L'objectif de cette thèse est de mieux documenter les différentes manières d'habiter des adolescents de zones urbaines sensibles (ZUS) franciliennes en prenant appui sur l'analyse de leurs pratiques de mobilité quotidienne. Elle vise à répondre aux trois questions suivantes :-les adolescents de ZUS ont-ils une mobilité spécifique par rapport aux autres adolescents ? -la diversité géographique des ZUS et l'hétérogénéité sociale des adolescents de ces quartiers se traduisent-elles par des pratiques de mobilité différenciée et, au final, par différentes manières d'habiter un quartier ségrégué ? -selon la manière dont ils habitent leur quartier, certains adolescents de ZUS subissent-ils plus que les autres les externalités négatives de la ségrégation urbaine ? Les mobilités quotidiennes jouent ainsi un rôle fondamental à l'adolescence car elles sont le support du passage progressif du monde familier au domaine public urbain. Elles mettent notamment à l'épreuve les habitudes d'action que les adolescents ont acquises dans leur quartier de résidence ou dans leur famille. Elles donnent ainsi lieu à des interactions, qui si elles sont d'une autre nature que dans ces deux sphères, n'en sont pas moins socialisantes. Les pratiques de mobilité participent de ce fait aux différentes manières d'habiter des adolescents, tout autant que les interactions quotidiennes qu'ils ont dans leur famille ou dans leur quartier. Se focaliser sur les ZUS permet alors d'enrichir les approches traditionnelles de la ségrégation, qui insistent sur une influence néfaste du cadre urbain sur les adolescents et ne prennent pas en compte les effets socialisants de leurs pratiques de mobilité. Nous montrons que ces pratiques sont cependant déterminées par trois éléments principaux : l'environnement social, économique et géographique des adolescents ; les dispositions qu'ils ont acquises dans la sphère familiale ou leur quartier de résidence ; les épreuves de co-présence avec des citadins d'un autre milieu social et résidentiel dont ils ont déjà fait l'expérience. Pour répondre à nos questions de recherche, nous nous appuyons sur des matériaux statistiques (l'enquête global transports et des indicateurs d'accès en transports en commun aux principales aménités urbaines franciliennes), une ethnographie d'un an dans une maison de quartier d'une ZUS de grande couronne ainsi que des projets de recherche-action dans sept établissements scolaires. Ces projets articulent quatre-vingt douze entretiens semi-directifs d'une heure et des ateliers thématiques sur la mobilité (photographies et écriture de textes). Ces matériaux nous ont permis de mettre en évidence les contraintes spécifiques qui pèsent sur la mobilité des adolescents de ZUS, mais également d'élaborer sept manières typiques d'habiter un quartier ségrégué ou à proximité. L'objectif de la construction de cette typologie n'est alors pas de classer stricto sensu les adolescents, mais de comprendre et d'expliquer pourquoi, dans un contexte donné, ils habitent de telle ou telle manière leur quartier / This PHD aims at documenting the spatial mobility practices of the teenagers who live in segregated neighbourhoods, so as to promote an understanding of life in such places and to explore potential desegregation effects of increased mobility. This issue is addressed here through the case of the "Zones urbaines sensibles" (ZUS) in the Parisian region, mainly the “cités” as coined by the French. So as to understand what distinguishes the teenagers who live in ZUS from the others, so as to understand also what divides them, we have chosen to apprehend them under the double angle of their district and social background. That double angle allows to take into account the social socio-spatial distinctions within the ZUS but also to question the theory of a gradual replacement of the social issue by “a new urban issue” : social problems would no longer be apprehended as class conflicts centred on work but as segregation. The fact of taking into account the mobility capacities of the teenagers living in ZUS without disregarding the influence of their residential and social environment on these practices leads us then to wonder whether the working and lower middle-class teenagers of ZUS have a specific and homogeneous use of space inside and outside their district?In order to answer this question, we mainly focused on three materials : the Parisian metropolitan mobility survey, an ethnographic survey of about one year with young boys frequenting the local community centres of a municipality in the outer suburbs, seven in-school research projects consisting in about ninety-two one-hour interviews as well as thematic work on mobility in class (photos and writing mainly). These materials reveal seven predominant ways of using the space inside and outside the neighbourhood including public transportation. These seven predominant ways, influenced by social and territorial variables, depict the heterogeneity of the inhabitants of the ZUS

This Master thesis aims at testing the intertemporal substitution hypothesis (ISH) for small and medium enterprises in Bosnia and Herzegovina. We predicted a positive relationship between the hours worked and the transitory changes in wages, and tested the hypothesis using the data collected via surveys of small entrepreneurs in North-Western Bosnia and Herzegovina; collecting data on daily income and the hours worked. The estimated wage elasticities are positive and different from zero, according to which it appears that the hypothesis of negative wage elasticities has no empirical evidence in the case of Bosnian and Herzegovinian entrepreneurs. This result implies that the intertemporal labour substitution hypothesis found supportive evidence and that we can reject the daily targeting hypothesis. We also argue that entrepreneurs tend to pursue profits across working days because their main motive for running a business is the accumulation of capital and wealth, so that they follow the pattern of intertemporal labour substitution. The findings can be explained by an unfavourable business climate in Bosnia and Herzegovina, which is a result of a long-lasting transition process the country is still undergoing. Keywords: labour supply, elasticity, intertemporal substitution, daily targeting, SMEs,...

The aim of this thesis is to find out and describe, how was Chile depictured in Czechoslovakian and Czech daily newspaper during Augusto Pinochet's reign and then since the end of his presidency until his death. Augusto Pinochet got to power in 1973 as one of four members of the military junta that had overthrown socialist president Salvador Allende and his government of the Popular Front. Pinochet had soon become the most influential person in Chile and he had reigned since 1974 as president. Most of the Chileans voted against continuation of his presidency in 1988, and therefore he ended in 1989 as president. He remained an important person that divided Chileans into two groups until the end of his life in 2006. The theoretical part describes mainly the historical and economic development of Chile in the chosen time period. Furthermore it briefly explores Czechoslovakian and Czech history, mainly in order to describe the development of the printed media. The thesis analyses articles in Czechoslovakian daily newspaper Rudé právo, Lidová demokracie and Mladá fronta and then in Czech daily newspaper Právo, Mladá fronta and Hospodářské noviny. Texts from several time periods within years 1973 - 2006 were included into the research sample. These time periods were chosen based on important historical events of...

People with intellectual disability are living longer, which creates new demands for the support and care of this target group. Participation and autonomy at all ages, regardless of functional capacity, are cited in legislation and among the key objectives of disability policy. As a group, older people with intellectual disability have previously been almost invisible in both policy documents and research. Information regarding this group is thus limited, and more systematic knowledge is needed about older people with intellectual disability, their daily lives, and especially their opportunities for autonomy. The purpose of this thesis is to learn more about the role of influence and autonomy in everyday life from the perspective of older people with intellectual disability living in group homes. This will be achieved by studying situations in which opportunities and obstacles arise for these residents to exercise their autonomy in daily life, and identifying and analysing how autonomy is expressed in the meeting between residents and staff. The study applies an ethnographic approach, using methods including field studies with observations and videotaped meetings between residents and staff. The sample consists of residents aged 65 and over and staff at three group homes for people with intellectual disability. One resident at each group home is followed in greater depth. The analysis uses the time-geographic concepts of project, activity and restrictions in order to clarify where and when different projects are carried out, as well as who has the power to determine what is to be carried out. Interaction analysis is used to analyse the videotaped meetings between residents and staff. The analysis is based on Goffman’s interaction order and interaction rituals, theories about turntaking, both verbal and non-verbal, and theories about power and counter-power. In accordance with Goffman’s framework concept, the starting point is the concrete framework that reflects spatiality, which in turn becomes a way to place the more abstract framework of the situation into a specific context. Two major projects were identified: Sleep and Rest and Meals. The analysis reveals projects that are governed by the resident’s own preferences (individual projects) and projects that are governed to a greater degree by the staff’s objectives and opportunities (institutional projects). Some guidance also derives from municipal decisions and guidelines (organizational projects). Many projects were carried out based on staff decisions and objectives, but in actual practice many projects failed to get off the ground. Some projects were at risk of failure until something happened or someone intervened and thereby rescued the project so that it could be implemented. The interactional analysis perspective shows how autonomy is constructed in the meeting. Autonomy is situation-bound, and shifts more on the basis of context than in relation to specific individuals. The study includes decision situations mainly between autonomy and its opposite, paternalism, which are viewed as extremes on a continuum. However, certain factors lead to stronger autonomy in certain situations. When a resident can define the situation, they also have greater power to determine the outcome. In situations characterized by paternalism, the staff have a preferential right of interpretation and the power to decide, both on the basis of their knowledge and because of the asymmetrical interdependence that characterizes the resident-professional relationship. Such situations are also governed by the rules and procedures of the group home to a greater degree than those situations in which the resident exercises autonomy. The thesis discusses strategies that could increase the residents’ opportunities for autonomy. Greater communication skills among staff can be viewed as a step on the path toward greater autonomy for the residents. Staff have the potential to eliminate obstacles, to strengthen inadequate skills or create new ones by providing choices and assistive devices, and to exercise an affirmative approach.

In this paper, I consider the success of Jonathan Swift’s The Drapier’s Letters and Jon Stewart’s The Daily Show in changing the political climate of the world around them. By analyzing the political background of America in the 2000s and the Irish reaction to William Woods’ patent in the 1720s, I prove the influence of Stewart and Swift’s satire. I then analyze the specific tactics each employs in order to achieve an audience and influence change, concluding by comparing the similar tactics that each use, including persona, irony, and humor as a veil of serious intent.

The Irish in New Orleans have been a notoriously understudied group. With the third largest Irish population in the country by 1860, New Orleans is crucial when trying to understand the Irish immigrant experience. Viewing the Irish from the public perspective, this study explores the Daily Picayune, New Orleans' largest newspaper, from its inception in 1837 to 1857, to decipher the city's attitudes towards the Irish. Jokes in particular are explored, their function being multifaceted. First, jokes grouped Irish women into three types in an effort to maintain control of a large and unfamiliar group of white women who did not fit into the preexisting framework for southern ladies. Second, jokes emasculated Irish men by accusing them of having insufficient qualities to become gentlemen. By doing this, jokes were able to release social tensions, become non-physical confrontations, and create lasting stereotypes about Irish immigrants.

Low recruitment is the largest challenge facing the recovery of the critically endangered Mississippi Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis pulla). Lack of information on sources of nest failure hinders effective management to increase recruitment. I examined sources of nest failure for 54 nests at the Mississippi Sandhill Crane National Wildlife Refuge, 2008-2009. Nest cameras identified predation as the primary source of failure, followed by flooding, abandonment, and egg inviability. Mean daily survival rate (DSR) was 0.72. The best approximating models included covariates for season date, temperature and nest age. DSR decreased with increasing season date, increasing nest age, and decreasing temperature. Hypotheses related to effects of renesting, human disturbance, precipitation, flooding, and winter rain were not supported. Because predation has been identified as a primary source of nest failure, I also monitored mammalian predators on the MSCNWR. Coyotes and raccoons were most common, with gray foxes, red foxes, domestic dogs, and bobcats also detected frequently.

Magister Public Health - MPH / Background Antibiotic resistance is a phenomenon that occurs naturally and is accelerated by use. There have been no studies looking at trends in antibiotic consumption in the public health sector in Namibia, which provides services to 85% of the population. Aim This study described the pattern of antibiotic consumption in the Namibian public health sector based on distribution of antibiotics from Central Medical Stores (CMS) to the 13 regions in the country. Methodology Antibiotic consumption data from distribution records at the Central Medical Store (CMS), public health sector wholesaler, between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2016 was collated and analysed to describe trends and usage patterns in the public health sector of Namibia. For the purpose of this study DDD per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID) was used as an indicator so as to be comparable with previously conducted studies. DIDs provide information about the proportion of the selected population using a particular medicine per day. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommended anatomical therapeutic classification (ATC)/daily defined dose (DDD) methodology be used to analyse the data and evaluate the consumption. Data was presented using stacked bar charts to demonstrate the variation in consumption by ATC classes in each region and over time.

The purpose of this study is to examine how the Swedish daily press Dagens Nyheter andSvenska Dagbladet during the period August 2018 until April 2019 portrays the youngactivist Greta Thunberg and the social movement and hashtag #Fridaysforfuture in theirarticles. The analysis has been executed through a qualitative content analysis and framing theory.The results of the study is that both news papers portays Greta Thunberg based on twothemes; age and functional limitation. When it comes to the social movements the newspapers portrays it based on two themes; age and incentives. The conclusion of this studyis that Greta Thunberg is portrayed through two perspectives based on the fact that she isa child. One perspective is that she is an independent child who refuses to go to schooland listen to other adult people. The second perspective involves a normative child whois ruled by their parents. The analysis results of the study also show that the #Fridaysforfuture movement is mainlyproduced on the basis that the movement consists of children and young people. Theparticipants of the movement are thus portrayed on the basis that they are children andyoung people.

The aim of this study was to analyze and critically review how cohabited parents are represented in selected Swedish newspapers during three periods of time. We have conducted a critical discourse analysis and looked at how daily newspapers use the language based on social constructivism. As a power aspect we also used Foucault's power analysis as a theoretical starting point. In the study's results, we saw that the language used in the articles differs depending on the time period they had been published. In the result, we found three general themes that we analyzed: exercise of power within the discourse, norms and categorizations, as well as changes over time. During the years 1992-1993, different expressions were used against same-sex couples, compared to today. In 2002, the focus instead was on the adoption issue. In the later period, 2017-2018, the result showed that the policy took more place in the articles. Same-sex parents also expressed themselves in the media and they described how they still felt excluded in a society dominated by heterosexual norms.