Thesis (LL. M.)--Judge Advocate General's School, 1994. / Title from PDF t.p. (LLMC Digital, viewed on May 13, 2010). "April 94". Includes bibliographical references (p. 76-112).

Thesis (doctoral)--Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg im Breisgau, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 271-288).

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Göttingen, 2004. / English summary: International liability for damage caused by genetically modified organisms. Copyright by Max-Planck-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften e.V., to be exercised by Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, Heidelberg. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. [393]-410) and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Universität, Hamburg. / Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (p. [231]-243).

Ο σκοπός της παρούσης διδακτορικής διατριβής ήταν η θεωρητική και πειραματική μελέτη της επίδρασης της αναπτυσσόμενης βλάβης που προέρχεται από διαφορετικές αιτίες στην μηχανική συμπεριφορά συνθέτων υλικών. Οι πηγές βλάβης που μελετήθηκαν ήταν: 1.Υγροθερμική Κόπωση 2. Θερμική Κόπωση 3. Ύπαρξη κεντρικής κυκλικής οπής διαφορετικών διαμέτρων ή εγκοπής διαφορετικών μηκών 4. Διαφορετικοί ρυθμοί παραμόρφωσης 5. Ερπυσμός και επανάταξη, και 6. Συνδυασμός των παραπάνω, όπως: ερπυσμός μετά από υγροθερμική ή θερμική κόπωση, ερπυσμό σε διαφορετικές θερμοκρασίες και χρονικές διάρκειες. Τα σύνθετα υλικά που μελετήθηκαν ήταν κοκκώδη, ινώδη και τύπου σάντουιτς σύνθετα υλικά. Για την καλύτερη μελέτη της μηχανικής και βισκοελαστικής συμπεριφοράς των συνθέτων υλικών, εφαρμόστηκε ένας σημαντικός αριθμός θεωρητικών μοντέλων, όπως είναι: 1. Το μοντέλο των τεσσάρων παραμέτρων. 2. Το μοντέλο των τριών παραμέτρων. 3. Το μοντέλο εναπομένουσων ιδιοτήτων, RPM. 4. Το θεωρητικό μοντέλο ανάλυσης των διεπιφανειακών ιδιοτήτων σε σάντουιτς υλικά. 5. Το μοντέλο πρόβλεψης βισκοελαστικής συμπεριφοράς στη μη γραμμική περιοχή. Τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από την παραπάνω μελέτη ήταν ιδιαίτερα ενδιαφέροντα. / The aim of the present investigation is to study not only experimentally but also theoretically the effect of damage due to different damage sources, which analytically are: a) hygrothermal fatigue, b) thermal fatigue, c) the existence of central hole (with different diameters) or notch (with different lengths), d) creep and relaxation, e) different stain rates and f) combination of the previous such as creep after hygrothermal or thermal fatigue and creep on different temperatures and time, on the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of composites materials (reinforced with fibers and grains ), sandwich structures and different types of resin. For the better observation of the mechanical and viscoelastic behavior of composites materials, it was applied several theoretical models, which are: a) The four parameter model, b) the three parameter model, c) the RPM model (Residual Property Model) for the prediction of the residual mechanical properties of materials after damage from different sources, d) the theoretical model for the analysis of interfacial properties of sandwich structures and e) the viscoelastic model for the determination of the non elastic properties of composites material in function of the applied stress. From the present investigation useful conclusions were conducted for the determination of the mechanical behavior of composites materials (reinforced with fibres and grains or sandwich structures). In addition, the experimental results of this study were in great deal with those results of the application of the already mentioned theoretical models.

As negociações na fase pré-contratual permitem às partes determinarem de que forma certa operação econômica será concretizada e cumprida por cada um dos particulares, materializando-se como importante ferramenta para as partes estabelecerem, consensual e racionalmente, as melhores alternativas em termos de eficiência que estão à disposição. Inexistem rigidez e regramento específico no processo negocial, estando seu desenvolvimento submetido aos interesses e às pretensões de cada um dos negociantes, e o seu resultado varia de acordo com o tipo de negociação, as estratégias adotadas e o poder de barganha individual. Não obstante, há outros fatores que também condicionam o desenrolar e o desfecho deste processo, mas em geral impedindo a obtenção de resultados tão benéficos quanto os que poderiam ser alcançados em um paralelo livre de ineficiências. Em um mundo factual as partes precisam lidar com as adversidades existentes nas negociações se desejarem concluir o contrato e dele se beneficiar, seja por meio de medidas particulares ou por intermédio de soluções regulatórias, as quais têm a missão de fornecerem adequados incentivos para sua aplicação tornar-se socialmente desejável. Além disso, em virtude de as negociações serem norteadas pela autonomia de vontade e liberdade contratual, sem deveres de vinculação, os atos de exercício destes direitos devem ser medidos para que não produzam lesões ao patrimônio jurídico dos demais envolvidos nas tratativas. Tal controle é exercido pela incidência da boa-fé objetiva na fase pré-contratual, a qual impõe deveres de conduta aos particulares durante as negociações. Também é a regra da boa-fé o supedâneo da responsabilidade civil para recomposição dos prejuízos advindos de situações que malfiram a confiança gerada ao longo das tratativas, daí que o conteúdo da indenização nestas hipóteses deve considerar as justas expectativas criadas pelas partes e ser balizado para que o lesado não acabe em situação melhor do que estaria se o eventual contrato tivesse sido concluído e integralmente cumprido. / Negotiations in the pre-contractual stage allow the parties to determine how a certain economic operation will be carried out and fulfilled by each of the individuals, and is an important tool for the parties to establish, in a consensual and rational manner, the best alternatives available in terms of efficiency. There is no rigidity or specific regulation in the negotiation process, in such way that its development is submitted to the interests and the pretensions of each one of the traders, and its result varies according to the type of negotiation, strategies adopted and individual bargaining power. There are other factors that also condition the unfolding and outcome of this process, but generally preventing the achievement of results as beneficial as those that could be achieved in an inefficiency-free parallel. In a factual world, the parties need to deal with the adversities in the negotiations if they wish to conclude the contract and benefit from it, either through particular measures or through regulatory solutions, which have the task of providing adequate incentives so that their implementation is socially desirable. Moreover, because the negotiations are guided by the autonomy of will and contractual freedom, without binding obligations, the exercise of these rights must be measured so that they do not produce damages to the legal patrimony of others involved in the negotiations. Such control is exercised by the incidence of objective good faith in the pre-contractual phase, which imposes conduct duties on individuals during the negotiations. It is also the rule of good faith the foundation of civil liability for the recovery of damages arising from situations that mislead the confidence generated during the negotiations, hence the content of compensation in these cases must consider the fair expectations created by the parties and be restricted so that the injured party does not end up in a better situation than it would have been if the contract had been completed and fully complied with.

The thesis focuses on the issue of damages under Article 74 of the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (hereinafter the "CISG") as one of the possible outcomes of a breach of international sale contract. The general goal of the thesis is to comprehensively describe possibilities of the innocent party when claiming the damages under Article 74 of the CISG while focusing in detail on the issue of calculation of damages. The contents of the thesis are separated into three parts. First two chapters of the thesis cover general topics related to CISG such as its importance in the field of international sales and historic context of both the CISG as a whole and its Article 74 in particular. The reader's attention is aimed at the position of Article 74 within the CISG and detailed description of the principles governing its application, including in particular the principle of full compensation and related categorization of loss for which the damages can be awarded. Apart from the extent of the innocent party's right to damages, the thesis also describes the limitations of such right, namely the foreseeability of the loss and the obligation of the innocent party to mitigate it. In its second part, the thesis focuses more closely on the calculation of damages. In this...

Quantification of damages for loss of amenities of life is a difficult task because there is no connection between enjoyment of life and money. The court however has to compensate the plaintiff with money because that is the only way of restitution. In compensating the plaintiff the court will award a conservative amount which is fair to both parties. The court will take into account previous awards in comparable cases but the personal circumstances of the plaintiff will form the background of the assessment. The intensity and duration of the loss of amenities of life, the plaintiff's contributory negligence, his obligation to mitigate his loss, his ability to cope with his loss and patrimonial damages tending to minimize the loss of amenities of life are all factors to be taken into account in the quantification process. / Die kwantifisering van die vergoeding vir die verlies aan lewensgenietinge is 'n moeilike taak aangesien daar geen verband tussen lewensgeluk and geld is nie. Die hof moet egter die eiser vergoed met 'n som geld aangesien dit die enigste manier van restitusie is. By kwantifisering word die doel van die vergoedingsbedrag asook billikheid en regverdigheid in gedagte gehou. Die hof sal eerder konserwatief as wispelturig te werk gaan by kwantifisering. Verder sal daar na vorige toekennings in vergelykbare gevalle gekyk word, maar uiteindelik sal die omvang van die vergoedingsbedrag bepaal word deur die persoonlike omstandighede van die eiser wat die agtergrond van die kwantifiseringsproses sal vorm. Die tydsduur en intensiteit van die verlies aan lewensgenietinge, die eiser se bydraende nalatigheid, sy verpligting om skade te beperk, sy vermoe om sy verlies te verwerk asook toekennings van 'n vermoensregtelike aard is relevant by kwantifisering. / Mercantile Law / LL.M.

As negociações na fase pré-contratual permitem às partes determinarem de que forma certa operação econômica será concretizada e cumprida por cada um dos particulares, materializando-se como importante ferramenta para as partes estabelecerem, consensual e racionalmente, as melhores alternativas em termos de eficiência que estão à disposição. Inexistem rigidez e regramento específico no processo negocial, estando seu desenvolvimento submetido aos interesses e às pretensões de cada um dos negociantes, e o seu resultado varia de acordo com o tipo de negociação, as estratégias adotadas e o poder de barganha individual. Não obstante, há outros fatores que também condicionam o desenrolar e o desfecho deste processo, mas em geral impedindo a obtenção de resultados tão benéficos quanto os que poderiam ser alcançados em um paralelo livre de ineficiências. Em um mundo factual as partes precisam lidar com as adversidades existentes nas negociações se desejarem concluir o contrato e dele se beneficiar, seja por meio de medidas particulares ou por intermédio de soluções regulatórias, as quais têm a missão de fornecerem adequados incentivos para sua aplicação tornar-se socialmente desejável. Além disso, em virtude de as negociações serem norteadas pela autonomia de vontade e liberdade contratual, sem deveres de vinculação, os atos de exercício destes direitos devem ser medidos para que não produzam lesões ao patrimônio jurídico dos demais envolvidos nas tratativas. Tal controle é exercido pela incidência da boa-fé objetiva na fase pré-contratual, a qual impõe deveres de conduta aos particulares durante as negociações. Também é a regra da boa-fé o supedâneo da responsabilidade civil para recomposição dos prejuízos advindos de situações que malfiram a confiança gerada ao longo das tratativas, daí que o conteúdo da indenização nestas hipóteses deve considerar as justas expectativas criadas pelas partes e ser balizado para que o lesado não acabe em situação melhor do que estaria se o eventual contrato tivesse sido concluído e integralmente cumprido. / Negotiations in the pre-contractual stage allow the parties to determine how a certain economic operation will be carried out and fulfilled by each of the individuals, and is an important tool for the parties to establish, in a consensual and rational manner, the best alternatives available in terms of efficiency. There is no rigidity or specific regulation in the negotiation process, in such way that its development is submitted to the interests and the pretensions of each one of the traders, and its result varies according to the type of negotiation, strategies adopted and individual bargaining power. There are other factors that also condition the unfolding and outcome of this process, but generally preventing the achievement of results as beneficial as those that could be achieved in an inefficiency-free parallel. In a factual world, the parties need to deal with the adversities in the negotiations if they wish to conclude the contract and benefit from it, either through particular measures or through regulatory solutions, which have the task of providing adequate incentives so that their implementation is socially desirable. Moreover, because the negotiations are guided by the autonomy of will and contractual freedom, without binding obligations, the exercise of these rights must be measured so that they do not produce damages to the legal patrimony of others involved in the negotiations. Such control is exercised by the incidence of objective good faith in the pre-contractual phase, which imposes conduct duties on individuals during the negotiations. It is also the rule of good faith the foundation of civil liability for the recovery of damages arising from situations that mislead the confidence generated during the negotiations, hence the content of compensation in these cases must consider the fair expectations created by the parties and be restricted so that the injured party does not end up in a better situation than it would have been if the contract had been completed and fully complied with.

This diploma thesis is dealing with issues of employer's liability for industrial injuries and occupational diseases and from that consequent obligation to compensate damage or non- material damage, through individual types of compensation. The first part provides a brief excursion into the development of the legislation on industrial injuries and occupational diseases and deals with the question of mandatory statutory insurance of the employer, implemented through two private insurance companies. The second part of the diploma thesis deals with the circumstances, which lead to emergence of employer liability for industrial injury. Substantial space is dedicated to situations where it may not be obvious at first sight that an industrial injury may occur. The industrial injuries resulting from teambuilding, business trip and injury originating from myocardial infarction are discussed in more detail. Further, here are defined the facts leading to the partial or total deprivation of liability by the employer. These facts are recklessness, own fault violation of regulations or instructions and drunkenness or misuse of addictive substances. The third part concerns with conditions under which the employer is liable for occupational diseases. The fourth part deals with individual types of compensation to...