The changing world of work that we live in is characterised by forming part of globalisation and virtualness. The previous era managers focused on how to make money and how this money can work for them. The changing world of work is characterised by global competitiveness in delivering quality products quicker and cheaper. Globalisation presents continuous advancements in technology, which requires a new mindset. These technological advancements have a profound effect on culture, training and management of staff. This brings about change in flexible working arrangements and the traditional office made space within certain organisations for virtual offices. The move towards virtualness causes companies to work more closely with their customers to be able to coordinate rapid changes in products (Schuh, Millarg & Gorannson, 1998; Weissenfeld, Fisscher, Pearson & Brockhoff, 200 1). The financial institution referred to in this study was also driven by globalisation and technological advancements to re-engineer the current way in which they do business. It became evidently clear that there was a need for a shift towards virtualness, which called for the identifying of relevant competencies; needed by employees for working in a virtual environment. These competencies will enable the organisation to select the right employees and provide them with information that could be utilised in training the current virtual employees according to the competencies identified. The objectives of this research were firstly to conduct a job analysis to determine the important competencies needed by virtual workers, in a specific job at a financial institution in South Africa. Secondly to compare the current competencies of the virtual workers (who took part in the research) with the competencies identified by the job analysis to be important for this specific job. Thirdly to determine the skills required for virtual workers and compare these skills with the skills ranked by the current virtual workers to be important. Fourthly to identify how these virtual workers experienced the effect of virtualness on their performance. Lastly to make recommendations regarding future training and selection purposes. A survey design (cross-sectional) was used to determine competencies needed by virtual workers for a specific job at a financial institution in South Africa. The study population consisted of (N= 71) employees in a virtual job at a financial institution in South Africa. The Work Profile Systems (WPS), Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ), Performance Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) and a Skills Audit (SA) were administered. Results of the research indicated that 44% of the study population exhibits the competencies needed by virtual workers as indicated by the Inventory of Management Competencies (IMC) Profile of the WPS. The results of the Performance Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) indicated that the current virtual workers experienced the greatest impact of virtualness on improving the attainment of personal goals, as well as improving the achievement of organisational goals. The results from the Skills Audit (SA) identified skills that were essential for virtual workers in a specific job within a virtual environment, according to the feedback received from the current virtual workers. They compared favourably with the skills identified by literature as being important. Recommendations to the organisation and for future research have been made and limitations were also discussed. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

La maîtrise des risques d'incendie et d'explosion dans les procédés industriels repose sur une évaluation des conditions d'occurrence et des conséquences prévisibles de ces évènements. L'étude du retour d'expérience relatif aux accidents industriels impliquant des produits combustibles met souvent en évidence la méconnaissance des dangers des produits par les opérateurs et/ou une évaluation insuffisante ou incomplète des risques générés par le procédé exploité. Les évolutions réglementaires intervenues ces dix dernières années ont pour objectif de mieux identifier et gérer ces risques. Pour autant, afin de réduire la fréquence et la gravité de ces accidents, il est nécessaire d'améliorer encore la sécurité des procédés qui mettent en oeuvre des produits combustibles. C'est lorsque cette évaluation est la plus juste et réaliste que les mesures de prévention et de protection sont adaptées. Ceci nécessite avant tout de caractériser les dangers présentés par les produits stockés, transportés ou utilisés. Il est ensuite nécessaire de mieux identifier et gérer les risques induits. Les travaux effectués ont été consacrés en premier lieu à la caractérisation réglementaire des dangers physico-chimiques des substances et des mélanges, ainsi qu'à l'évaluation de l'aptitude des produits inflammables sous forme de gaz, de vapeur ou de poussière à générer des atmosphères explosives et à être enflammés. En second lieu, ces travaux se sont attachés à mettre en évidence les éléments essentiels du contexte réglementaire, normatif et méthodologique sur les thèmes des atmosphères explosives et de l'évaluation des risques associés et à développer une méthode d'étude du risque associé à la formation d'atmosphères explosives dans les installations industrielles compatible avec les exigences réglementaires applicables / Controlling fire and explosion hazards in industrial processes is based on occurrence conditions and the assessment of possible effects and consequences of these events. The feedback from industrial accidents involving combustible products often reveals an insufficient identification of products hazards and/or an incorrect or incomplete risk assessment of the processes by the operators. The regulatory evolutions in the past decade were aimed at better identification and management of these risks. Nevertheless, in order to reduce the frequency and the severity of these accidents, it is necessary to further improve the safety procedures concerning combustible materials. When this evaluation is the most accurate and realistic, prevention and protection measures are the most adequate. This requires an accurate hazard characterization of the products stored, transported or used. It is also necessary to better identify and manage the risks associated. This work has been devoted primarily to the regulatory characterization of physical and chemical hazards of substances and mixtures, as well as evaluating the ability of flammable gas, vapour or dust to form explosive atmospheres and an eventual ignition. Secondly, this work have attempted to highlight the key elements of the regulatory, normative and methodological context concerning explosive atmospheres and to develop a specific methodology allowing explosive atmospheres explosion risk assessment in industrial facilities, consistent with applicable regulatory requirements

Les liquides ioniques sont des produits chimiques avancés promis selon de nombreuses personnes à un brillant avenir dans un certain nombre d’applications stratégiques qui pourraient servir un avenir plus vert dans la chimie et les développements technologiques liés à l'énergie. Cependant, le manque de données thermodynamiques appropriées ainsi que les discours réducteurs portant sur une haute stabilité thermique et l’absence de tout danger intrinsèque comme tendances absolues de ces produits chimiques ont conduit à entreprendre ce travail de thèse avec comme objectif de développer une méthodologie dédiée et pertinente visant à caractériser les profils de dangers physico-chimiques de ces molécules chimiques. En effet, étant donné le nombre potentiellement élevé de liquides ioniques, une meilleure stratégie consistant à explorer les propriétés réelles de ces matériaux, sans négliger les risques physico-chimiques potentiels, y compris les risques d’incendie, constitue une contribution de taille à leur utilisation verte. A cet effet, des outils expérimentaux ont été mis en œuvre et utilisés, les résultats obtenus confirment jusqu’ici que le potentiel de dangers physico-chimiques doit être évalué au cas par cas.Finalement, les perspectives concernant les travaux futurs en ce qui concerne une meilleure connaissance et une appréciation des questionnements liés aux dangers physico-chimiques sont donnés dans le but de servir une conception et une utilisation durable des liquides ioniques. / Ionic liquids are advanced chemicals promised according to many people to a brilliant future in a number of strategic applications that might serve greener future in chemistry and energy related technological developments. However, lack of appropriate thermodynamic data as well as some what misleading discourse advocating on high thermal stability and absence ofany intrinsic hazard as absolute trends of these chemicals have led to initiate this thesis workwith the objective to develop a dedicated and pertinent methodology aiming at characterizing the comprehensive physico-chemical hazards profile of such chemical.Indeed, given the huge potential number of ionic liquids, a better strategy consists in exploring real world properties of these materials, not neglecting potential physico-chemical hazards,including the fire hazards, as to contribute to their green use. For that purpose, experimental tools have been implemented and used; obtained results so far confirm that the physico-chemical hazards potential must be assessed on a case by case approach. Finally, perspectives regarding future work with regard to better knowledge and assessmentof ionic liquids physico-chemical related issues are given with the aim of serving sustainable design and use of ionic liquids.

Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

Tyrimo objektas – sąsajos tarp paauglių merginų siekimo atitikti socialinius – kultūrinius išvaizdos lūkesčius, požiūrio į savo kūną ir sveikatai žalingo kūno masės kontrolės elgesio. Problemos pagrindimas: Tiek pasaulyje, tiek Lietuvoje paauglių merginų fizinis aktyvumas turi tendenciją mažėti. Visuomenėje vis labiau formuojasi kūno grožio kultas, kuris labai veikia merginų savo išvaizdos vertinimą. Siekiant atitikti idealus jos imasi dažnai sveikatai žalingų svorio kontrolės būdų. Kūno vertinimas, fizinio aktyvumas bei svorio kontrolė tarp paauglių yra tyrinėtini, nes tokio pobūdžio tyrimai padėtų spręsti gyvensenos problemas, fizinį pasyvumą ir sveikatai žalingą svorio kontrolės elgesį. Tyrimo tikslas – nustatyti sąsajas tarp paauglių merginų siekimo atitikti socialinius – kultūrinius išvaizdos lūkesčius ir požiūrio į savo kūną raiškos ypatumų. Tyrimo uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti požiūrį į savo kūno raišką merginų KMI bei fizinio aktyvumo grupėse. 2. Palyginti siekimo atitikti socialinius - kultūrinius išvaizdos lūkesčius skirtingo savo išvaizdos vertinimo, KMI, fizinio aktyvumo ir sportinio statuso grupėse. 3. Atskleisti požiūrį į savo kūno sąsajas su socialiniais, savęs vertinimo bei sveikatai žalingo kūno masės reguliavimo veiksniais. 4. Palyginti sveikatai žalingo svorio kontrolės elgesio ir valgymo sutrikimų rizikos pasireiškimus skirtingo KMI ir fizinio aktyvumo paauglių merginų grupėse. Tyrimo metodai ir tiriamieji – anketinei apklausai naudotas klausimynas... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The research object – connection between striving to match social and cultural expectations of appearance, attitude towards their own bodies and harmful weight control behavior. Substantiation of a problem: in Lithuania and in all other countries physical activity among adolescent girls tends to be significantly lower. In a society develops the cult of the beautiful body, which has influence on the estimating of their appearance. Trying to be the same like their ideals, they start to use harmful wight control methods. The estimation of body, physical activity and weight control between teens is worth to research, because that kind of inquiry can help to solve today's lifestyle problems, physical passivity and harmful weight control. The aim of my work – to find the connection between teen girls striving to match social and cultural expectation of appearacne and attitude towords their own peculiarities of the body. The tasks of the research: 1. to find expression of attitud to their own body in girls BMI and physical activity groups. 2. to compare striving to match social and cultural expectations of appearance in various estiments of the appearance, BMI, physical activity and sport status groups. 3. to detect the attitudes of their self body with social, self-esteem and harmful weight factors. 4. to compare harmful weight control behavior and the risik of eating disorders in different BMI and physical activity teen girls groups. Research methods and the explored – for the... [to full text]

The changing world of work that we live in is characterised by forming part of globalisation and virtualness. The previous era managers focused on how to make money and how this money can work for them. The changing world of work is characterised by global competitiveness in delivering quality products quicker and cheaper. Globalisation presents continuous advancements in technology, which requires a new mindset. These technological advancements have a profound effect on culture, training and management of staff. This brings about change in flexible working arrangements and the traditional office made space within certain organisations for virtual offices. The move towards virtualness causes companies to work more closely with their customers to be able to coordinate rapid changes in products (Schuh, Millarg & Gorannson, 1998; Weissenfeld, Fisscher, Pearson & Brockhoff, 200 1). The financial institution referred to in this study was also driven by globalisation and technological advancements to re-engineer the current way in which they do business. It became evidently clear that there was a need for a shift towards virtualness, which called for the identifying of relevant competencies; needed by employees for working in a virtual environment. These competencies will enable the organisation to select the right employees and provide them with information that could be utilised in training the current virtual employees according to the competencies identified. The objectives of this research were firstly to conduct a job analysis to determine the important competencies needed by virtual workers, in a specific job at a financial institution in South Africa. Secondly to compare the current competencies of the virtual workers (who took part in the research) with the competencies identified by the job analysis to be important for this specific job. Thirdly to determine the skills required for virtual workers and compare these skills with the skills ranked by the current virtual workers to be important. Fourthly to identify how these virtual workers experienced the effect of virtualness on their performance. Lastly to make recommendations regarding future training and selection purposes. A survey design (cross-sectional) was used to determine competencies needed by virtual workers for a specific job at a financial institution in South Africa. The study population consisted of (N= 71) employees in a virtual job at a financial institution in South Africa. The Work Profile Systems (WPS), Occupational Personality Questionnaire (OPQ), Performance Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) and a Skills Audit (SA) were administered. Results of the research indicated that 44% of the study population exhibits the competencies needed by virtual workers as indicated by the Inventory of Management Competencies (IMC) Profile of the WPS. The results of the Performance Assessment Questionnaire (PAQ) indicated that the current virtual workers experienced the greatest impact of virtualness on improving the attainment of personal goals, as well as improving the achievement of organisational goals. The results from the Skills Audit (SA) identified skills that were essential for virtual workers in a specific job within a virtual environment, according to the feedback received from the current virtual workers. They compared favourably with the skills identified by literature as being important. Recommendations to the organisation and for future research have been made and limitations were also discussed. / Thesis (M.A. (Industrial Psychology))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2005.

This master thesis deals with safety at work issues and job-related injuries concerning MHL (manual handling of loads). Job-related injury is caused by a set of several interoperating factors. These factors are considered to be a main cause of job-related injuries. Work safety conditions refer to a hundreds of legal regulations (laws, decrees, orders of government, EU regulations). The most important factor in safety at work conditions is prevention. The obligation to asses risks is one of the base principals of preventive policy which is applied in all EU countries. The aim of this thesis is to determine the rules and recommendations for agricultural companies. These rules are based on analysis of factors which leads to causes of job-related injuries. The recommendations and rules this thesis imply can be used as guidelines for prevention of job-related injuries.

Cette thèse présente des travaux de deux natures différentes ; (1) l'étude approfondie des travaux de James Reason (Swiss cheese model) et (2) l'activité d'ingénierie d'un modèle (ECHO) pour l'étude des facteurs organisationnels et humains dans l'exploitation des barrages d'EDF. Ces travaux sont articulés autour de la question du rôle, de la valeur et de la place des modèles d'erreur humaine dans la gestion de la sécurité industrielle.Une revue de littérature montre que les dispositions de sécurité dans les barrages sont essentiellement techniques. Les considérations relatives au facteur humain, bien que prégnantes dans l'accidentologie, semblent faire défaut dans les pratiques. Constatant sa très large utilisation, nous présentons en détail le modèle de Reason. Nous mettons en lumière une « double » collaboration (peu documentée) entre recherche et industrie d'une part, sciences humaines et sciences de l'ingénieur d'autre part. Partant de cette double collaboration comme une condition de réussite à des évolutions culturelles de sécurité, nous présentons le processus d'ingénierie qui a permis la conception puis la mise en place d'un modèle facteur humain dans les études de dangers de barrages d'EDF. Nous tentons enfin de mesurer et de présenter les effets produits par ECHO sur les représentations et les pratiques. La discussion porte sur l'intérêt et les modalités de double collaboration dans la sécurité industrielle et espère contribuer à un recadrage du débat sur la nature et la valeur des modèles. / This thesis presents two different works: (1) an in-depth study of James Reason's work (Swiss cheese model) and (2) the engineering activity of a model (ECHO) of organizational and human factors in operation of EDF's dams. These works are articulated regarding the role, value and place of human error models in industrial safety management.A literature review shows that dams' safety is mainly based on technical issues. The considerations relating to human factors, although pervasively present in the accidents, seem to be lacking in practice. After its wide use, we present in detail the Reason's model. We highlight a double collaboration (poorly documented) between research and industry on the one hand, Humanities and engineering Sciences on the second hand. Based on this dual partnership as a success condition for efficient safety culture developments, we present the engineering process associated with the design and the implementation of a human factor model in EDF dams' hazards study. Finally, we try to measure and report the effects produced by ECHO on the representations and practices.The discussion focuses on the interest and modalities for double collaboration in industrial safety and, therefore hopes to contribute to reframe the debate on model's nature and value.

Le Transport de Marchandises Dangereuses (TMD) est une activité génératrice de risques en raison de la dangerosité intrinsèque des produits considérés qui peuvent, suite à un accident dans le cadre de cette activité, provoquer des effets graves sur l’environnement, les biens et les personnes (effets toxiques, thermiques, de surpression, ou pollution).L’activité TMD se décompose en trois phases : le transport, la manutention (chargement déchargement) et le stationnement. Afin de réduire les risques générés par l’activité TMD, une réglementation internationale a imposé des mesures techniques (prescriptions relatives à la construction et à l’utilisation des colis et des citernes, agréments des véhicules et des récipients) et préventives (formation des intervenants au transport et à la manutention des MD, règles de circulation).Toutefois, cette réglementation, appliquée en France à travers l’arrêté TMD et ses annexes, ne permet pas, pour des sites accueillant de nombreuses marchandises dangereuses (comme les ports, les gares de triage et les aires autoroutières), de mettre en place des mesures préventives et techniques spécifiques adaptées à un contexte local. En effet, l’exploitation d’une d’infrastructure de transport (comme un port accueillant des marchandises dangereuses) nécessite ses propres règles d’exploitation permettant de gérer un trafic de marchandises dangereuses hétérogène, important et régulier (voire quotidien), afin de réduire les risques liés au transport, à la manutention, au stationnement ainsi qu’à la concentration de produits dangereux sur un même site.L’étude de dangers TMD, imposée par la loi n° 2003-699 du 30 juillet 2003, est venue compléter les outils réglementaires existants, afin d’aider certains sites à forte concentration de marchandises dangereuses (définis par le décret n° 2007-700 du 3 mai 2007) à évaluer et gérer les risques générés par l’activité TMD (ou « risque TMD »).Ce travail de thèse s’inscrit donc dans un cadre réglementaire précis et s’est attaché à produire des connaissances réglementaires, scientifiques et opérationnelles, afin de mettre en œuvre et d’éprouver l’applicabilité d’une méthodologie ministérielle d’analyse de risques (définie par l’arrêté du 18 décembre 2009) pour des ouvrages accueillant des marchandises dangereuses. / Transportation of Dangerous Goods (TDG) is a risk-generating activity due to the intrinsic hazard of the products concerned which may, following an accident in the course of this activity, cause serious effects on the environment, property and people (toxic, thermal effects of overpressure, or pollution).The TDG activity is divided into three phases: transport, handling (loading and unloading) and parking. To reduce the risks generated by the TDG activity, international regulations imposed technical measures (requirements for the construction and use of tanks and packages, approvals of vehicles and containers) and preventive measures (training of stakeholders transportation and handling Dangerous Goods, traffic rules).However this rule, applied in France through the order TGD and its annexes, does not allow for hosting many dangerous goods sites (such as ports, rail yards and motorway areas), to develop specific preventive and technical measures adapted to the local context. Indeed, the operation of a transport infrastructure (such as hosting dangerous goods port) requires its own operating rules to manage traffic of dangerous goods heterogeneous, large and regular (even daily) to reduce the risks associated with the transport, handling, parking and the concentration of hazardous substances on the same site.The hazard study of TDG, imposed by Act No. 2003-699 of 30 July 2003, complemented the existing regulatory tools to help some sites with high concentrations of dangerous goods (as defined by the Decree n ° 2007 - 700 of 3 May 2007) to assess and manage the risks generated by the TDG activity (or "TDG risk").This thesis is therefore part of a clear regulatory framework and is committed to produce scientific knowledge and operational regulations, to implement and test the applicability of a departmental risk analysis methodology (defined by the decree of 18 December 2009) for hosting dangerous goods sites.

Articulée en trois chapitres, cette thèse qui vise à endiguer la toute-puissance de la traductologie porte, d’abord, sur l’analyse d’un extrait de Simenon inséré dans La belle Hortense, puis sur l’examen des erreurs relevées dans 40 versions d’étudiants de l’université de Venise confrontés avec un passage d’Agnès Desarthe et, enfin, sur la traduction du « Maladroit » de Raymond Queneau par Umberto Eco. Comme le titre l’indique, cette thèse revendique l’importance de la pratique. Ce n’est pas à force d’étudier des grammaires qu’un jour on se réveille écrivain, une plume ou un clavier à la main. De même, c’est une évidence, on ne devient pas traducteur sans traduire, bien que l’exercice ne puisse garantir l’excellence du résultat. C’est un truisme, une lapalissade dont il n’est pas inutile de rappeler la vérité, à un moment où la traductologie devient de plus en plus envahissante. Comme toute théorie, elle tend à l’abstraction et à la généralisation, tandis que la pratique, elle, se confronte au hic et nunc. C’est pour cela même qu’elle risque de se révéler non seulement inadéquate, mais aussi dangereuse. Car la littérature, loin d’être l’application de la norme, est le lieu de l’écart. Or, il est difficile de résister à l’autorité d’un dictionnaire, d’un traductologue ou d’un critique, plus difficile encore s’ils sont auréolés de prestige. Toute traduction comporte deux phases. La première est axée sur une analyse stylistique du texte-source et implique une excellente maîtrise de la langue et de la culture de son monde d’origine. C’est le moment de l’esclavage où le traducteur est complètement au service de l’auteur, où il cherche à comprendre sans juger, où – tel un amoureux – il écoute sa voix pour pouvoir l’interpréter. Mais le moment de l’esclavage qui enchaîne au texte originel est aussi le moment de l’apprentissage, le moment où le traducteur peut pénétrer les secrets d’une écriture d’auteur. Sans cette phase préalable, on ne devrait même pas parler de traduction. Si on ne lit pas attentivement – à la loupe – l’œuvre qu’on doit transplanter ou si on ne connaît pas assez la matière dont elle est faite, on finit par se fier aux dictionnaires, par appliquer des recettes toutes faites. C’est une autre voix que celle de l’auteur que l’on entendra, alors, au-delà des frontières. C’est dans cette phase que des préjugés ou des brouillages théoriques assez enracinés ou assez puissants sont intervenus, d’après mon analyse, dans les extraits examinés. Ils ont entraîné la banalisation de Simenon (mais non de Roubaud qui emprunte ses mots) aussi bien que la plupart des incorrections des étudiants (souvent induites paradoxalement par l’usage du dictionnaire). Ils ont poussé également Umberto Eco à remanier radicalement un texte de Raymond Queneau qu’il avait considéré comme l’un des moins réussis, alors qu’il est sans aucun doute l’un des plus importants – et peut-être le plus important - des Exercices de style. Dans la deuxième phase, le traducteur qui accepte d’écrire sous contrainte – sous les contraintes que lui impose le texte-source – connaît aussi la joie de la liberté. Car la contrainte le libérera et le poussera à exploiter toutes les potentialités insoupçonnées, toutes les ressources de la langue et de la culture d’arrivée pour rendre le plus fidèlement la voix de l’auteur, auquel l’analyse et la compréhension l’ont enchaîné. C’est un effort de Sisyphe, mais qui peut rendre heureux. Car c’est aussi en traduisant qu’on devient écriveron. / Set out in three chapters, this thesis which has the aim of investigating the omniscience of translation, starts out by analyzing an extract from Simenon in La Belle Hortense then moves to a study of the mistakes made in 40 translations by students at the University of Venice from a text by Agnès Desarthe and, finally, looks at the translation by Umberto Eco of Raymond Queneau's "Maladroit".As its title suggests, this thesis underlines the importance of practice. One does not suddenly wake up a writer one morning, a pen at the ready simply because one has studied grammar.At the same time one obviously does not become a translator without translating, although practice in itself does not guarantee the excellence of the outcome. This is a truism worth remembering at a moment when translation studies are becoming more and more invasive. Like every theory it tends towards abstraction and generalization while practice concerns itself with the here and now. But it is exactly for this that it risks revealing itself not only as inadequate but also dangerous. For literature, far from being the application of the norm, is where the gap exists. However it is difficult to resist the authority of a dictionary, of a translation expert or of a critic, even more so if they are surrounded by a halo of prestige.Every translation consists of two phases. The first is based on a stylistic analysis of the source text and implies an excellent mastery of the language and of the culture from where it originates. This is the moment of enslavement when the translator is at the complete service of the author, where he tries to understand without judging, like a lover, he listens to his voice so that he can interpret it. But the stage of enslavement which chains one to the original text is also the moment of apprenticeship, the moment when the translator can enter into the secrets of an author's writing. Without this initial phase, one should not even speak of translation. If one does not read carefully, as under a magnifying glass, the work that one must transplant and where one does not know sufficiently what makes it up, one ends up by relying too much on dictionaries, to apply ready-made solutions. There is another voice apart from the author's that one must hear, beyond the normal boundaries.It is in this phase that well-rooted and strong prejudices or theoretical garble, according to my analysis, have intervened in the extracts examined. They have caused a banalisation of Simenon (but not of Roubaud who borrowed his words) as well as most of the errors of the students (and often brought about, paradoxically, the use of dictionaries). In the same way they pushed Umberto Eco to meddle radically with a text of Raymond Queneau that he considered one of the latter's less successful ones, even though it is one of the most important, and perhaps the most important, in Exercices de style.In the second phase, the translator who accepts to write under constraint, under the constraints imposed by the source text, also knows the joy of liberty. Because the constraint will free him and push him to take full advantage of unexpected potentiality, of all the resources of the language and culture and to render the voice of the author in the most faithful way, and to whom the analysis and comprehension chained him. It is the work of Sisyphus but which can create contentment. Because it is also by translating that one becomes a writer.