Les discours tenus aujourd’hui sur Georges Darien restent, pour une large part, associés à l’anarchisme. Pour en saisir les limites, la thèse remonte aux sources biographiques. La lecture de son œuvre− aussi riche que méconnue− prendra acte d’un moment fondateur : l’expérience des camps disciplinaires, en 1883. A partir de là, les fictions s’inscrivent dans une démarche contestataire. Le destin littéraire devient spéculaire, véritable miroir d’une âme entrée en résistance. Tenant à la fois de Balzac, Vallès ou encore Mirbeau, l’écrivain dénonce et engage sa responsabilité d’auteur. Combinant avec originalité des personnages et des situations, Darien revisite les problématiques de son époque : rapport à la bourgeoisie, à l’argent, aux institutions, à l’individu. A ce titre, sa littérature est un vaste territoire à explorer. Les pratiques d’écriture et les stéréotypies particulières de la « fin de siècle » font l’objet d’une analyse très critique. L’homme de lettres écrit sa contestation sous toutes les formes : roman, poésie, théâtre, pamphlet, journal, discours. Enfant perdu de la bourgeoisie, livré à la Grande Muette, assiégé par des visions cauchemardesques ; Darien a de quoi nourrir sa résistance scripturaire. Rien ne manquera à la parole libertaire qu’il exerce. Bagnes et armées connaîtront une satire des plus violentes. Famille et instances tutélaires délivreront des idéologies souvent ridicules. Nations et littérateurs donneront l’occasion de discuter la place de l’artiste et de forger un individualisme féroce. Sous le couvert de récits détonants, l’écrivain donne ainsi à voir matière, mais aussi manière. Surenchère, image, caricature, raisonnement par l’absurde, fondent une esthétique originale. La fiction ne fait jamais allégeance à un système de pensée, quel qu’il soit. Le continent littéraire sur lequel nous posons notre regard impose de revoir nos certitudes. Aller à la rencontre de Darien, c’est repenser la question de l’adhésion à l’anarchisme, au naturalisme ou encore au symbolisme. La littérature devient le laboratoire d’une pensée qui n’est jamais partisane, mais toujours soucieuse de décrypter. La démarche comparatiste comme la sociologie permettent d’engager ce décryptage. Finalement, lire ou relire Darien, c’est passer du singulier d’un destin littéraire au pluriel de nos destinées. Le texte retrouve son étymologie de « textus », ce fil qui se fait et défait au gré des écritures et des heurts de l’Histoire collective comme personnelle. / The speeches today Georges Darien remain largely associated with anarchism. To grasp the limits, the thesis goes back to biographical sources. Reading his œuvre− as rich as méconnue− take note of a founding moment: the experience of disciplinary camps, in 1883. From there, fictions are part of a protest action. The literary destiny becomes specular true reflection of a resistor input soul.Holding both Balzac Vallès or Mirbeau, the writer denounces and engages its copyright liability. Combining with original characters and situations, Darien revisits the issues of his time compared to the bourgeoisie, to money, to institutions, to the individual. As such, its literature is a vast territory to explore. Writing practices and specific stereotypes of the “end of century” are the subject of a highly critical analysis. The man of letters wrote his challenge in all forms: novel, poetry, theater, pamphlet, newspaper, speech. Lost child of the bourgeoisie, comes to the Great Muette, besieged by nightmarish visions; Darien has enough to feed his scriptural resistance. Nothing missed libertarian speech he exercises. Bagnes and armies will experience more violent satire. Family and guardianship bodies shall issue often ridiculous ideologies. Nations and writers will provide an opportunity to discuss the place of the artist and forge a fierce individualism. Under the cover of detonating stories, the writer gives to see and matter but also fashion. Increment, picture, cartoon, reductio ad absurdum, founded an original aesthetic. Fiction never pledged allegiance to a system of thought, whatever it is. The literary continent on which we lay our eyes means reviewing our certainties. Go to the meeting of Darien, is rethinking the issue of accession to anarchism, naturalism or symbolism. Literature becomes the laboratory of a thought that is never partisan, anxious to decrypt. The comparative approach such as sociology allow it to engage decryption. Finally, read or reread Darien is spend a singular literary destiny plural of our destinies. The text finds its etymology of “textus” this thread is done and undone at the discretion of the scriptures and clashes of collective history as personal.

This thesis aims to discover and analyse the locals' perceptions of transit migrants in Necoclí and howthese perceptions influence their attitudes and behaviours towards the migrants. This research has beeninspired by the limited attention in existing literature towards the Colombian local communities impactedby transit migration through the Darien Gap, including their residents' perceptions and role in this type ofmigration. Ten semi structured interviews conducted to locals in Necoclí revealed the differentperceptions residents have of these migrants, varying from positive perceptions associated with economicimprovement to negative perceptions associated with tourism decline, disturbances and difficult access toresources. Locals also perceive transit migrants as human beings and as money or economy. The findingsreveal several attitudes and behaviours towards transit migrants from solidarity and empathy to suspicion,discrimination and xenophobia. Venezuelans are the transit migrants experiencing the most negativeperceptions, attitudes and behaviours from locals in Necoclí.

New Caledonia (1698-1700) was Scotland’s largest independent colonial venture. The scheme’s collapse crippled the country financially and was an important factor in the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707. This project explores the identity of Scottish settlers who attempted to colonize the Darien region of modern Panama. Colonial identity is assessed by reconstructing the Scottish dialogue about the natural world, the aboriginal population, and the commonwealth. I contend that the ideology of improvement that shaped Scottish perceptions of utility and fertility in the Darien became a powerful moral discourse used to critique the colonists. This paper also chronicles Scottish aspirations to found an empire of trade and civility, uncovering the fundamental problems created by the idealization of the Tule as eager subjects of this new empire. Finally, I argue that Caledonia’s food shortages not only threatened the colonial government’s legitimacy, they also exposed divergent ideals of the commonwealth among the settlers.

New Caledonia (1698-1700) was Scotland’s largest independent colonial venture. The scheme’s collapse crippled the country financially and was an important factor in the Anglo-Scottish Union of 1707. This project explores the identity of Scottish settlers who attempted to colonize the Darien region of modern Panama. Colonial identity is assessed by reconstructing the Scottish dialogue about the natural world, the aboriginal population, and the commonwealth. I contend that the ideology of improvement that shaped Scottish perceptions of utility and fertility in the Darien became a powerful moral discourse used to critique the colonists. This paper also chronicles Scottish aspirations to found an empire of trade and civility, uncovering the fundamental problems created by the idealization of the Tule as eager subjects of this new empire. Finally, I argue that Caledonia’s food shortages not only threatened the colonial government’s legitimacy, they also exposed divergent ideals of the commonwealth among the settlers.