This thesis improves on the design of the leaky-mode spatial light modulator, LMW-SLM, presented by Dr. Smalley[1]. Improvements include: input coupling gratings, a pulsed laser input, output coupling gratings, and a 3D printed adjustable module for the stabilization of critical alignments. First, input coupling gratings reduce the cost of the LMW-SLM from $500 to around $2, a drop in cost of over two orders of magnitude. This enables multiple modulators to be used in a single display and allows for an inexpensive modular design to be created. Second, a pulsed laser input allows for image creation without the use of a polygon for derotation. Removal of the polygon allows for direct viewing of the LMW-SLM output enabling near-eye and flat panel displays. Third, output coupling gratings allow for bottom exit devices that are essential for thin substrates and flat panel displays. Fourth, the 3D printed module allows for the critical alignments of the LMW-SLM to become permanent. This in turns allows for transportation of the created displays without a trained technician by abstracting away the complexities of the device. The resulting changes simplify hardware, reduce cost, and enable the LMW-SLM to be modularized and the resulting 3D displays to be transportable. These improvements are made possible by the addition of a one new mask step during fabrication, a simple circuit design, and a 3D printed module designed in SOLIDWORKS. Included in this thesis as attachments are the MATLab, Eagle, and SOLIDWORKS files used to create the improved LMW-SLM.

La mise en forme spatiale de faisceau laser, en particulier l’obtention d’un profil d’intensité homogène intéresse aussi bien la recherche que l’industrie (recherche biomédicale, microscopie, découpe, gravure, marquage laser, Laser MegaJoule…). De par ses avantages intrinsèques, nous sommes désireux d’apporter une solution fibrée, monomode et à maintien de polarisation. Ces travaux s’articulent autour de 2 problématiques :L’obtention d’un mode plat polarisé linéairement.Différentes solutions ont été mises en place pour satisfaire cette contrainte (embouts, fibres air-silice et fibres toute solide incluant des barreaux de contraintes). Nous avons notamment réalisé une fibre microstructurée air-silice monomode délivrant un mode plat de diamètre 20µm à 1050nm de polarisation linéaire (taux d’extinction de 20dB, biréfringence ~0,6x10-4). Cette fibre a été intégrée avec succès dans une chaine amplificatrice délivrant un faisceau cohérent avec un profil d’intensité aplati polarisé linéairement dépassant 100µJ en régime nanoseconde. En parallèle le développement de codes numériques a permis de proposer des designs augmentant la biréfringence voire polarisants.L’augmentation de l’aire effective du mode.Nos études ont permis de mettre en évidence les compromis entre qualité modale et pertes par courbures y compris dans le cas de structure présentant des résonateurs pour « vider » les modes d’ordre supérieur. L’impact sur le contenu modal des indices de différents types de barreaux de contraintes et de la biréfringence induite a également été étudié. Enfin nous avons réalisé une fibre mode plat à 1050nm de diamètre 34µm (aire effective ~1200µm2) utilisable en tant qu’embout. / Spatial beam shaping, in particular an homogeneous intensity profile is very attractive to fundamental research and industry (biomedical, microscopy, laser cutting, engraving, marking, Laser MegaJoule…). Thanks to its intrinsic advantages we wish to offer a fibered, single-mode and polarization maintaining solution. This work addresses two difficulties:Producing singlemode fiber delivering a flat mode while preserving the light polarization.Several solutions were developed to achieve this objective: fiber end-cap, air-silica and all-solid microstructured fibers with Stress Applying Parts (SAP). We have obtained several fibers including an air-silica microstructured single-mode fiber which delivers a flat fundamental mode with a diameter of 20µm at 1050nm linearly polarized (polarization extinction ratio of 20dB and a birefringence of 0.6x10 4). This fiber was successfully integrated in an amplifier chain delivering a coherent output beam with a flat intensity profile linearly polarized with a power of more than 100µJ for 10 ns pulses. In the same time, we developed a numerical code enabling us to propose designs with enhanced birefringence and even a polarizing behavior.Increase of mode effective areaOur studies exhibit the compromises required between modal quality and bending losses even in the case of a fiber design with resonator to extract from the core its high order modes. The impact of indices of different kinds of SAP and the impact of the induced birefringence on the modal content are also studied. Finally we realized a fiber delivering a flat intensity with a mode diameter equals to 34µm (effective area ~1200µm²) at 1050nm which can be used like an end-cap.

The Juno Waves instrument detected new broadband plasma wave emissions on the first three successful passes over the low altitude polar regions of Jupiter on Days 240 and 346 of 2016 and Day 033 of 2017. This study investigated the characteristics of these emissions and found similarities to whistler-mode auroral hiss observed at Earth, including the funnel-shaped frequency-time features. The electron cyclotron frequency was much higher than both the emission frequencies for all three days and the local plasma frequency, which was assumed to be 20 – 40 kHz. The electric to magnetic field (E/cB) ratio was around three near the start of each event and then decreased to one for the remaining duration of each pass. Spin modulation phase shifts were found on two of the three days (Day 240 and Day 033), indicating wave propagation up to the assumed plasma frequency. A correlation of the electric field spectral densities with the flux of up-going 20 to 800 keV electron beams on all three days were found, with correlation coefficients of 0.59, 0.72, and 0.34 for Day 240, Day 346, and Day 033 respectively. We conclude that the emissions are propagating in the whistler-mode and are driven by energetic up-going electron beams along the polar cap magnetic field lines.

In this case study, policy transfer between municipalities within gender mainstreaming is examined. This thesis wanted to find explanations on why municipalities start with gender mainstreaming and how municipalities learn gender mainstreaming from other municipalities. This study also investigates how much influence the municipal official that are responsible for gender mainstreaming have. Semi structured interviews were conducted with six municipalities and seven respondents and to analyze and interpret the answers the study uses theories about ‘lesson-drawing’, ‘mimicry’ and ’fashion’ as well as policy network. The conclusion of the study is that tendencies to both mimicry and lesson-drawing to why municipalities start with gender mainstreaming. Some municipalities’ answers that their work with gender equality was not satisfying and therefore they started with gender mainstreaming. The other municipalities explained because gender mainstream is in fashion now, they started with it also. To how municipalities learn from each other, the conclusion is that it is only about lessondrawing and the municipalities explained that they have to adjust what they learn in policy networks to their own municipality and not copy their work exactly. Furthermore, municipal officials have a great amount of influence in establishing gender mainstreaming in the municipality. But this influence decreases when gender mainstreaming is established in the municipality.

Normal Mode is a composition for chamber ensemble and electronics that makes reference to the microtonality employed in Turkish music. In this composition I have made an attempt to expand the timbral palette of standard Western instruments by the use of electronic sounds, which were constructed through digital sound synthesis. The microtonal frequencies, which were used in this synthesis process, were derived from the Turkish tonal system. The ensemble material, on the other hand, was conceived within a Western-influenced serial pitch organization. These two distinct influences invite a dynamic discourse between the ensemble and the electronics. As a new instrument, which was developed specifically for this composition, the electronics initially attracts more attention. Over time a new equilibrium is established and the electronics part is integrated in the ensemble. The electronics part of Normal Mode was created in the object-oriented programming environment Max/MSP. It is realized in a performance of the composition with the same software. Five of the chapters of this thesis discuss the compositional process of the electronic part and the system of organization that guided this process. These chapters describe how this system was incorporated in the programming of Max/MSP patchers which generated the composition's sound library and perform the electronics part in real time. They also describe the relationships between the ensemble and the electronics. The sixth chapter presents the composition Normal Mode. The Max/MSP patchers that perform the electronics part are included in the supplement of this thesis.

Les systèmes piles à combustible de type PEM pour des applications de transport reposent sur un ensemble d’auxiliaires (stockage d’hydrogène, compresseur d’air, convertisseur de puissance, humidificateur, etc) qui assurent le bon fonctionnement du système pile. La mise en place d’observateurs permet de disposer d’un outil pour reconstruire les états non mesurés de ce système; cela permet de mettre en place un contrôle par retour de sortie en vue d’optimiser les performances du système pile et ainsi d'améliorer la détection et l’isolation de défauts (FDI). Cette thèse est basée sur l’étude et la synthèse d'observateurs adaptatifs par mode glissant d’ordre supérieur, pour deux principaux auxiliaires de la pile que sont, le système d'alimentation en air et les convertisseurs de puissance associés à la pile. La première partie de la thèse est consacrée à la synthèse d’observateurs pour la reconstruction des états et à la détection et l’isolation des défauts sur le système d’alimentation en air de la PEMFC. Dans un premier temps, un observateur algébrique par mode glissant d’ordre supérieur est synthétisé pour la reconstruction de la pression partielle de l'oxygène et de l'azote. Dans un deuxième temps, un nouvel observateur adaptatif par mode glissant d’ordre deux est synthétisé pour assurer l'observation simultanée des états, l'identification des paramètres, la surveillance et la reconstruction de défaut dans le circuit d’air. Les performances des observateurs proposées ont été validées grâce à un simulateur Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) du système pile à combustible.Dans la deuxième partie, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’élaboration d’observateurs et de commande par retour de sortie pour les convertisseurs associé au système pile dans une application transport. Ainsi, une commande novatrice par mode glissant d’ordre deux, de type retour de sortie, a été élaborée pour le convertisseur AC/DC. Dans un second temps, un observateur de type modes glissants d’ordre 2 adaptatif est synthétisé pour un convertisseur de type multicellulaire. / Automotive PEM Fuel Cell systems rely upon a set of auxiliary systems for proper operation, such as humidifier, air-feed compressor, power converter etc. The internal physical states of the latter are often unmeasurable, yet required for their precise control. Observers provide a means of obtaining the unmeasured states of these auxiliary systems for feedback control, optimal energy consumption and Fault Diagnosis and Isolation (FDI). This thesis is based on higher order sliding mode observer design studies for two major PEMFC auxiliary systems found in modern automobiles, the air-feed system and the power electronics system.The first part is focused on robust observation and FDI of the PEMFC air-feed systems. Sliding mode observer design and their applications to FDI have been studied in detail for this purpose and the key observation problems in this system have been identified. Based on this study, two solutions are proposed, a sliding mode algebraic observer for oxygen and nitrogen partial pressures and a novel robust adaptive-gain Second Order Sliding Mode (SOSM) observer based FDI for simultaneous state observation, parameter identification, health monitoring and fault reconstruction of the PEMFC air-feed system. The performance of the proposed observers has been validated on an instrumented Hardware-In-Loop (HIL) test bench.The observation and output feedback control problems of different power electronic converters, commonly found in fuel cell vehicles, are addressed in the next part. Robust output feedback SOSM control for three phase AC/DC converters have been presented. A robust SOSM observer for multi-cell converters has also been designed. The performance of all these designs has been demonstrated through a multi-rate simulation approach. The results highlight the robustness of the observers and controllers against parametric uncertainty, measurement noise and external disturbance.

Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) can provide deterministic channels as required for real time signals, as well as statistical multiplexing. For this reason, ATM has been chosen as the underlying technology for providing a Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network (B-ISDN). Two main classes of services are expected to be supported over a B-ISDN. These classes are real-time services and data services. Data services include computer communications (Local Area Network (LAN) interconnections) and general non-real time traffic, such as file transfer and small transactions.The provision of data services over ATM are better served with statistical multiplexing, provided that the service is loss-free. For multiplexing to be loss-free and still statistical, while the maximum service rate is fixed, the multiplexer tributaries must be controlled in flow, to assure no overflow of the multiplexing buffer. Provision of a service over ATM is accomplished by an ATM layer. Transfer Capability (ATC).This thesis investigates and reports on the operating characteristics of an ATM layer Transfer Capability proposed to the International Telecommunications Union (ITU), and called Controlled Cell Transfer (CCT). CCT uses credit window based flow control on links and a quota based control in switches, and will give loss free statistical multiplexing for data. Other ITU defined ATCs are examined in regard to data service provision and compared with CCT. It is found that only CCT can provide a fast and at the same time efficient data service.The thesis also examines the impact that support of the CCT capability would have on an ATM switch, through determination of required functionality, and mapping of the required functions into a switch design. Finally, an architecture and implementation of an ATM switch is described that would support the CCT as well as the Deterministic Bit Rate (DBR) ++ / transfer capability, and would provide efficient data and real-time services.

Abstract not available

A multi-decadal survey program undertaken at the Collaroy-Narrabeen embayment in SE Australia identifies medium-term (~2-7 year) cycles of both erosion and accretion across the entire embayment ('beach oscillation') and at its two extremities ('beach rotation'). These cycles have been observed to respond to phase shifts in the El Ni??o/Southern Oscillation (ENSO). To investigate wave and climate controls of embayment variability in finer detail, this study combines historical surveys with 45 years of wave data from the ERA-40 reanalysis and four years of high-resolution beach measurements using RTK-GPS and image-derived survey techniques. ENSO and Southern Annular Mode (SAM) controls of wave variability in the Sydney region are first explored. In general, wave heights increase/decrease and wave directions become more easterly/southerly during La Ni??a/El Ni??o phases. A positive correlation is observed between the SAM and summer wave heights, and a negative correlation between the SAM and winter wave directions. Storm variability is observed to be modified by the ENSO, but not the SAM. In particular, La Ni??a phases are generally associated with longer duration, higher energy events from a more easterly direction when compared to those during El Ni??o phases. Wave controls of embayment variability are subsequently investigated. In the short-term (days - months), beach oscillation/rotation is observed to be the most dominant process, accounting for approx. 60%/20% of overall embayment variability. Beach oscillation is related to changes in wave height and storms, whereas beach rotation is related to changes in wave direction and/or wave period. An empirical model that estimates the beach response to individual storm events is developed. In the longer-term (months - years), beach rotation is observed to respond to both wave heights and directions. Larger waves are sheltered somewhat at the southern end, creating an apparent clockwise rotation under energetic wave conditions. Clockwise/anticlockwise rotations are also observed to follow southerly/easterly wave shifts at lags of up to 12 months. Comparisons between the ENSO and beach oscillation/rotation agree with previous observations that El Ni??o/La Ni??a phases are associated with an overall accretion/erosion and clockwise/anticlockwise rotation of the embayment. In general, the SAM shows little influence on embayment variability. While it is clear that beach oscillation is driven by cross-shore processes, to what extent beach rotation is a longshore and/or cross-shore phenomena requires further investigation.

Despite soccer being arguably the world's most popular sport, Australia's national soccer competition has consistently failed to attract the prolonged mainstream support that is given to the comparable rugby league, Australian Rules football and rugby union competitions. This is a puzzling situation considering Australia's British lineage, soccer's British origins and the game's pre-eminent international status. Indeed, soccer's lowly position in Australia is paradoxical given the sport's historically dominant status in Britain and Australia's traditional adoption of Anglocentric culture. Most research into the situation has pointed to the sport's inability to shake-off the adverse effects of a lingering connection to post-World War II immigration and certain ethnic communities. Soccer has, in the eyes of many, been unable to access popular culture primarily because it has been viewed by the mainstream as 'foreign' or inherently un-Australian. The sport has clashed with traditional notions of national identity even though, historically, the Australian men's national team has received relatively strong community support. Strangely though, there has been little attention paid to the role the mass media has played in establishing, maintaining and even altering soccer's position in relation to mainstream Australian culture. While some researchers, such as Mosely and Hay, have criticised the media's coverage of violence associated with soccer at the domestic level, there has been no textual analysis of the mass media's role in soccer's marginal position in Australian popular culture. Considering that the mass media is critical to the development, reinforcement and maintenance of culture and has been implicated in shaping entire professional sporting competitions to its own ends, this is an area of considerable scholarly neglect. By undertaking a textual analysis of the mainstream newspaper coverage given to two critical periods in the history of the Australian men's soccer team it becomes clear that there is marked divergence between the media's treatment of internationally-based soccer and domestically-based soccer. This divergence in coverage has contributed to the development of two distinct mediated 'realities' of soccer, which in turn has influenced the game's ambivalent place in mainstream Australian culture. First, the media's control over the news production process has given it the ability to send textual messages that elevate soccer from its traditional cultural exclusion- and establish the national team as part of the historically dominant Anglocentric mainstream culture in Australia. This process has been inextricably linked to the increasing ethnic diversity of Australia's population and the dominant culture's efforts to maintain, despite this emerging plurality, the preeminence of a traditional Australian 'way of life'. Second, the media's messages have helped to maintain the ascendancy of the dominant culture by establishing the characteristics of modern day corporatised sport as the 'normal' expectation for soccer's development in Australia. As a result, soccer's future in Australia is deemed to be limited until it is able to conform fully to the commercialised and professionalised mode of production that defines the sport overseas.