Este trabalho aborda a temática de segurança de barragens de gravidade e apresenta uma metodologia para análise por instrumentação colocada no maciço destas estruturas. Como estudo de caso, utilizou-se a barragem da Usina Hidrelétrica de Dona Francisca, construída no final do ano de 2000, no Rio Jacuí, na região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Sua estrutura é de concreto compactado com rolo e possui cerca de 63 metros de altura máxima e 660 metros de comprimento. As condições geológico-geotécnicas da fundação da UHE Dona Francisca remetem às rochas da Formação Caturrita, constituídas principalmente por arenitos e níveis de siltito e argilito intercalados. Devido à preocupação com o comportamento deste tipo de fundação em relação à estabilidade das estruturas, a UHE Dona Francisca foi contemplada com um amplo plano de instrumentação, composto principalmente por medidores de vazão, piezômetros, pêndulos diretos, extensômetros e medidores triortogonais de junta. Esta dissertação apresenta e analisa os dados destes dispositivos. Os objetivos principais foram avaliar a evolução dos registros ao longo do tempo e frente às variações de carregamento e condições ambientais, além de comparar as leituras com as previsões de projeto e com os dados de instrumentação de outras barragens. Observou-se que a maioria da instrumentação é sensível à variação do nível do reservatório e, portanto, o mesmo foi tomado como referencial nas apresentações das leituras dos instrumentos. De um modo geral, a barragem esteve estável durante o período auscultado de 17 anos. As poropressões foram controladas satisfatoriamente pelo sistema de drenagem. Na maioria das vezes, os deslocamentos, as deformações na fundação e vazões foram superiores aos registros de outras barragens de maior porte. Entretanto, essas grandezas tenderam a reduzir ou se estabilizar ao longo dos anos. Atualmente, alguns instrumentos exigem atenção visto que suas leituras não estão estáveis ou não correspondem às previsões de comportamento estabelecidas durante a fase de projeto. A metodologia para análise adotada neste trabalho mostrou-se eficaz e permitiu a definição das tendências atuais de leituras de cada instrumento. / This work deals with the safety of gravity dams and presents a methodology for analysis by instrumentation inserted in the massif of these structures. The Dona Francisca Hydroelectric dam was used as a case study. This dam was built in the end of 2000, on the Jacuí River, in the central region of the Rio Grande do Sul State, Southern Brazil. Its structure is made of rolled concrete and has approximately 63 meters of maximum height and 660 meters in length. The geological and geotechnical conditions of the Dona Francisca HPP foundation refer to the Caturrita Formation rocks, made up mainly of sandstones and intercalated levels of siltstone and claystone. Due to the concern about the behavior of this type of foundation in relation to the stability of the structures, the Dona Francisca HPP was contemplated with a broad instrumentation plan, composed mainly of flow meters, piezometers, direct pendulums, extensometers and triorthogonal meters. This dissertation presents and analyzes the data of these devices. The goals were to evaluate the evolution of these registers over time and in relation to loading variations and environmental conditions, moreover, compare the readings with the project forecasts and the instrumentation data from other dams. It was observed that most of the instrumentation is sensitive to variation of the reservoir level and, therefore, it was taken as reference in the presentations of the instruments readings. In general, the dam of the Dona Francisca HPP was stable during this auscultated period of 17 years. The pore water pressures were successfully controlled by the drainage system. Most of the time, the displacements, the deformations in the foundation and flows were higher to the records of other larger dams. However, these magnitudes have tended to decrease or stabilize over the years. Nowadays, some auscultation devices require attention because their readings are not stable or do not match the behavior predictions established during the design stage. The analysis methodology adopted in this study proved to be effective and allowed the definition of each instrument reading trends.

nÃo hà / A proposta metodolÃgica de avaliaÃÃo de riscos em barragens do nordeste brasileiro, com estudo de caso em 77 barragens do Estado do Ceara, sendo 62 barragens estaduais e 15 federais, visa hierarquizar um conjunto de barragens a partir das inspeÃÃes, incorporando: o nÃvel de perigo; probabilidades; custos; severidade (prejuÃzo a ser evitado); benefÃcio lÃquido equivalente, o qual à o resultado da severidade decrescida do custo da eliminaÃÃo da anomalia com nÃvel de perigo; e seus riscos, para buscar a eficiÃncia na aplicaÃÃo dos recursos financeiros de melhoria da seguranÃa atravÃs de obras de recuperaÃÃo das barragens a fim de atender a sociedade. A proposta metodolÃgica parte, inicialmente, da determinaÃÃo da probabilidade de ruptura anual da barragem (a partir do nÃvel de perigo da anomalia) e dos custos (da recuperaÃÃo da ruptura hipotÃtica da barragem e da eliminaÃÃo das anomalias que apresentam perigo). A metodologia considera trÃs critÃrios a saber: CritÃrio 1: critÃrio da melhor eficiÃncia na aplicaÃÃo dos recursos para a reduÃÃo fÃsica do perigo da barragem (NPB/CeNP); CritÃrio 2: critÃrio do BenefÃcio LÃquido equivalente (BLe); e CritÃrio 3: critÃrio do Escore de Risco (ER), desenvolvido a partir de trÃs metodologias conhecidas de avaliaÃÃo qualitativa de risco. A metodologia propÃe para os tomadores de decisÃo a classificaÃÃo das barragens atravÃs da ponderaÃÃo destes trÃs critÃrios. A metodologia permite tambÃm verificar qual dos 3 critÃrios apresenta melhor eficiÃncia na aplicaÃÃo dos recursos financeiros para a reduÃÃo dos riscos, como tambÃm possibilita averiguar a eficiÃncia econÃmica, atravÃs do benefÃcio lÃquido equivalente, em funÃÃo do valor a ser investido na eliminaÃÃo da anomalia com perigo. A metodologia proposta possibilita obter-se o risco econÃmico do benefÃcio lÃquido equivalente a partir da Teoria dos NÃmeros Difusos utilizando as duas principais incertezas do modelo: a estimativa da probabilidade de ruptura anual (PRA) e o custo de recuperaÃÃo da ruptura da barragem (CRrup), aplicando-se nos dois critÃrios que consideram custos (critÃrios 1 e 2). Observou-se para o caso estudado que o risco do benefÃcio lÃquido econÃmico, quando a priorizaÃÃo das barragens à feita pelo critÃrio do benefÃcio lÃquido (CritÃrio - 2), à crescente com a disponibilidade financeira. Os riscos sÃo menores para o critÃrio 2 (BLe), sendo este crescente com o valor a ser utilizado na recuperaÃÃo. O mesmo nÃo se visualiza no critÃrio 1, quando se tem um risco mÃnimo intermediÃrio. O risco econÃmico difuso do benefÃcio lÃquido equivalente (para ambos os critÃrios) no caso de se eliminar todos os perigos das anomalias à de 3,83%. / The methodological proposal of risk analysis in dams of the brazilian northeast, with case study of 77 dams (62 State and 15 Federal dams) in the State of CearÃ, aims to hierarchize a set of dams from the inspections, incorporating level of danger, probabilities, costs, severity (damage to be avoided), equivalent net benefits, which is the cost of elimination of the anomalies with level of danger reduced from the severity and its risks to search for the efficiency in the application of the financial resources improvement of dams safety to the welfare of the society. The proposal begins with the determination of the annual rupture probability (from the hazard) and the costs (from the rehabilitation of an hypothetical rupture of the dam and from the elimination of the anomalies that presents hazard). Three criteria were considered for classification of dams, named as Criteria 1, 2 and 3, as follows: Criterion 1: best efficiency in application of the resources for the physical reduction of hazard of the dams (NPB/CeNP); Criterion 2: economic equivalent Net Benefit (BLe); and Criterion 3: Score of Risk (ER) developed from three known risk qualitative methodologies. The proposal methodology permits the decision makers to classify the dams from the weigh of the three criteria set before. The methodology also permits to verify which of the three criteria presents better efficiency in application of the financial resources to reduce the risks, and also enable to perform an economic efficiency analysis having as base the economic equivalent net benefit in function of the value invested in the elimination of the danger. The methodology proposes to obtain the economic risk from the theory of Fuzzy Sets using the two main uncertainties of the model: the estimation of the probability of annual rupture and the cost of rehabilitation of the dam, applying in the two criteria that consider costs (criteria 1 and 2). In the case study it was observed in the criterion 2 that the risk increases with investments. In the case of partial use of resources, the risks are lesser for the criterion 2 (BLe). In this criterion the economic risk increases with the spent resources. The same does not happen in criterion 1, which presents an intermediate minimum risk. The diffuse economic risk of the equivalent net benefit to be negative is 3,83%, to both criteria, in case of eliminating all the hazards.

Hydropower is an important source of energy in Sweden and accounts for about 46 % of the total energy production. Sweden has about 1 200 hydropower plants and with the intention of raising the pressure head of the water and to store water, dams are built by the power plants. The storage reservoirs make it possible to adjust the energy production by demand and season. Dams in connection to the reservoirs are subjected to additional loading during periods of high floods or when an icecap in the winter is formed on the reservoirs. In order to maintain the dam safety, the power companies in Sweden are working with guidelines for dam safety from RIDAS. An important part of the work of dam safety is FDU that is carried out with purposes of improving the work of dam safety. A FDU made for the Skålan dam in the River of Ljungan showed that the levels of the safety factors for sliding and overturning of the dam was not fulfilled when subjected to loads from an icecap. The object of this thesis was to follow up the FDU and by carrying out extensive stability calculations on all parts of the Skålan dam, investigate what safety factors the different parts will get and also investigate some proposal measures in order to increase the dam stability. The stability calculations for the dam have been performed according to directions in RIDAS at four loading cases. Loading case I and II means a water level to the retained water level and an ice load of 200 and 100 kN/m respectively. Loading case III and IV means a situation without ice load but with a water level to the retained water level respectively a water level to a meter above the retained water level. The stability of the dam was studied with regards to sliding and overturning. The results from the stability calculations showed for both loading case I and II that the majority of the parts of the Skålan dam did not fulfill the levels of the safety factors. The calculations also showed that some parts of the dam did not fulfill the stability criteria of sliding at loading case III, which implies that these parts of the dam actually have not enough weight. The measure proposals studied were the ice preventive measures IR-elements and circulation of the deep warm water and the stability increasing measure with pre strained rock anchorages. The net present value (NVP) for the different measures were calculated with a life length of the dam estimated to 60 years. The results from the calculations of the NVP showed that the most economically feasible measure is circulation of the water but when considering the results from the stability calculations, the most suitable measure is the rock anchorages. Therefore, a combination of rock anchorages on parts which not fulfills the stability criteria in combination with circulation of the water is suggested to be the best measure. / Vattenkraften är en viktig energikälla i Sverige som utgör ca 46 % av den totala energiproduktionen. I Sverige finns det ca 1 200 kraftverk och i syfte att öka fallhöjden och lagra vatten bygger man dammar i anslutning till kraftverken. Dammarna skapar stora magasin med vatten och gör det möjligt att anpassa elproduktionen efter säsong och behov. Dammar och kraftverk vid vattenmagasinen utsätts för extra belastning under perioder med höga flöden samt vid islaster och för att upprätthålla dammsäkerheten har man tagit fram RIDAS - kraftföretagens riktlinjer för dammsäkerhet. Inom ramen för dammsäkerhetsarbete utförs fördjupade dammsäkerhetsutvärderingar, FDU, för att arbeta förebyggande och hitta möjligheter till förbättring av dammsäkerhetsarbetet. I en FDU gjord för Skålandammen i Ljungan påvisades att de av RIDAS uppsatta säkerhetsfaktorerna för glidning och stjälpning inte uppfylldes vid islast. Syftet med detta arbete var att följa upp FDU:n och med utförliga stabilitetsberäkningar på Skålandammens alla delar (monoliter) undersöka hur dessa klarar säkerhetsfaktorerna vid olika lastfall, hur stort problemet med islast är samt ta fram åtgärdsförslag för att öka dammens stabilitet. Beräkningarna har utförts enligt RIDAS anvisningar för stabilitetsberäkningar vid fyra olika lastfall där de två första innebär en vattennivå till magasinets dämningsgräns samt en islast på 200 respektive 100 kN/m och de två andra behandlar en situation utan islast men med en vattennivå till dämningsgränsen respektive en vattennivå till 1 meter över dämningsgränsen. Stabiliteten kontrollerades med avseende på stjälpning och glidning. Resultatet av stabilitetsberäkningarna visade att för majoriteten av Skålandammens monoliter uppfylls inte stabilitetskraven vid en islast på vare sig 200 eller 100 kN/m. Det visades även att ett fåtal monoliter inte uppfyller säkerhetskraven för glidning vid lastfallet utan islast med en vattennivå till dämningsgränsen, vilket indikerar på att dessa monoliter är för lätta. De isfrihållande åtgärdsförslagen som jämfördes var IR-element och cirkulering av vattnet med hjälp av luftbubblor och den stabilitetshöjande åtgärden med förspända bergförankringar. Nuvärdet för dessa åtgärder beräknades sedan med antagandet att dammen har en livslängd på 60 år. Resultatet från nuvärdesberäkningen visade att det billigaste alternativet är cirkulering av vattnet men utifrån stabilitetsberäkningarna är det mest fördelaktigt att använda den stabilitetshöjande åtgärden med bergförankringar. Med anledning av detta föreslås ett alternativ med bergförankringar på de monoliter som inte uppfyllde säkerhetskraven vid lastfall utan is i kombination med cirkulering av vattnet som den mest lämpliga åtgärden.

In this study, dynamic response of Akk&ouml / pr&uuml / Dam under earthquake motions is analyzed and the permanent displacements are evaluated. Initially, the critical slip surface of the dam and the corresponding yield acceleration are determined by using the computer program SLOPE. Then, by employing the finite element program SAP2000, static analyses are performed to obtain the mean effective stresses which are used in the determination of dynamic material properties of the dam. Four different scenario earthquakes having a magnitude of 7 are used in the dynamic analyses. Two of those scenarios are taken from European Strong Motion Database and the others are generated by XS artificial earthquake generation program prepared by Erdik (1992). Dynamic analyses of the dam are carried out by the finite element program TELDYN. Permanent displacements of the critical slip surface are calculated by utilizing the Newmark method. Consequently, for an earthquake having a magnitude of M=7 and a peak ground acceleration of 0.20g, the maximum permanent displacement of the dam is found to be 15.90 cm. Furthermore, the permanent displacements of the dam are calculated under base motions having different peak ground acceleration values and it is observed that the rate of increase in the amount of permanent displacements is greater than the increase in the amount of peak ground accelerations.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-07-29T15:18:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Carlos Sergio Souza P de A Franco.pdf: 4651329 bytes, checksum: 2284a7ec986e8abc4a2a94850c5aa323 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-30 / In this paper are presented socio-environmental considerations about the dams safety being promoting the linking of the trilogy water, living beings and anthrop actions, as well as the evolution of the legal aspects. A study about the resources is done to establish a policy of efficient action which guarantees few risks of accidents involving dams and as they are inserted in the context of the global safety of the population. In general terms the investigation promotes an evaluation about the factors that contribute to the dams safety taking into consideration legal aspects of the administration of the water resources aiming to minimize the contentions in the treatment of the subject. In a more specific way, it proposes the creation of a law to be applied by the authorities of the State of Goiás. It is an exploratory research which took place from August 2006 to March 2008 that had bibliographies references, professionals considered experts talking about dams safety and, also, public agencies such as: MI, SEMARH and civil defense among others. It includes a proposition for the establishment of emergency action planning based on technical considerations about risk evaluation. and it presents the cases of the accidents in the dam of Flores de Goiás happened on 2004 and 2007. In Central Brazil regions more specifically in the State of Goiás was verified that the studies concerning to thewater resources are incipient. The public bodies presented divergences in the information on the quantitative of dams. Public agencies like Defesa Civil, Secretaria de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos and Agência Ambiental did not show evidences joint action for the planning, fiscalization and critical analysis of the decisive factors to the global safety of the society. Works in the physical dimensions are being accomplished in the Dam of Flores de Goiás to correct the mistakes of the hydrologic project. A debate about dam is a debate about development. To solve or to minimize conflicts concerning to the theme is necessary to have a broad consensus about the rules that govern the development choices and the criteria that should define the negotiations and the decision making. In this context the work of environmental education should be considered as instrument to promote changes of paradigms and management. / Neste trabalho são apresentadas considerações sócioambientais acerca da segurança de barragens promovendo a interligação da trilogia água, seres vivos e ações antrópicas, bem como a evolução dos aspectos legais. Faz-se um estudo, todavia, sobre os recursos para se estabelecer uma política de ação eficaz que garanta menor risco de acidentes envolvendo barragens e como os mesmos estão inseridos no contexto da Segurança Global da População. Em termos gerais, a investigação promove uma avaliação sobre os fatores que contribuem para a Segurança de Barragens, considerando aspectos regulatórios da gestão dos recursos hídricos objetivando minimizar as contendas no trato do assunto. De forma mais específica, propõe a criação de Lei para ser aplicada pelas autoridades do Estado de Goiás. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, realizada no período de agosto 2006 a abril de 2008, que contou com consultas a referências bibliográficas, a profissionais considerados experts no trato do tema segurança de barragens e a órgãos públicos, tais como: MI, SEMARH e Defesa Civil, dentre outros. O trabalho inclui uma proposição para o estabelecimento de Planos de Ações Emergenciais, baseada em considerações técnicas sobre avaliação de riscos e apresenta o caso dos acidentes na barragem de Flores de Goiás, nos anos de 2004 e 2007. Na Região Centro-Oeste, sobretudo, no Estado de Goiás, verificou-se que os estudos acerca dos recursos hídricos ainda são incipientes. Os órgãos públicos apresentaram divergências nas informações sobre o quantitativo de barragens existentes. Órgãos como a Diretoria de Defesa Civil, a Secretaria Estadual de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos e a Agência Ambiental não apresentaram evidências de ação conjunta eficaz para o planejamento, fiscalização e análise crítica dos fatores determinantes à segurança global da sociedade. O debate sobre barragens é um debate sobre a própria questão do desenvolvimento. As obras físicas realizadas na Barragem de Flores demonstram ter havido erro no dimensionamento do projeto hidrológico. Para resolver ou minimizar conflitos acerca do tema é preciso haver normas consensuais que regem as escolhas de desenvolvimento e os critérios que devem definir as negociações e a tomada de decisões. Neste contexto, a educação ambiental deve ser considerada como instrumento para fomentar mudanças de paradigmas e de gestão.

Reservoirs and dams are often situated in the mountains upstream of cities and towns. This implies a theoretical but difficult to evaluate hazard potential for downstream communities. This paper reflects experiences of the related safety analysis practice including the steps from the breach estimation towards the drawing of special hazard maps.

This study reviews the current knowledge and state of the practice for handling floating debris for dam safety. This report is a guidance to improve the understanding of risks of floating debris for dam safety and of countermeasures for risk reduction. The strengths and limitations of current approaches related to dam vulnerability assessment and handling strategies are discussed and recommendations are provided. Several countries experienced issues with floating debris which often led to severe damages to  dam spillways. High and extreme flood events could be responsible for similar incidents in Sweden which requires to systematically assess dam vulnerability to floating debris and examine suitable countermeasures. A vulnerability assessment involves investigating the potential for debris production, for debris transport to the dam facility and for blockage and drawdown at spillways. Various concepts for reducing the vulnerability of dam spillways to floating debris were presented in the technical literature. Countermeasures for floating debris management based on a river perspective approach involve controlling the debris yield produced in a catchment, the interception of floating debris in tributaries and reservoirs and measures taken at dam spillways to facilitate floating debris passage. Floating debris management often requires opting for a combination of suitable and cost-efficient measures rather than a single line of defense.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In South Africa a large number of dams owned by the Department of Water Affairs (DWA) need to be rehabilitated. This study investigated the decision process involved in the prioritisation of dams for rehabilitation. DWA developed a risk analysis methodology for defining the risks associated with dam safety, expressed as the combination of the probability and consequences of dam failure. These risks are evaluated usingmultiple acceptability criteria to assess risk to human life and the economic, social, socio-economic and environmental impacts of dam failure. In this study, the criteria used in the decision process to evaluate the acceptability of life safety risks were evaluated by comparing to international best practice methods, where the acceptability of risk to human life is commonly assessed as the expected number of fatalities against life safety criteria presented as FN-criteria on an FN-diagram. Damrehabilitation should reduce the probability of dam failure, thereby reducing the risk to society in terms of the expected lives lost. However, the rehabilitation works come at a cost and the level of these investments are usually large. In addition, the rehabilitation of South African government owned dams are financed by society and these financial resources are limited. Thus investments into dam rehabilitation works should be worthwhile for society. Society’s Willingness to Pay (SWTP) for safety was applied to South African dam safety to determine the acceptable level of expenditure into life safety that is required by society. Investments into improved safety levels are not always dictated by society, but could also be driven by the decision maker or owner requiring an economically optimal solution for the rehabilitation. Economic optimisation accounts for considerations additional to life safety, including economic motivations, damage costs of dam failure as well as compensation costs for lives lost. Often economic optimisation would govern the decision problem. Also, the DWA current evaluation does not take the cost of rehabilitation into account in any way. Thus, FN-criteria that primarily evaluates life safety, but also incorporates a measure of economic efficiency, were suggested in this study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suid-Afrika moet ’n groot aantal dammewat deur dieDepartement vanWaterwese (DWA) besit word gerehabiliteer word. Hierdie studie het die besluitnemingsproses ondersoekwat toegepasword om damme te prioritiseer vir rehabilitasiewerke. DWA het ’n bestaande metodologie wat gebaseer is op risiko-analise. Die risikos wat verband hou met damveiligheid word deur die metode bepaal en word uitgedruk as die kombinasie van waarskynlikheid en die beraamde gevolge van damfaling. Hierdie risikosword geëvalueer teenoor verskeie kriteriawat die aanvaarbaarheid van risikos teenoor menselewens en die ekonomiese, sosiale, sosio-ekonomiese en omgewingsimpakte van damfalings assesseer. In hierdie studie word die kriteria wat gebruik word in die besluitnemingsproses om die aanvaarbaarheid van risikos teenoor menselewens te bepaal geëvalueer deur die kriteria te vergelyk met metodes wat internasionaal as beste praktyk beskou word. Internasionaal word die aanvaarbaarheid van risikos teenoor menselewens oor die algemeen as die verwagte aantal sterftes teenoor lewensveiligheidskriteria FN-kriteria op ’n FN-diagram geassesseer. Dam rehabilitasiewerke behoort die waarskynlikheid van damfaling te verminder, sodoende verminder die risiko teenoor die samelewing in terme van verwagte sterftes. Die rehabilitasiewerke vereis finansiële beleggings, en hierdie beleggings is gewoonlik groot. Verder word die rehabilitasie van Suid-Afrikaanse damme wat deur DWA besit word deur samelewing gefinansier en hierdie finasiële hulpbronne is beperk. Dus moet hierdie beleggings die moeite werd wees vir die samelewing. Die samelewing se bereidwilligheidomte betaal ("SWTP") vir veiligheid word toegepas in Suid- Afrikaanse damveiligheidomdie aanvaarbare vlak van beleggings vir ’n verbeterde veiligheid teenoor menselewens wat deur die samelewing vereis word te bepaal. Beleggings in verbeterde damveiligheidsvlakke word egter nie altyd bepaal deur die samelewing nie,maar kan ook gedryf word deur die besluitnemer of eienaar wat ’n ekonomies optimale oplossing vir die rehabilitatiesewerke vereis. Ekonomiese optimering neem oorwegings addisioneel tot lewensveiligheid in ag, insluitend ekonomiese motiverings, skade kostes as die dam faal, sowel as vergoedingskostes vir die verwagte sterftes. Ekonomiese optimering beheer dikwels die besluitnemingsprobleem. Verder neem die huidige DWA besluitnemingssproses in geen manier die kostes van rehabilitasie in ag nie. Dus word FN-kriteria wat hoofsaaklik veiligheid teenoor menselewens evalueer,maar wat ook ’n mate van ekonomiese doeltreffendheid insluit, voorgestel in hierdie studie.

<p>Kraftindustrin arbetar oavbrutet med att försöka höja och upprätthålla dammsäkerheten i Sverige. Erosionsskydd för fyllningsdammar skall dimensioneras och utformas så att de medverkar till en god dammsäkerhet. Vid dimensionering och projektering av erosionskydd måste vågberäkningar utföras för att bedöma angripande våglast. I Sverige genomförs dessa beräkningar utifrån kraftföretagens riktlinjer för dammsäkerhet, RIDAS. Uträkningarna och bedömningar av våglasterna är ur dammsäkerhetssynpunkt viktiga eftersom de ofta avgör erforderligt fribord. Vågberäkningarna är behäftade med stora osäkerheter, speciellt i fall då störningar i form av öar, uddar och uppgrundande partier finns framför dammkonstruktionen.</p><p>Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utvärdera vågförhållanden och därmed våglasterna på Vojmsjöns regleringsdamm. Vågförhållandena har simulerats och analyserats med den numeriska modellen MIKE 21 Spectral Wave. Tillvägagångssättet är nytt och modellen har tidigare inte använts inom området. Således genomfördes en verifiering och orienterande kalibrering i magasin Sädvajaure. Utifrån de kunskaper och erfarenheter som erhölls vid utförandet i Sädvajaure användes modellen i fallstudie Vojmsjön. Ett mer övergripande syfte har varit att utreda om förfarandet är en ny möjlig metod för att utvärdera vågor i vattenkraftmagsin.</p><p>Undersökningen i Sädvajaure visade på en relativt god korrelation mellan uppmätta och simulerade våghöjder. Modellens noggrannhet är starkt beroende av tillförlitligheten hos indata. Mer exakt indata hade förmodligen resulterat i ännu bättre samband. Fallstudie Vojmsjön visade på signifikanta skillnader i resultat mellan vågberäkningarna enligt RIDAS och de av modellen simulerade. RIDAS beräkningsmetoder överskattar våghöjderna i området framför Vojmsjöns regleringsdamm, främst till följd av att beräkningarna genomförs med grova förenklingar av magasinets form och att vågorna antas propagera fritt utan inverkan av refraktion och uppgrundande partier.</p><p>Förfarandet med att använda en numerisk modell för att analysera vågor i vattenkraftmagasin anses vara tillämpbar. Metoden bedöms, utifrån denna studie, vara ett bra komplement för tillfällen när RIDAS beräkningsmetoder anses vara otillräckliga och särskilda utredningar är påkallade. Liknande mer grundliga utredningar, skulle kunna ge bra underlag för att fatta goda ekonomiska och dammsäkerhetsmässiga beslut.</p> / <p>The power industry is constantly trying to raise and maintain the safety of dams in Sweden. Erosion protection for embankment should be designed to contribute to a high level of dam safety. When designing an erosion protection, wave calculation must be carried out to assess the wave load. In Sweden, these calculations and assessments are based on the Power Companies Guidelines for Dam Safety, named RIDAS. The calculation of wave loads is important from a dam safety point of view, because they often determine the required freeboard. The wave calculations are subject to large uncertainties especially in cases when islands, capes and shoaling areas are located in front of the dam construction.</p><p>The aim of the thesis has been to assess the wave conditions and thereby the wave loads in reservoir Vojmsjön. The approach has been to simulate and analyse the wave conditions with a numerical model MIKE 21 Spectral Wave. The procedure is new and a verification and orientated calibration was conducted since the model has not previously been used in the field. The verification of the model was carried out in reservoir Sädvajaure. Based on the knowledge and experience obtained during the investigation at Sädvajaure the model was used in the case study Vojmsjön. A more general aim has been to investigate whether the approach is a new possible method to evaluate waves in hydropower reservoirs.</p><p>The investigation in Sädvajaure showed a relatively good correlation between measured and simulated wave heights. The model precision is highly dependent on the accuracy of input data. More accurate input data had probably given even better results. Case study Vojmsjön showed significant differences in result between wave calculation based on RIDAS and the model simulated. RIDAS calculation methods overestimate the wave heights in the area in front of regulation dam Vojmsjön. Mainly because the calculations are based on simplifications of the reservoir structure, but also depending on the fact that the waves are assumed propagating freely without the influence of refraction and shoaling.</p><p>The approach of using a numerical model to evaluate the waves in hydropower reservoirs is believed to be applicable. The method is considered to be useful as a complement in investigations when RIDAS calculation methods are considered being insufficient and special investigations is necessary. Similar more extended investigations could provide good material to make good decisions, both from an economic and a dam safety point of view.</p>

Kraftindustrin arbetar oavbrutet med att försöka höja och upprätthålla dammsäkerheten i Sverige. Erosionsskydd för fyllningsdammar skall dimensioneras och utformas så att de medverkar till en god dammsäkerhet. Vid dimensionering och projektering av erosionskydd måste vågberäkningar utföras för att bedöma angripande våglast. I Sverige genomförs dessa beräkningar utifrån kraftföretagens riktlinjer för dammsäkerhet, RIDAS. Uträkningarna och bedömningar av våglasterna är ur dammsäkerhetssynpunkt viktiga eftersom de ofta avgör erforderligt fribord. Vågberäkningarna är behäftade med stora osäkerheter, speciellt i fall då störningar i form av öar, uddar och uppgrundande partier finns framför dammkonstruktionen. Syftet med examensarbetet har varit att utvärdera vågförhållanden och därmed våglasterna på Vojmsjöns regleringsdamm. Vågförhållandena har simulerats och analyserats med den numeriska modellen MIKE 21 Spectral Wave. Tillvägagångssättet är nytt och modellen har tidigare inte använts inom området. Således genomfördes en verifiering och orienterande kalibrering i magasin Sädvajaure. Utifrån de kunskaper och erfarenheter som erhölls vid utförandet i Sädvajaure användes modellen i fallstudie Vojmsjön. Ett mer övergripande syfte har varit att utreda om förfarandet är en ny möjlig metod för att utvärdera vågor i vattenkraftmagsin. Undersökningen i Sädvajaure visade på en relativt god korrelation mellan uppmätta och simulerade våghöjder. Modellens noggrannhet är starkt beroende av tillförlitligheten hos indata. Mer exakt indata hade förmodligen resulterat i ännu bättre samband. Fallstudie Vojmsjön visade på signifikanta skillnader i resultat mellan vågberäkningarna enligt RIDAS och de av modellen simulerade. RIDAS beräkningsmetoder överskattar våghöjderna i området framför Vojmsjöns regleringsdamm, främst till följd av att beräkningarna genomförs med grova förenklingar av magasinets form och att vågorna antas propagera fritt utan inverkan av refraktion och uppgrundande partier. Förfarandet med att använda en numerisk modell för att analysera vågor i vattenkraftmagasin anses vara tillämpbar. Metoden bedöms, utifrån denna studie, vara ett bra komplement för tillfällen när RIDAS beräkningsmetoder anses vara otillräckliga och särskilda utredningar är påkallade. Liknande mer grundliga utredningar, skulle kunna ge bra underlag för att fatta goda ekonomiska och dammsäkerhetsmässiga beslut. / The power industry is constantly trying to raise and maintain the safety of dams in Sweden. Erosion protection for embankment should be designed to contribute to a high level of dam safety. When designing an erosion protection, wave calculation must be carried out to assess the wave load. In Sweden, these calculations and assessments are based on the Power Companies Guidelines for Dam Safety, named RIDAS. The calculation of wave loads is important from a dam safety point of view, because they often determine the required freeboard. The wave calculations are subject to large uncertainties especially in cases when islands, capes and shoaling areas are located in front of the dam construction. The aim of the thesis has been to assess the wave conditions and thereby the wave loads in reservoir Vojmsjön. The approach has been to simulate and analyse the wave conditions with a numerical model MIKE 21 Spectral Wave. The procedure is new and a verification and orientated calibration was conducted since the model has not previously been used in the field. The verification of the model was carried out in reservoir Sädvajaure. Based on the knowledge and experience obtained during the investigation at Sädvajaure the model was used in the case study Vojmsjön. A more general aim has been to investigate whether the approach is a new possible method to evaluate waves in hydropower reservoirs. The investigation in Sädvajaure showed a relatively good correlation between measured and simulated wave heights. The model precision is highly dependent on the accuracy of input data. More accurate input data had probably given even better results. Case study Vojmsjön showed significant differences in result between wave calculation based on RIDAS and the model simulated. RIDAS calculation methods overestimate the wave heights in the area in front of regulation dam Vojmsjön. Mainly because the calculations are based on simplifications of the reservoir structure, but also depending on the fact that the waves are assumed propagating freely without the influence of refraction and shoaling. The approach of using a numerical model to evaluate the waves in hydropower reservoirs is believed to be applicable. The method is considered to be useful as a complement in investigations when RIDAS calculation methods are considered being insufficient and special investigations is necessary. Similar more extended investigations could provide good material to make good decisions, both from an economic and a dam safety point of view.