Reactions of fluorinated anilines with stoichiometric Ti(NMe2)4 in mesitylene (typically for 23 h at 120 °C) afforded moderate to high yields of the corresponding N,N-dimethyl-o-phenylenediamine derivatives resulting from defluoroamination of a fluorine atom ortho to the NH2 of the starting aniline. Reactivity increased with additional ring fluorination in general accordance with established regiochemical (activating and deactivating) trends. Based on results, we propose a metal-mediated, SNAr-based mechanism. We report the scope and limitations of this reaction and discuss trends in reactivity according to a putative mechanistic scheme. / Master of Science / This thesis describes reactions of fluorinated anilines with titanium amides to make fluorinated 1,2-phenylenediamines. The reaction gives high to moderate yields, and is highly selective for ortho substitution. The scope of the reaction, trends in reactivity among substrates, product characterization, and reaction mechanism are discussed. This reaction is of interest because fluorinated aniline derivatives are a privileged structural motif in pharmaceuticals and agricultural chemicals. The first chapter presents an overview of C-F bond activation and key background information. Chapter 2 is a description of the experiments and an in-depth analysis of their results. Chapter 3 presents detailed characterization data for substances generated in this research. Chapter 4 comprises some concluding remarks and plans for possible future extensions of the research.

No description available.

Benzylic fluorides are attractive target molecules for medicinal chemistry, agrochemicals and materials chemistry. The enantioselective synthesis of benzylic fluorides is challenging and few general methods exist. This thesis describes several approaches to the synthesis of benzylic fluoride targets, including enantioselective processes. Chapter 1: Reviews the properties, uses and synthetic approaches to fluorinated molecules, with a particular focus on benzylic fluorides and enantioselective syntheses. Chapter 2: Describes the fluorination cyclisation of prochiral indole precursors. The use of catalytic amounts of a bis-cinchona alkaloid gave good enantioselectivities for the cyclisation. Alcohol, tosylamine, amide and carbamate pendant nucleophiles all cyclised successfully to give quaternary benzylic fluorides in moderate yields and with enantioselectivities up to 92%. The substrate scope of the reaction is described, as well as methodology for deprotection of cyclised nitrogen nucleophiles. Chapter 3: Details an investigation of the Pd catalysed substitution of polycyclic benzylic fluorides by a range of nucleophiles and their relative reactivity in comparison to oxygen leaving groups. Modification of the methodology to enable reaction of monocyclic substrate substitution was enabled by the use of a protic solvent. Chemoselective reaction conditions were identified for selective reaction of Bn-F or Ar-Cl bonds and comparative reactivity studies were undertaken. The feasibility of Pd(0)/(II) catalysed nucleophilic C-F bond formation was examined. Chapter 4: The development of the defluorination methodology from Chapter 3 for secondary substrates is described. The stereochemical course of defluorination was probed, showing that displacement of fluoride is mechanistically similar to that of oxygen leaving groups. A kinetic resolution with a low selectivity was developed for access to enantioenriched benzylic fluorides.

Le procédé adopté par COMURHEX pour le traitement des effluents très chargés en fluor est basé sur l’addition d’un composé alcalin Ca(OH)2 (portlandite) pour faire précipiter de la fluorine (CaF2). Mis en œuvre par le passé dans un décanteur le développement d’un nouveau procédé en lit fluidisé a été envisagé pour augmenter l’efficacité du traitement des effluents. Des essais concluants ont été réalisés sur une installation pilote qui ont démontré l’efficacité de la précipitation en lit fluidisé à assurer une réduction satisfaisante de la concentration du fluor. Cependant, les phénomènes mis en jeu dans le réacteur sont mal connus.Notre objectif principal est la maîtrise de la précipitation de la fluorine dans le réacteur à lit fluidisé ainsi qu’une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu. Pour ce faire, il a été nécessaire de reprendre l’étude thermodynamique du système KOH-portlandite-calcite-fluorine, de manière à étendre les données existantes aux fortes concentrations de KOH en solution. Un modèle thermodynamique capable de prédire la solubilité des solides en présence de variations de la concentration de la potasse et de la température du système a été établi.La deuxième partie du travail a été focalisée sur la compréhension des mécanismes mis en jeu pendant la formation de la fluorine. Les expériences réalisées au laboratoire ont conduit à l’obtention d’une fluorine issue d’une conversion de la portlandite. Ce mécanisme a été modélisé en considérant que le remplacement de la portlandite par la fluorine s’explique par un modèle à cœur rétrécissant contrôlé par la limitation diffusionnelle du fluorure dans la couche de fluorine formée. La dernière partie expérimentale de ce travail a été réalisée sur le pilote à lit fluidisé. Les expériences effectuées n’ont pas donné de résultats satisfaisants. Il n’a pas été possible de faire faire fonctionner le pilote de façon cohérente avec les objectifs de son dimensionnement. En particulier, compte-tenu de la très petite taille des particules, les débits de fonctionnement conduisent à l’envolement de celles-ci, mais pas à l’établissement de l’état fluidisé. / The method used by COMURHEX for the treatment of fluorine-rich effluents relies on the addition of solid Ca(OH)2 (portlandite) to precipitate fluorite (CaF2) in strongly alkaline solutions. This method is effective in a settler, and the development of a new fluidized bed process has been proposed to increase its efficiency. Successful assays were conducted on a pilot scale and they demonstrated that precipitation in a fluidized bed reactor actually ensures a satisfactory defluorination. However, the phenomena involved remained poorly known, and the main goal of the present work was to elucidate the mechanisms, their kinetics, and to control the crystallization.Our first contribution is a thermodynamic reappraisal of the KOH–portlandite–calcite system that extends existing solubility data to higher KOH concentrations in solution and incorporates new solubility data for fluorite. The outcome is an aqueous speciation model (Pitzer type) accounting for the solids solubility as a function of the KOH concentration and the temperature, and allowing portlandite undersaturation and fluorine supersaturation to be evaluated in process solutions.Our second contribution focuses on the kinetics and the mechanisms involved during the formation of fluorite, using various mixing designs in batch reactors. Reaction rates are fast, except in experiments involving dilute reactants. Microprobe and granulometric data both indicate that much of the fluorine results from the conversion of the portlandite grains. A shrinking core model controlled by diffusive transfer of fluoride in the porous fluorite corona successfully fits the kinetics of fluorine uptake and the particle grain size.The last part of the experimental work was carried out on a small fluidized bed pilot. These experiments were poorly conclusive. The very small particle size and the large flow rates lead to particle blow off, but not to fluidization. As a consequence, the capacity of the fluidized bed to promote an increase of the particle grain size remains largely unknown.

Submitted by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-10-04T14:12:15Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Geovanny Bruno Gonçalves Dias.pdf: 1405701 bytes, checksum: 24fbe33b137779f7f8668a0dfcb69dd5 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2017-10-04T14:12:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Geovanny Bruno Gonçalves Dias.pdf: 1405701 bytes, checksum: 24fbe33b137779f7f8668a0dfcb69dd5 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-04T14:12:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2015_Geovanny Bruno Gonçalves Dias.pdf: 1405701 bytes, checksum: 24fbe33b137779f7f8668a0dfcb69dd5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / CAPES / CNPq / Do grupo das plantas que causa morte súbita em animais de interesse pecuário no Brasil, sete delas contém monofluoroacetato de sódio (MFA) como princípio tóxico. MFA causa bloqueio do ciclo de Krebs e consequente acúmulo de citrato nos tecidos. A movimentação dos animais intoxicados desencadeia os sinais clínicos e a morte com evolução superaguda. Uma das alternativas preconizadas para prevenção da intoxicação é a ingestão de doses não tóxicas de plantas que contém MFA. Sugere-se que a resistência ocorra devido à multiplicação de microrganismos que expressam o gene fluoroacetato dehalogenase e degradam o MFA no rúmen. Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar se E. faecalis EF09, JQ661270.1 e E. faecalis EF08, JQ661271.1, isoladas do rúmen de bovinos, degradam MFA in vivo e podem ser usadas para detoxificação de plantas que contém MFA. Para a realização deste experimento, seis ovinos com idade média de dois anos, fêmeas, entre 35-40 kg, de raça Santa Inês, foram divididos em dois grupos com três animais cada. O Grupo Inoculação recebeu durante três dias seguidos o inóculo de E. faecalis de 30 ml dividido em três doses de 10 ml. O Grupo Controle recebeu água destilada durante o mesmo período. Os animais de ambos os grupos foram mantidos em descanso por 48 horas e após esse período, o MFA foi fornecido em uma dose de 1,5 mg/Kg/PV por via oral para todos os ovinos. Os sinais clínicos, frequência cardíaca e respiratória foram obtidos em repouso a cada uma hora, e após 10 minutos de movimentação decorridas seis horas da intoxicação. Todos os animais de ambos os grupos morreram entre três e oito horas após o fornecimento de MFA. Os resultados indicam que os animais não desenvolveram resistência ao MFA após a inoculação com E. faecalis. / From the group of plants that cause sudden death in livestock in Brazil, seven of which contains sodium fluoroacetate (MFA) as toxic principle. MFA cause blockage of the Krebs cycle and subsequent accumulation of citrate in the tissues. The movement of animals that are intoxicated triggers the clinical signs and cause the death with acute evolution. One envisaged alternative to preventing poisoning is the ingestion of nontoxic doses of plants containing the MFA. It is suggested that the resistance occurs due to proliferation of microorganisms that express the MFA degrading gene fluoroacetate dehalogenase and that the MFA is degrade in the rumen. This study aimed to determine whether E. faecalis FY09, JQ661270.1 and FY08, JQ661271.1, isolated from bovine rumen, degrade MFA in vivo and can be used for detoxification of plants containing MFA. To carry out this experiment, six sheep with an average age of two years old, female, between 35-40 kg, Santa Ines, were divided into two groups of three animals each. The inoculation Group received for three consecutive days, E. faecalis - 30 ml inoculum divided into three doses of 10 ml. The control group received distilled water for the same period. The animals of both groups were kept at rest for 48 hours and after this period, the MFA is provided in a dose of 1.5 mg / kg / Live Weight orally to all sheep. Clinical signs, heart and respiratory rate were obtained at rest every hour, and after 10 minutes of elapsed drive six hours of poisoning. All animals in both groups died between three and eight hours after delivery of MFA. The results indicate that the animals have not developed resistance to MFA after inoculation with E. faecalis.

L'oxydation de liaisons C-H fortes et la transformation de liaisons carbone-halogène dans des conditions douces sont particulièrement difficiles et représentent un challenge pour les chimistes. Ces réactions sont réalisées dans la nature par l'intermédiaire des métalloenzymes. Dans le but de reproduire cette chimie efficace, nous développons au laboratoire des catalyseurs inspirés de deux des plus puissantes monooxygenases : les cytochromes P450 et la méthane monooxygenase soluble. Il s'agit de complexes binucléaires où deux atomes de fer sont pontés par un atome et stabilisés par des ligands macrocycliques. En particulier, les dimères de phthalocyanine de fer pontés par un atome d'azote (μ-nitrido) sont capables d'activer les peroxydes comme H2O2 afin oxyder, dans des conditions douces, les substrats les plus inertes (méthane, benzène, dichlorométhane). Ces travaux de thèse ont consisté en l'utilisation de ces systèmes bio-inspirés pour décrire la première transformation oxydante des liaisons C-F aromatiques. Cette nouvelle approche peut être utilisée pour la minéralisation de polluants notoires : les composés aromatiques halogénés. La démarche générale de cette thèse a été de (i) décrire la réactivité des complexes de phthalocyanines et porphyrines et (ii) en élucider le mécanisme afin de (iii) comprendre les paramètres clés gouvernants l'efficacité catalytique. Nous avons ainsi décrit le premier système capable de minéraliser les aromatiques perfluorés en conditions douces par transformation oxydante de la liaison C-F en liaison C-OH. Un mécanisme d'époxydation du système-π du substrat fluoré par l'intermédiaire d'une espèce fer-oxo a été proposé et argumenté. Nous avons déterminé l'effet de la nature de l'atome pontant sur la structure du catalyseur et expliqué l'impact crucial de la structure Fe(μ-N)Fe sur l'efficacité catalytique grâce aux caractérisations EXAFS, XANES et des calculs DFT. La synthèse, la caractérisation, et la comparaison de dimères à ligands porphyrazine, porphyrine ou phthalocyanine nous a enfin permis de décrire l'influence du ligand macrocyclique sur la géométrie moléculaire et la structure électronique des complexes / Oxidations of strong C-H and transformation of carbon-halogen bonds under mild conditions are especially difficult and challenging reactions. This reactivity can be achieved in Nature through iron metalloenzymes. In order to reproduce the efficient chemistry found in Nature, we develop bio-inspired diiron macrocyclic catalysts combining the structural features of two the most powerful monooxygenases: cytochrome P450 and soluble methane monooxygenase. Diiron catalysts where two iron atoms are bridged by μ-nitrido group and stabilized by macrocyclic supporting ligands can activate peroxides such as H2O2 for the most challenging oxidations reactions (methane, benzene, dichloromethane) under mild and practical conditions. This thesis is focused on the use of these bio inspired systems for the previously unknown oxidative transformation of the aromatic C-F bonds. This novel approach to the activation of C-F bonds can be used for the mineralization of notorious pollutants: the halogenated aromatics. We (i) described the reactivity of phthalocyanine and porphyrin complexes and (ii) studied the mechanism to (iii) understand and explain the key parameters which gouverns the catalytic efficiency. We had reported the first system able to transform aromatic C-F bonds onto C-OH bonds under mild conditions. Based on mechanistic studies, an epoxidation mechanism mediated by diiron-oxo species has been proposed. We have studied the influence of the bridging atom on the structure and the catalytic efficiency of the catalysts using both spectroscopic and theoretical methods. Finally, the effect of the macrocyclic ligand on molecular geometry and electronic structure of the complexes have been described through the synthesis, the characterization and the comparison of diiron complexes based on porphyrazine, porphyrin or phthalocyanine ligands

Dans les piles primaires au lithium, l'anode de lithium peut être couplée principalement à quatre matériaux de cathode (MnO2, SO2, SOCl2 et des composés fluorés CFx). Les piles Li/CFx présentent de nombreux avantages tels qu’une densité d'énergie élevée (jusqu'à 2200 Wh.kg-1), un potentiel de décharge relativement élevé (environ 2,4 V vs Li+/Li) et une longue durée de vie (plus de 10 ans à la température ambiante). Au cours de ce travail, nous avons intensément étudié les propriétés électrochimiques des carbones fluorés nanostructurés. Pour plus de performances, des précurseurs nanocarbonés de dimensionnalité différentes, et des procédés de synthèse gaz-solide variés ont été employés. Ainsi, des structures fermées comme les nanofibres de carbone (1D, tubulaire), ouvertes comme les nanodisques / nanocônes (2D en majorité, discotiques) et intermédiaires avec les noirs de carbone graphitisés. Chaque mode de synthèse a été optimisé en fonction du précurseur de départ (son facteur de forme, sa dimensionnalité, son degré de graphitisation ...). Pour remédier aux limitations des carbones fluorés commerciaux, leur mécanisme de décharge a été finement étudié afin d'améliorer notre compréhension sur la défluoration électrochimique d'une cathode CFx, et de les comparer aux CFx synthétisés au laboratoire, le but principal étant de dépasser les performances actuelles et de synthétiser des matériaux inédits pour la pile primaire au lithium. Des extracapacités par rapport aux valeurs théoriques dans les batteries Li/CFx ont été obtenues avec de nanocarbones fluorés spécifiques et le phénomène électrochimique à l’origine de cette extracapacité a été clairement expliqué. / For primary lithium batteries, the lithium anode can be coupled mainly four cathode materials (MnO2, SO2, SOCl2 and fluorinated carbons CFx). Li/CFx batteries have many inherent advantages such as high energy density (up to 2200 Wh.kg-1), a moderately high discharge potential (about 2.4 V vs. Li+/Li) and a long life (over 10 years at room temperature). During this work, the electrochemical performances in primary lithium battery of nanostructured fluorinated carbons were investigated. To improve their performances, carbonaceous precursors with different dimensionalities, and various gas-solid fluorination methods were selected. Thus, a closed structure such as carbon nanofibres (1D, tubular), opened such as carbon nanodiscs/nanocones (2D in majority, discotic) and intermediate with graphitized carbon blacks have been chosen. Each synthesis route was optimized based on the starting material and their specificities, i.e. the shape factor, dimensionality, graphitization degree, stacking mode. To address to the limitations of commercial CFx materials, their discharge mechanism has been studied in order to improve the understanding about the electrochemical defluorination of a CFx cathode, and to compare it to original CFx synthesized in our laboratory, the main purpose is to exceed the current performances and to synthesize unrealized materials for primary lithium battery. Extracapacities in Li/CFx batteries were obtained with some specific fluorinated nanocarbon materials and their explanation was discussed.