The aim of this research is to establish the bond between Friedrich Nietzsche and the anarchists, through the apparatus of elective affinity , and to challenge the boundaries of several anarchist trends especially 'classical' and 'post' anarchism and 'ideologies' like anarchism and libertarian Marxism. Moreover, it highlights the importance of reading Nietzsche politically, in a radical way, to understand his utility for the contemporary anarchist movement. The review of the literature concerning the Nietzsche-anarchy relationship shows the hitherto limited bibliography and stresses the possibility of exploring this connection, with the methodological help of Michael Löwy s concept of elective affinity . The research opens with a discussion of anarchism, following the dominant model for categorizing anarchist traditions, presenting its basic features and currents and drawing on its historical development. This leads to the introduction of two points (the questioning of the anarchist canon and the exposure of the diversity that basic anarchist concepts bear among different anarchist currents) which contest the rigid ideological perception of anarchism in favour of a fluid and dynamic anarchy. There emerges the elective affinity with Nietzsche, serving a double goal: the unification of the distinct anarchist tendencies and the definition of the anarchist parameters in relation to other ideologies. The following section of the thesis examines Nietzsche, by presenting the evolution of his philosophical thought and the fundamental theses of his perception of politics. It, then, continues with a detailed analysis of the main concepts of his philosophy based on the interpretation made by Gilles Deleuze, Alexander Nehamas and Keith Ansell-Pearson, thus structuring its interpretative context for establishing the Nietzsche-anarchy connection. This establishment is realized in a dual way. Firstly, by exploring the elective affinity through the presence of Nietzsche in the thought and politics of anarchist/libertarian thinkers (Goldman, Landauer, Benjamin) and currents (post-anarchism), and secondly by recognizing the anarchist worldview in the Nietzschean philosophy. The first path (Nietzsche in anarchism) shows how Nietzsche has interacted with or has been absorbed by the anarchist way of thinking, whereas the second path (anarchism in Nietzsche) reveals the affinal worldview of the two parts by extensively using the interpretation context mentioned above. The final section of the thesis applies the whole analysis above on a Nietzschean reading of the December 08 revolt in Athens based on the Of the Three Metamorphoses discourse from Thus Spoke Zarathustra. What has been found is the existence of a clear bond, between Nietzsche and the anarchists, which even reaches the upper levels of Löwy s elective affinity , that is Nietzschean Anarchism as a result of the two parts interactive fusion. The significance of this finding is that the relevant affinity may contribute to an alternative, to the dominant, perception of anarchism as an ideology. It may also designate its special features together with its weaknesses, meaning the objections of Nietzsche to certain aspects of the anarchist practices and worldview (violence, resentment, bad conscience), thus opening a whole new road of self-criticism for the anarchists of the twenty first century. In addition, the location and analysis of the elective affinity serves the debunking of the Nietzschean concepts used by conservative and right-wing readings in order to appropriate Nietzsche, and of the accusations that the German philosopher had unleashed against anarchists, which reveals his misunderstanding of anarchist politics.

Argues that Bellow purposefully creates ambiguity and deception using impersonal narration and free indirect discourse in order to present Herzog and The Dean's December as reflections of an ambiguous and deceptive world. The discussion of impersonal narration is based on Wayne Booth's theories about the confusion of distance resulting from impersonal narration; the discussion of free indirect discourse is drawn from a number of definitions. Utilizes a number of specific references to the texts and to criticisms of the texts to demonstrate the absence of norms and the effect that the ambiguity and deception may have on readers.

No description available.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SergioFeitosa.pdf: 2782616 bytes, checksum: ac4500c3afac5bf5d0935b2f2d054231 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-28 / The Winter Solstice demonstrates the importance of the sun as an element bearer of life, in countless European and eastern cultures. The Greeks, on a rather distinct way in regard of other peoples, fashioned their mythic through worshipping two sun gods, that interchanged in the beliefs and cults of this people: Helios and Apollo. The Latin, who absorbed part of the Greek myth in worshipping these divinities, brought progressively another sun god to be worshipped: Mithra. Christianity, that migrates from its local and cultural source to the Latin cities, especially Rome, in the first Century, causes and faces a constant combat with pagan beliefs, especially those rooted in solar deity beliefs, and progressively manage a supremacy, to the point where the non-Christian beliefs are suppressed, a process initiated with the emperor Constantine and finished with Theodosius I. However, the imaginary of the cultures overcome by Christianity couldn t be completely eliminated; pagan gods are established in several elements of the new religion, like in the celebration of the birth of Jesus Christ, defended by the Church as held in December the 25th. The period, actually, was known in the millennium before the emergence of Christendom as the date of birth of the god Mithras, and close to the Winter Solstice, where the gods Apollo and Helios were worshipped, transformed in the Latin culture as the cult of the Sun Invictus. / O Solstício de Inverno demonstra, a importância do sol como elemento proporcionador da vida, em inúmeras culturas européias e orientais. Os gregos, de modo um tanto distinto de outros povos, constituíram sua mítica, cultuando dois deuses solares, que se alternaram nas crenças e nos cultos deste povo: Hélios e Apolo. Os latinos, que absorvem parte da mítica grega, cultuando estas divindades, trazem progressivamente, outro deus sol para ser adorado: a divindade persa Mitra. O cristianismo que migra de sua origem local e cultural, para as cidades latinas, principalmente Roma, no primeiro século, provoca e enfrenta um combate constante com as crenças pagãs, principalmente as crenças solares, conseguindo progressivamente, uma supremacia, até o ponto em que as religiões não cristãs, são suprimidas, processo iniciado com o imperador Constantino e finalizado com Teodósio. Entretanto, o imaginário das culturas derrotadas pelo cristianismo, não consegue ser eliminado completamente; os deuses pagãos se instalam, em diversos elementos da nova religião, como na comemoração do nascimento de Jesus Cristo, defendido pela igreja, como acontecido em 25 de dezembro. O período na verdade, era milenarmente anterior ao surgimento do cristianismo, como data do nascimento do deus Mitra, e próximo do Solstício de Inverno, onde eram cultuados os deuses Apolo e Hélios, transformados na cultura latina no culto ao Sol Invicto.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T20:31:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Cebilla Moletta.pdf: 1566025 bytes, checksum: d349e227299da48891772983d24c87d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-09 / This paper refers to a Master's thesis from the Education Post-Graduate Program in UEPG. The research presents a study that investigated education and slaves at the end of the Empire in Brazil, specifically in the Province of Paraná, by using as primary source the newspaper “December Nineteenth”, which had been published in Curitiba-PR. The aim of the study was to understand the relationship between political, economic and social interests, and the slaves’ education in Paraná, based on the newspaper publications in 1871, 1885 and 1888. Specifically, we sought to examine the Provincial historical moment in Paraná and highlight slavery and the press; to investigate the ways slavery had been approached in “December Nineteenth” and also analyze the presence of liberal ideas in its publications. We have delimited the years there had proclaimed the latest laws related to the end of slavery: the “Free Womb Law”, the “Sexagenarian Law” and the “Golden Law”. We have selected “December Nineteenth” because it was the first newspaper officially produced in Paraná, and because it had been part of Paraná Province’s history since their emancipation until the end of the Empire. This study has been grounded by Historical Materialism, and its analytical categories were: State, Labor and Education. The methodological procedures were: literature review; survey of primary sources in the Paraná Public Library, Paraná Museum and Digital Brazilian Hemeroteca; selection of publications which were related to the subject and analysis of the selected material. The text has been divided into three chapters: the first one approaches press situation in provincial Paraná and also the slavery in that context; next it addresses more directly the “December Nineteenth” and the presence of black slaves in its publications; finally, in the text, we discuss the presence of liberal ideas in the newspaper publications, as well as education at that time and how it was presented in the journal. We have concluded that the “December Nineteenth” collaborated for spreading the freedom idea, however its pages had been permeated by liberal ideals, which aimed at capitalism effectuation in Brazil, because we couldn’t find any concern about the black people situation, even slaves or free, much less about schooling them. / O presente trabalho refere-se à dissertação de Mestrado do Programa de Pós- Graduação em Educação da UEPG. A pesquisa apresenta um estudo que investigou a educação e escravos no final do Império no Brasil, especificamente na Província do Paraná, a partir da fonte primária o jornal Dezenove de Dezembro, publicado em Curitiba-PR. O objetivo foi compreender as relações entre os interesses políticos, econômicos e sociais, com a educação para os escravos no Paraná a partir das publicações no jornal Dezenove de Dezembro nos anos de 1871, 1885 e 1888. Especificamente, pretendeu-se analisar o momento histórico do Paraná Provincial destacando a escravidão e a imprensa; investigar como a escravidão era tratada no jornal Dezenove de Dezembro e analisar a presença das ideias liberais nas publicações no jornal. Delimitaram-se, para a pesquisa, os anos de promulgação das últimas leis relacionadas ao fim da escravidão, Lei do Ventre Livre, Lei dos Sexagenários e Lei Áurea. O jornal Dezenove de Dezembro foi escolhido por ter sido o primeiro jornal oficialmente produzido no Paraná, e por ter feito parte da história da Província paranaense desde sua emancipação até o final do Império. Norteado pelo materialismo histórico, o trabalho teve como categorias de análise Estado, Trabalho e Educação. Os procedimentos metodológicos foram: revisão bibliográfica, levantamento das fontes primárias, na Biblioteca Pública do Paraná, Museu Paranaense e Hemeroteca Digital Brasileira, seleção das publicações correspondentes ao tema da pesquisa e análise do material selecionado, originando a dissertação. O trabalho está dividido em três capítulos: inicialmente trata-se da situação da imprensa no Paraná provincial, bem como da escravidão naquele contexto, na sequência, aborda-se mais diretamente o jornal Dezenove de Dezembro e a presença do escravo negro nas suas publicações, por fim é discutida a presença das questões liberais nas publicações do jornal, bem como da educação naquele momento e de como esta se apresentava no periódico. Concluiu-se que o Dezenove de Dezembro colaborou com a disseminação da ideia de liberdade, contudo permeada pelos ideais liberais visando a efetivação do capitalismo no Brasil, pois não houve manifestações que mostrassem preocupação com a situação dos negros, escravos ou livres, quanto menos com a escolarização dos mesmos.

<p>The potential of variations of <i>b-</i>values in the G-R relation, log<i>N=a-bM</i> as earthquake precursors for small events (rockbursts) in Zinkgruvan mine, Sweden and for tectonic (large) earthquakes in the Andaman-Sumatra region were investigated. </p><p>The temporal frequency-magnitude distribution, <i>b(t)</i>, of rockbursts in Zinkgruvan mine was examined using high quality data recorded during the period November 1996 to April 2004 with magnitude ranges from <i>M</i><i>w</i>= -2.4 to 2.6. A sliding time-window was applied to compute <i>b</i>-values. The windows contain 50 events and were shifted with steps of 5 events. The results indicated that <i>b</i>-values significantly drop preceding rockbursts of magnitude <i>M</i><i>w</i>≥1.6.</p><p>Temporal and spatial variations of <i>b</i>-values were also examined for tectonic earthquakes, magnitude <i>M</i><i>w</i>≥4.1, in the Andaman-Sumatra region. Earthquake data from the ISC, IDC, NEIC and HVRD earthquake catalogs for a period from 01/01/1995 to 12/26/2004 were used for analysis. Spatial variations of <i>b</i> were calculated from circular areas containing 50 events, with nodes on a 0.5° x 0.5° grid. The analysis shows that <i>b(t)</i> estimates using data from different catalogs<i> </i>are comparable and that large earthquakes are preceded by a drop in <i>b(t)</i> of about 0.3~1. The distribution of stress deduced from <i>b</i>-value mapping shows that large earthquakes occurred in the high stress, i.e. low <i>b</i>-value, areas.</p><p>Aftershock sequences of the <i>M</i><i>w</i>=9, December 26, 2004 and the <i>M</i><i>w</i>=8.7, March 28, 2005 shocks were investigated by using the same methods. Results from aftershock sequences show similar behaviour as for the large and presumed independent main events.</p><p>The observed variations of <i>b</i>-values with time and in space support the hypothesis that <i>b</i>-values have a precursory potential. The method can be used for a wide range of earthquake magnitude, from microearthquakes (<i>M</i><i>w</i><3) to giant tectonic shocks (<i>M</i><i>w</i>~9) and for both of independent shocks and aftershocks.</p>

The potential of variations of b-values in the G-R relation, logN=a-bM as earthquake precursors for small events (rockbursts) in Zinkgruvan mine, Sweden and for tectonic (large) earthquakes in the Andaman-Sumatra region were investigated. The temporal frequency-magnitude distribution, b(t), of rockbursts in Zinkgruvan mine was examined using high quality data recorded during the period November 1996 to April 2004 with magnitude ranges from Mw= -2.4 to 2.6. A sliding time-window was applied to compute b-values. The windows contain 50 events and were shifted with steps of 5 events. The results indicated that b-values significantly drop preceding rockbursts of magnitude Mw≥1.6. Temporal and spatial variations of b-values were also examined for tectonic earthquakes, magnitude Mw≥4.1, in the Andaman-Sumatra region. Earthquake data from the ISC, IDC, NEIC and HVRD earthquake catalogs for a period from 01/01/1995 to 12/26/2004 were used for analysis. Spatial variations of b were calculated from circular areas containing 50 events, with nodes on a 0.5° x 0.5° grid. The analysis shows that b(t) estimates using data from different catalogs are comparable and that large earthquakes are preceded by a drop in b(t) of about 0.3~1. The distribution of stress deduced from b-value mapping shows that large earthquakes occurred in the high stress, i.e. low b-value, areas. Aftershock sequences of the Mw=9, December 26, 2004 and the Mw=8.7, March 28, 2005 shocks were investigated by using the same methods. Results from aftershock sequences show similar behaviour as for the large and presumed independent main events. The observed variations of b-values with time and in space support the hypothesis that b-values have a precursory potential. The method can be used for a wide range of earthquake magnitude, from microearthquakes (Mw&lt;3) to giant tectonic shocks (Mw~9) and for both of independent shocks and aftershocks.

After suffering heavy losses at the hands of the warriors of Zulu King Dingane (c. 1795-1840), a Voortrekker commando advanced against the former in December 1838. As it was evident that they would be faced by superior enemy numbers, the Voortrekkers were induced by A.W.J. Pretorius (1798-1853) and S.A. Cilliers (1801-1871), to enter into a covenant with God. Its exact words were not recorded, but eyewitnesses' later versions concurred that God had been requested to assist them in vanquishing the Zulu Army. Should they be victorious, the Voortrekkers undertook that they and their descendants would annually dedicate the day of the conquest to the glory of God alone. The Battle of Blood River took place on 16 December 1838, marking the Voortrekkers' desired victory. On the same day, the Covenant was fulfilled for the first time on the very battlefield. Thus the oldest Afrikaner national celebration, later known as Dingaan's Day or Day of the Covenant, came about. Initially the Covenant was commemorated in a small way by families and religious associates. In 1864 the General Synod of the Afrikaners' Natal Churches agreed that 16 December would henceforth be celebrated as ecclesiastical day of thanksgiving by all its congregations. This was the result of the efforts of two Dutch clergymen and supporters of Revival Theology, namely Revs. D.P.M. Huet (1827-1895) and F.L. Cachet (1835-1899). In 1865 the Executive Counsel of the South African Republic declared 16 December to be a public holiday in this Boer Republic. During the Anglo Transvaal (1880-1881) and Anglo Boer Wars (1899-1902), the commemoration of the Covenant inspired Afrikaners. The celebrations acquired a deeply nationalistic significance. A growing number of Covenant ceremonies were annually being organised throughout the Boer Republics and northern Natal. In 1894 the Government of the Free State also declared 16 December to be a public holiday. English-speaking compatriots and members of other races in general attached little importance to the Covenant, normally utilising 16 December for recreational purposes only. In 1910 an act was passed by Parliament according to which 16 December would be celebrated as a national holiday (Dingaan's Day) throughout the Union of South Africa, as of 1911. The celebration of the Covenant of 1838 has had an inestimable influence on Afrikaner and even South African cultural history. It played an important religious, national, social and educational role in everyday life, stimulating and shaping the Afrikaner's creativity, historical consciousness, ethics and intercultural relations. In 1952 the name of the day was changed from Dingaan's Day to Day of the Covenant. After 1994, in post-apartheid South Africa, it has still remained a public holiday, even though it is now known as Day of Reconciliation. The fact that it has been retained as a holiday is regarded as a significant gesture of goodwill towards Afrikaners. A study of South Africans' diverse attitudes towards the celebration of the Covenant of 1838, starting with the earliest commemorations between 1838 and 1910, may contribute towards mutual understanding and harmony. / Dissertation (MHCS)--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Historical and Heritage Studies / unrestricted

Through the Freedom of Navigation Program, established in 1979, the United States exercises diplomatic and military options for disputing maritime claims it judges to be inconsistent with customary international law and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Yet, despite the United States’ universal commitment to freedom of navigation and the law of the sea, it has behaved inconsistently from 1979-2013. This dissertation examines the variation and asks under what conditions the United States demonstrates its refusal to acquiesce to maritime claims—either by issuing a diplomatic protest or driving a warship through the disputed waters. This dissertation introduces a new dataset of every coastal state in the world over this 34-year period, coding each type of maritime claim made by every coastal state in the world, whether the United States disputes that particular claim, and whether the United States takes some kind of diplomatic or operational action to dispute it. The mixed-method analysis proceeds with a large-n quantitative analysis that sets up a qualitative case study on the Strait of Hormuz. The dissertation begins and concludes with a discussion of current conditions in the South China Sea and the United States activity in this disputed region. This study finds that territorial and usage claims are twice as strongly correlated with operational assertions as a response than diplomatic protests. More specifically, coastal states that require foreign ships to obtain permission prior to entering their territorial sea are most highly correlated with operational assertions. When the United States disputes a maritime claim, military powers and wealthy states are no more likely to receive Freedom of Navigation operations (FONOPS) than others. Moreover, bilateral trade relationships and polity type hardly seem to matter. Similarly, neither the number of ships nor diplomatic representation increases the likelihood of FONOPS. Rather, a coastal state’s possession of nuclear weapons significantly increases the likelihood of receiving an operational assertion—especially if that states has made a declaration upon ratification of UNCLOS.

LL.M. (International Law) / Although international law is still a relatively new field within the South African legal system, South Africa has come a long way since the unsuccessful prosecution of Wouter Basson (1999- 2002) for apartheid crimes in the North-Gauteng high court. Recent cases as well as media reports have focused the attention once again on South-Africa‟s obligation to investigate and prosecute certain international crimes. Although criminal investigation and prosecution is generally, not only the duty of a domestic legal system, but also within the discretion of the domestic authorities, certain offences are so heinous that they are regarded as international crimes. It has been accepted since the Nuremburg trials, conducted after World War II, that the whole international community has an interest in the effective punishment and deterrence of international crimes.2 A right and sometimes even a duty to prosecute international crimes may arise from a multilateral treaty to which a state is party, such as the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, the four Geneva Conventions of 1949 and the Additional Protocols thereto, the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and various terrorism conventions. South Africa is a signatory to the abovementioned treaties. The focus of this dissertation is on South Africa‟s responsibility in terms of international law to investigate and prosecute international crimes. The author researched the question whether South Africa complied with its international law obligations.