for the induced imbalance of β-catenin expression.

O estudo de agentes que interferem no funcionamento das proteínas relacionadas com o ciclo celular é importante para a compreensão dos processos de transformação e de morte celular. Alterações de ploidia, embora presentes na maioria dos tumores humanos, não têm ainda seu papel conhecido no processo de oncogênese. A alteração do número cromossômico é conseqüência primária de erros que envolvem o fuso mitótico e o cinetócoro. Dessa maneira, drogas que agem sobre os microtúbulos são consideradas aneugênicas potenciais. O presente trabalho enfocou o estudo do mecanismo pelo qual drogas que atuam sobre microtúbulos levam ao aparecimento de células multinucleadas e o significado biológico destas. Os resultados mostraram que a vincristina induziu bloqueio em mitose das células BBnt e MDCK, com conseqüente entrada em interfase no estado multinucleado. As células multinucleadas não apresentaram sinais de morte celular por apoptose, entretanto, quando em prófase apresentaram vários centrossomos, que poderiam originar divisões celulares com fusos multipolares. Estes resultados indicam que essas linhagens celulares possuem pontos de checagem mitótico funcionais e células multinucleadas são viáveis e capazes de prosseguir no ciclo celular. A presença de mitoses com fusos multipolares é indício de que as células multinucleadas passam por divisões anormais, que progrediriam para apoptose resultando na eliminação desta população. / The study of agents that interfere in the functionality of proteins related to cell cycle is important for the understanding of the transformation and cell death processes. Although ploidy alterations are presented in the majority of human tumors, their role in oncogenic process is not understood yet. The alteration on chromosomal number is the primary consequence of errors involving the mitotic spindle and kinetocore. Thus, drugs acting on the microtubules are considered as potentially aneugenic agents. The present work aimed to study the mechanism of multinucleated cells induction by action of antimicrotubule drug and biological meaning of these cells. The results showed that vincristine induced mitotic arrest of both BBnt and MDCK cells, with consequent entrance into interphasic-multinucleated status. Multinucleated cells did not present features of cell death by apoptosis; they were still viable and able to go further in cell-cycle progression. The presence of many structures suggested microtubule enucleation, centrosomes-like were detected on treated cells and could be responsible for the multi-spindle assembling that leads the multinucleated cells to abnormal divisions. Later on, when the multinucleated cells accumulated more abnormalities they were eliminated from the cell population by apoptosis.

A instabilidade cromossômica e a aneuploidia são características associadas às células malignas. Sabe-se que essas alterações podem ser resultantes de erros em eventos durante a mitose. Com o objetivo de gerar uma população com ganho de ploidia, utilizamos dois inibidores de fases distintas da mitose. Resultando no aumento da frequência celular em G2/M, ou seja, células com 4 vezes o número de cromossomos (4C) e de células com DNA acima de 4, hipertetraploide. Quantificamos a quantidade de núcleos e demonstramos que o tratamento, especificamente, levou a uma NCI, e não a multinucleação. Ambas linhagens celulares submetidas ao tratamento apresentaram alterações morfológicas, como protrusões de membrana, indicando alterações no citoesquelto. Nas análises de mRNA e da expressão proteica, observamos alterações na regulação da actina, coincidindo com a elevação dos mRNAs de YAP/TAZ, efetores co-transcricionais da via Hippo, regulada por alterações no citoesqueleto de actina. Desde modo, propomos, que o tratamento utilizado é um método eficiente para o estudo de células aneuploides e da NCI, que o citoesqueleto de actina é modulado por esse fenótipo e requer YAP/TAZ, provavelmente para manter a sobrevivência e favorecer a proliferação celular observada após o tratamento. / Chromosomal instability and aneuploidy are characteristics associated with malignant cells. It is known that these changes may be due to errors in events during mitosis. In order to generate a population with gain of ploidy, we used two inhibitors of distinct phases of mitosis. Resulting in increasing cell frequency in G2/M, cells with 4 times the number of chromosomes (4C) and cells with DNA above 4, hypertetraploid. We quantified the number of nuclei and demonstrated that the treatment specifically led to NCI, not multinucleation. Both cell lines submitted to treatment presented morphological alterations, such as membrane protrusions, indicating changes in the cytoskeleton. In the analysis of mRNA and protein expression, we observed alterations in actin regulation, coinciding with the elevation of YAP / TAZ mRNAs, co-transcriptional effectors of the Hippo signaling pathway, regulated by changes in the actin cytoskeleton. We propose, that the treatment used is an efficient method for the study of aneuploid cells as well NCI. Also, the actin cytoskeleton is modulated by that phenotype which requires high YAP / TAZ, probably to maintain cell survival and promote cell proliferation observed.

Shigellen sind Erreger der bakteriellen Dysenterie beim Menschen. Ein notwendiger Schritt bei der Pathogenese der Shigellose ist die Invasion von Darmepithelzellen durch das Bakterium. Der Mikroorganismus löst dabei in der Wirtszelle Veränderungen des Aktinzytoskeletts aus, die zur Bildung einer blütenähnlichen Membranstruktur und schließlich zur Internalisierung des Pathogens führen. Diese Umbauvorgänge am Zytoskelett sind abhängig von einem Wirtszellprotein, der kleinen GTPase Rho. Drei Isoformen von Rho (A, B und C) sind beschrieben, deren Aminosäuresequenzen zu etwa 90% identisch sind. Während der Zellinvasion durch Shigella akkumulieren verschiedene Rho-Isoformen an unterschiedlichen Lokalisationen des Invasionskomplexes. Dabei werden RhoA vorwiegend um die eindringenden Bakterienherum, RhoB und RhoC hingegen hauptsächlich in die bakterieninduzierten zellulären Protrusionen rekrutiert. Durch Untersuchung von Rho-Hybridkonstrukten konnte gezeigt werden, daß ein prä-C-terminales, acht Aminosäuren umfassendes Modul die Rekrutierungsmuster von RhoA bzw. RhoC bestimmt. Der Austausch zweier Aminosäuren innerhalb des Moduls führte zu einer Konversion des Rekrutierungsmusters von RhoA. Wir konnten zeigen, daß die Rekrutierung von RhoA vom Funktionszustand der GTPase (Bindung von GTP/GDP) sowie von der Phosphorylierung durch die Proteinkinase A unabhängig ist. Schließlich wurde hier nachgewiesen, daß auch RhoD, das zu RhoA, B und C auf der Primärstrukturebene nur zu etwa 50% homolog ist, an die Bakterieneintrittsstelle rekrutiert werden kann. RhoD folgt dabei dem Rekrutierungsmuster von RhoB und RhoC. / Shigella causes bacillary dysentery in humans. Bacterial invasion of enterocytes is an essential step in the pathogenesis of shigellosis. Pathogen-triggered rearrangements of the host cell actin cytoskeleton induce a blossom-like membrane structure for internalisation of the microorganism. Actin remodeling requires activity of the host cell small GTPase rho. Three highly homologous rho isoforms (A, B and C) have been described with amino acid identities of about 90%. During Shigella invasion these rho isoforms accumulate at different sites of the invasion complex. While rhoA is chiefly recruited around entering bacteria, rhoB and rhoC are essentially translocated to the bacteria-induced cellular protrusions. Using a variety of rho hybrid constructs in a HeLa cell transfection-infection assay we were able to show that a pre-C-terminal stretch of eight amino acids determines the recruitment patterns of rhoA and rhoC. Exchange of two amino acids was sufficient for conversion of the rhoA recruitment pattern into a rhoC-like pattern. We could demonstrate that rhoA recruitment is independent of its functional state (GDP- or GTP-bound) or phosphorylation by the proteinkinase A (PKA). Finally, we have shown that rhoD, another member of the rho family which shares only 50% of its primary structure with rhoA, B or C, is also recruited to the bacterial entry site exhibiting a rhoB/C-like pattern of distribution.

Gliomas são tumores altamente invasivos, resistentes aos tratamentos disponíveis atualmente e com alta taxa de mortalidade. A superexpressão de RECK na linhagem de glioma humano T98G comprometeu a capacidade das células de migrar e invadir in vitro, com rearranjo do citoesqueleto e alteração na distribuição espacial de FAK fosforilado. Entretanto, o possível mecanismo envolvido na inibição da migração mediada por RECK não foi desvendado. Para estudarmos os mecanismos envolvidos nesta alteração da capacidade migratória, as células T98G foram transfectadas com o vetor plasmidial pCXN2-hRECK (RECK+). A via das integrinas, a atividade de alguns membros da família das RhoGTPases e elementos do citoesqueleto foram avaliados através de imunoblotting, imunomarcação e ensaios de pull-down para as células RECK+ em comparação com células T98G não-transfectadas (WT), células T98G transfectadas com vetor pCXN2 na ausência do gene RECK (vetor) e fibroblastos primários humanos (FF287). Nossos resultados mostram um aumento na expressão de integrina β1 e uma diminuição da fosforilação de FAK no sítio de auto-fosforilação Tyr397 que, juntamente com o aumento das fibras de estresse e a diminuição dos lamelipódios, sugerem um fenótipo menos migratório da célula. Porém, quando avaliada a atividade de Rac1, esta se mostrou aumentada, embora uma das vias de ativação de Rac1 seja através da fosforilação de FAK levando à formação dos lamelipódios. A hipótese é que RECK inibe a quebra das adesões focais que participam do processo de migração, dificultando a mobilidade celular. Como as células continuam recebendo o estímulo para migrar, estas ativam Rac1 através de uma via independente de FAK. Além disso, a imunomarcação de paxilina mostrou um aumento no tamanho das adesões focais nas células RECK+, indicando que RECK pode influenciar nas estruturas responsáveis pelo contato célula-matriz. / Gliomas are highly invasive, treatment-resistant and lethal tumors. Overexpression of RECK in human glioma cell line T98G decreased cell migration and invasion in vitro, lead to cytoskeleton rearrangement and caused changes in phospho-FAK distribution. However, the pathway involved in RECK-mediated inhibition of cell migration has not been elucidated yet. To study the mechanisms by which RECK affects cell motility, T98G cells were transfected with pCXN2-hRECK vector (RECK+). Some proteins involved in the integrin pathway, activity of some proteins of RhoGTPase family and cytoskeleton proteins were analyzed through immunoblotting, immunostaining and pull-down assay in RECK+ cells and compared with non-transfected T98G cells, T98G transfected with pCXN2 without RECK gene and human primary fibroblasts (FF287). Our results showed an increase in integrin β1 expression and a decrease in FAK phosphorylation in the Tyr397 site, which together with the increase of stress fibers and decrease of lamellipodia, suggest a less migratory phenotype. Despite this, Rac1 activity was increased even though one of Rac activation pathways is through phospho-FAK, leading to lamellipodium formation. Our hypotheses is that RECK affects focal adhesion turnover, diminishing cell motility. As cells are still receiving a positive signal to migrate, they activate Rac1 through a FAK-independent pathway. Besides that, paxillin immunostaining showed that focal adhesions are larger in RECK+ cells, indicating that RECK can influence structures related with cell-matrix contact.

Le bon fonctionnement des réseaux neuronaux dépend des interactions entre les neurones et les cellules gliales. Alors que de nombreux efforts ont été faits pour comprendre les interactions entre les neurones, moins est connu sur la nature des interactions entre les cellules gliales ; ceci est due à la complexité du système nerveux des vertébrés, qui comprend plus de cellules gliales que de neurones. Cependant, le système nerveux de la drosophile à un rapport neurones-cellules gliales faible, ce qui fait de cet animal simple un modèle idéal pour évaluer ce concept. J’ai utilisé des approches génétiques à résolution cellulaire pour disséquer les mécanismes cellulaires et moléculaires de la migration collective des cellules gliales in vivo. En résumé, mes données révèlent les bases du mécanisme contrôlant la migration cellulaire collective : 1) les cellules du front de migration interagissent entre elles en amont et en aval et 2) N-cad est nécessaire pour une migration optimal de la glie. / The functionality of the complex neural network depends on the interactions between neurons and glia. While many efforts have been made to understand the neuron-neuron interactions, less is known about those amongst glial cells. Due to the complexity of the vertebrate nervous system, which comprises manifold more glia than neurons, it is hard to tackle the role of glia-glia interactions. The nervous system of Drosophila, however, has a lower glia-neuron ratio, which makes this simple animal an ideal model. I use genetic approaches at cellular resolution to dissect the cellular and molecular mechanisms of glial collective migration in vivo. In Sum, I have shown some basic mechanism controlling collective cell migration: 1) cells at the front of the collective interact with each other through anterograde and retrograde bidirectional interaction. 2) N-cad appears necessary for timely movement of glial community.