Les bandes interstellaires diffuses (DIBs) représentent un mystère centenaire : aucune des centaines de bandes n'a pu être identifiée avec certitude avec un porteur spécifique, à l'exception très probable du cation buckminsterfullerène C60+. Il est obligatoire d'identifier et de quantifier la quantité de grosses molécules carbonées interstellaires qui sont très probablement responsables des DIBs : Les porteurs de DIB représentent probablement le plus grand réservoir de matière organique dans le Milieu interstellaire (MIS) et constituent un élément important de la chaîne des processus qui régissent le cycle interstellaire/stellaire. Jusqu'à récemment, la plupart des études liées aux DIBs avaient pour objectif unique l'identification des porteurs et, pour ce faire, se concentraient sur un nombre limité d'étoiles chaudes, distantes et rougies. Mon travail de recherche en thèse marque un tournant dans les méthodes et les objectifs associés aux DIBs, une évolution permise et motivée par le nombre croissant de relevés stellaires avec des instruments de plus en plus puissants à haute résolution spectrale. En effet, il est aujourd'hui possible de recueillir des quantités massives de données, tant du point de vue du nombre d'étoiles cibles que du point de vue du nombre de DIBs observées simultanément. Cela a ouvert la voie à de nouveaux types d'études, à des objectifs plus ambitieux et, surtout, à de nouvelles comparaisons potentielles avec les données de laboratoire. Ma thèse présente un grand nombre d'extractions de DIBs et quatre de ces nouvelles analyses :- Méthodes d'extraction et recherche de nouvelles DIBs.- Lien avec les propriétés physiques des nuages.- Constitution de bases de données pour la cartographie du MIS.- Tomographie des structures individuelles.- Des extractions de profils de DIBs basées sur des lignes de visée soigneusement sélectionnées, des études de leurs sous-structures et de leur variabilité spatiale et des contraintes subséquentes sur leurs porteurs moléculaires potentiels. / Diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) represent a century-old mystery: none of the hundreds of bands could be identified with certainty with a specific carrier, at the very likely exception of the buckminsterfullerene cation C60+. Identifying and quantifying the amount of the large interstellar carbonaceous molecules that are very likely responsible for the DIBs is mandatory: DIB carriers likely represent the largest amount of organic matter in the Universe and are an important piece of the chain of processes that govern the interstellar/stellar cycle.Up to recently, most of the DIB studies have had as a unique goal the identification of the carriers, and to do so have been focusing on a limited number of hot, distant and reddened stars, using increasingly powerful instruments. This thesis marks a turning point in the methods and goals associated with the DIBs, an evolution allowed and motivated by the increasing number of stellar surveys with high multiplex instruments. As a matter of fact, it is possible today to gather massive amounts of data, both from the point of view of the number of target stars and from the point of view of the number of DIBs simultaneously observed. This has opened the way to new types of studies, more ambitious goals, and, importantly, new potential comparisons with laboratory data. This thesis presents a large number of DIB extractions and four of these novel analyses :- Methods of extraction and search for new DIBs.- Statistical studies of the link between DIB strengths and the physical properties of their hosting clouds.- Tomographic studies of the carriers on large and small spatial scales.- Line profile extractions based on carefully selected sightlines, studies of their substructures and spatial variability and subsequent constraints on their potential molecular carriers.

Le Commissariat à l’Energie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA) a développé une poudre extinctrice efficace capable d'éteindre le feu de sodium. Elle est une poudre à base d'un mélange de carbonate de lithium (Li2CO3) et de carbonate de sodium à basse hydraté (Na2CO3.H2O) dans une proportion proche de l'eutectique, avec une température de fusion d'environ 500°C, associée à du graphite. Cependant, depuis le démantèlement de plusieurs anciennes installations de sodium, le CEA dispose d'un stock important de lots de poudre inutilisés. L'idée de réutiliser ces poudres initie la question sur leur efficacité pour éteindre un feu de sodium après un stockage à long terme. Cette étude a proposé des analyses physicochimiques de ces poudres afin d'identifier leurs compositions et les caractéristiques des différents lots. Les résultats mettent en évidence la présence de carbonate de lithium de sodium (LiNaCO3) et trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O) qui ne sont pas mentionnés dans le brevet. Les expériences de vieillissement ont été développées pour étudier le rôle de l'humidité et du dioxyde de carbone à l’air ambiant au cours du stockage. Les résultats montrent que LiNaCO3 est sensible à la présence d'humidité, capable de transformer en carbonate de lithium et le carbonate de sodium monohydrate, quant à celui-ci réagit avec de l'eau et du dioxyde de carbone pour former du trona. Une étude de la formation de LiNaCO3 a permis d’avoir la compréhension du procédé de fabrication de la poudre. Ce composé se trouve à se produire grâce aux réactions mécanochimiques entre Li2CO3 et Na2CO3.H2O au cours du processus de broyage. Le Chris(X)ti-Na installation expérimentale est construit pour comprendre les mécanismes d'extinction en particulier concernant le rôle des propriétés physicochimiques sur l'extinction. Deux étapes de mécanismes d'extinction sont proposés, qui comprend (1) la formation d'hydroxyde de sodium liquide (NaOH) et (2) la fusion des carbonates eutectique. La première étape peut se produire directement (par la réaction directe du trôna et / ou Na2CO3.H2O avec Na(g) et / ou Na2O(s)), soit indirectement (par l'intermédiaire de la réaction de décomposition du trôna et Na2CO3.H2O avant la réaction de H2O(g) libéré avec Na(g) et / ou Na2O(s)). Les deux réactions mènent la possibilité de la formation d'hydrogène (H2) qui pourrait être représenté par la flamme flash observée avant l'extinction. Ils contribuent également à la diminution rapide de la température due à la formation d'hydroxyde de sodium liquide (NaOH) en tant que couche protectrice. Cette couche est nécessaire pour couvrir la surface de sodium d'un contact prolongé avec de l'oxygène. La présence de trona semble ne pas altérer la capacité d'extinction de la poudre. Avec la même quantité de NaOH produit par les deux composés, trona libère plus de quantité de H2 et plus exothermique que celle de Na2CO3.H2O. Dans l'ensemble, 0,5-0,9g d'eau est nécessaire pour éteindre 19,6 cm2 de sodium feu en nappe, ce qui équivalent à 1-2g de NaOH. Sur la base de ces tests, la teneur minimale en eau nécessaire à l'extinction est 5.6w%. Les poudres dont la teneur en eau d'hydratation est proche de 13w% semblent plus susceptibles de produire une flamme vigoureuse élevée avant l'extinction. La deuxième étape est considérée comme étant plus lent que l'étape précédente. La couche de carbonates eutectique a une viscosité supérieure à celle de NaOH qui le rend moins avantageux pour former la couche étanche à la surface de sodium. Par conséquent, son rôle pourrait être moins important en particulier pour le feu de sodium ayant commencé à basse température. Néanmoins, son effet est considéré comme plus important lorsqu'il est appliqué au feu de sodium à température élevée (supérieure à 500°C). Enfin, la taille des particules apparemment ne démontre pas une contribution significative à la performance d'extinction outre qu’affecter les performances d'épandage. / The French Atomic and alternatives Energy Commission (CEA) developed an effective powder capable of extinguishing sodium fire. It is a powder based on a mixture of lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and low-hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.H2O) in a near eutectic proportion, with a melting temperature of around 500°C, associated with graphite. However, ever since the dismantling of several old sodium installations, CEA has at its disposal an important stock of unused powder batches. The idea of reutilizing these powders initiates the question about their efficiency to extinguish a sodium fire after long term storage. This study proposed the physicochemical analyses of these powders in order to identify their compositions and characteristics for different batches. The results highlight the presence of lithium sodium carbonate (LiNaCO3) and trona (Na2CO3.NaHCO3.2H2O), which are not mentioned in the patent. The aging experiments were developed to study the role of moisture and ambient carbon dioxide during the storage. The results showed that LiNaCO3 is sensitive to the presence of moisture, able to transform it into lithium carbonate and sodium carbonate monohydrate, meanwhile the latter reacts with water and carbon dioxide to form trona. A study of the formation of LiNaCO3 allowed the understanding of the fabrication method of the powder. This compound is found to be produced as the results of mechanochemical reactions between Li2CO3 and Na2CO3.H2O during the grinding process. The Chris(X)ti-Na experimental facility is built to understand the mechanisms of extinction especially related to the role of physicochemical properties on extinction. Two steps of extinction mechanisms are proposed that includes (1) the formation of liquid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and (2) the melting of eutectic carbonates. The first step can happen directly (via the direct reaction of trona and/or Na2CO3.H2O with Na(g) and/or Na2O(s)) or indirectly (via the decomposition reaction of trona and Na2CO3.H2O prior to reaction of H2O(g) released with Na(g) and Na2O(s)). Both reactions explore the possibility of hydrogen (H2) formation that might be represented by the flash flame observed prior to extinction. They also contribute to the rapid decrease of temperature due to the formation of liquid sodium hydroxide (NaOH) as a protective layer. This layer is essential to cover the sodium surface from prolonged contact with oxygen. The presence of trona appears to be not altering the extinction capacity of the powder. With the same amount of NaOH produced by both compounds, trona releases more quantity of H2 and more exothermic in terms of energy release than that of Na2CO3.H2O. Overall, 0.5-0.9 g of water is necessary to extinguish 19.6 cm2 of sodium pool fire, which equivalent to 1-2g of NaOH. Based on these tests, the minimum water content required for extinction is 5.6w%. Meanwhile, powders whose hydration water content is close to 13w% seem more likely to produce a high vigorous H2 flame prior to the extinction. The second step is considered to be slower than the previous step. The eutectic carbonates layer has higher viscosity than NaOH that makes it less beneficial to form sealed layer on the sodium surface. Therefore, its role might be less significant especially for the sodium fire starts at low temperature. Nevertheless, the effect is considered to be more important when applied to sodium fire at higher temperature (more than 500°C). Finally, the particle size apparently doesn’t demonstrate a significant contribution in the extinguishing performance other than affecting the spreading performance.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第20531号 / 生博第373号 / 新制||生||49(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科高次生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 松田 道行, 教授 上村 匡, 教授 見学 美根子 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 V37 / Master of Science

Land conversion is one of the greatest threats to terrestrial ecosystems around the world, and understanding its impacts on the biota is crutial for the management and conservation of species in and around human-modified landscapes, particularly in those where local declines can quickly translate into the extinction of endemic species or Evolutionary Significant Units.I investigated how habitat loss and fragmentation impacted dispersal and extinction risk in three small vertebrates (a phrynosomatid lizard Urosaurus nigricaudus, and two heteromyid rodents Chaetodipus arenarius and Dipodomys simulans), in a highly fragmented agricultural valley from the Sonoran Desert in the Baja California Peninsula, Mexico, where reptiles and rodents show high endemism and phylogenetic diversity. After reconstructing the history of habitat loss at the valley during the last 60 years, my approach involved the development and genotyping of 10 DNA microsatellite loci in 800 individuals from the three species that were sampled from continuous and fragmented habitat and analyzed using various population genetic methods.Although genetic diversity was not significantly affected by habitat loss and fragmentation, I observed an increase in genetic structure, relatedness, the spatial scale of individual movement and reversal of sex-biased dispersal in the three species, compared to continous habitat. I found evidence of a large and spatially localized extinction debt in the lizard, that showed individual dispersal restricted to<400 m in the fragmented habitat, while the two heteromyids seemed capable of dispersing over distances of few kilometers. Several observations supported a higher extinction risk in kangaroo rats compared to pocket mice. Continuous areas surrounding the fragmented landscape where identified as important sources of individuals to habitat fragments located nearby. Even the vegetation associated with a narrow wash across the fragmented landscape appeared to act as a corridor as high levels of dispersing individuals were inferred in the three species over a scale of several kilometers. This study provided an approach to evaluate the effects of distinct landscape features in preventing or allowing individual dispersal in multiple co-distributed species towards their conservation in human-modified landscapes.

The Late Permian mass extinction occurring at 252.6 ± 0.2 Ma is the most severe Phanerozoic extinction event and was preceded and followed by additional disturbances. Patterns and processes of extinction and recovery of marine vertebrates have been little studied compared to marine invertebrates. This project focuses on Chondrichthyes, which, together with other marine fish, appeared to have been relatively unaffected by the extinction, while most of their supporting ecosystem collapsed. This study explores the authenticity of extinction among chondrichthyans and possible explanations for the observed patterns, because extinction severities on the taxonomic and ecological levels may be decoupled or the quality of the fossil record may be variable. The presented analyses are based on a newly compiled database that supercedes older compilations. It is supplemented by material obtained from numerous localities globally, which includes newly described taxa. Hence, this study attempts to be the most up-to-date and comprehensive analysis of patterns and trends in chondrichthyan diversity and distribution that is currently available. The data demonstrate that, despite some variability in the Permian–Triassic chondrichthyan fossil record, the Lopingian record is shown to be of adequate completeness and, furthermore, range-through genus diversity is not significantly correlated with the number of taxonomic occurrences. Genus diversity declined from the mid-Guadalupian following an increasing extinction rate, which intensified throughout the Lopingian and thus supports a combined overall extinction as a result of the end-Guadalupian and Late Permian events. Furthermore, global distribution of chondrichthyan diversity shifted away from tropical regions and particularly the Boreal Sea gained in diversity, tracking extinction and recovery in marine benthic invertebrates in both time and space. No significant dependence of extinction on taxonomic structure or palaeoecological traits exists, which suggests proportional losses, except during the end-Smithian crisis. Also, a significant size decrease is absent among Permian/Triassic boundary-crossing taxa, suggesting selective loss of large-sized chondrichthyans rather than adaptive size decrease. Ultimately, the Hybodontiformes, Neoselachii, Xenacanthiformes and Holocephali are identified as the survivors, which possessed a varying combination of characteristics such as moderate body-size, adaptation to brackish/freshwater environments, benthic or generalist littoral (clutching) feeding behaviour, and a wide palaeogeographic range.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

The intrinsic colors of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) are important to understanding their use as cosmological standard candles. Understanding the effects of reddening and redshift on the observed colors are complicated and dependent on the intrinsic spectrum, the filter curves, and the wavelength dependence of reddening. We present ultraviolet and optical data of a growing sample of SNe Ia observed with the Ultraviolet/Optical Telescope on the Swift spacecraft and use this sample to re-examine the near-UV (NUV) colors of SNe Ia. We find that a small amount of reddening (E(B - V) = 0.2 mag) could account for the difference between groups designated as NUVblue and NUV-red, and a moderate amount of reddening (E(B - V) = 0.5 mag) could account for the whole NUVoptical differences. The reddening scenario, however, is inconsistent with the mid-UV colors and color evolution. The effect of redshift alone only accounts for part of the variation. Using a spectral template of SN2011fe, we can forward model the effects of redshift and reddening and directly compare those with the observed colors. We find that some SNe are consistent with reddened versions of SN2011fe, but most SNe Ia are much redder in the uvw1 - v color than SN2011fe reddened to the same b - v color. The absolute magnitudes show that two out of five NUV-blue SNe Ia are blue because their near-UV luminosity is high, and the other three are optically fainter. We also show that SN. 2011fe is not a "normal" SN Ia in the UV, but has colors placing it at the blue extreme of our sample.

We present and analyze the possibility of using optical u-band luminosities to estimate star-formation rates (SFRs) of galaxies based on the data from the South Galactic Cap u. band Sky Survey (SCUSS), which provides a deep u-band photometric survey covering about 5000 deg(2) of the South Galactic Cap. Based on two samples of normal star-forming galaxies selected by the. BPT diagram, we explore the correlations between u-band, H alpha, and IR luminosities by combing SCUSS data with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey and Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). The attenuation-corrected u-band luminosities are tightly correlated with the Balmer decrement-corrected Ha luminosities with an rms scatter of similar to 0.17 dex. The IR-corrected u luminosities are derived based on the correlations between the attenuation of u-band luminosities and WISE. 12 (or 22) mu m luminosities, and then calibrated with the Balmer-corrected Ha luminosities. The systematic residuals of these calibrations are tested against the physical properties over the ranges covered by our sample objects. We find that the best-fitting nonlinear relations are better than the linear ones and recommended to be applied in the measurement of SFRs. The systematic deviations mainly come from the pollution of old stellar population and the effect of dust extinction; therefore,. a. more detailed analysis is needed in future work.