L’industrie aéronautique travaille sur l’amélioration des systèmes propulsifs parl’introduction de composites dans la fabrication des aubes de soufflante afin d’alléger lastructure et ainsi de réduire la consommation en carburant des avions. Ces pièces réaliséesen tissage 3D présentent généralement des irrégularités de surface. Une manière d’optimisercet aspect est d’ajouter un pli additionnel de surface : nos travaux de thèse portent sur ledéveloppement de ce pli sous la forme d’un renfort « Non Crimp Fabric » (NCF) biaxial extrafinen fibre de carbone de module intermédiaire (IM), inférieur à 100 g/m², régulier et ayant unebonne déformabilité. Lors de nos travaux de thèse, nous avons utilisé la méthode des plans d’expériencepour améliorer la technologie d’étalement afin de répondre aux exigences demandées. Nousavons pu définir la configuration optimale d’étalement permettant d’atteindre la cible d’un pliinférieur à 50 g/m² en fibre de carbone IM. Pour réaliser un NCF extra-fin, après étalement,les plis sont assemblés par couture afin d’assurer la tenue du renfort. La combinaison decouture choisie (armure, tension, longueur, jauge …) conditionne l’aspect du NCF et sacapacité à être manipulée et déformée. Nous avons donc optimisé les paramètres de coutureafin d’obtenir les propriétés souhaitées. Après avoir optimisé l’étalement des fibres et l’assemblage des plis, nous avons réalisé et caractérisé les renforts NCF extra-fins pour valider leurs propriétés. Nous sommesfinalement parvenus à mettre au point un renfort NCF en fibre de carbone IM, inférieur à50 g/m² par pli ayant un taux de couverture supérieur à 98 % et une bonne capacité à sedéformer. / Aircraft manufacturers are working on the improvement of their engines bymanufacturing fan blades with advanced composite materials to reduce fuel consumption.However, fan blades are made from 3D woven fabrics which often have surface irregularities.It can be minimized by an additional thin layer on the surface : our thesis work is focused onthe development of a new textile structure based on ultra-thin biaxial “Non Crimp Fabric” (NCF)technology. This spread NCF made from intermediate modulus (IM) carbon fibers must belighter than 100 gsm, regular and deformable.During our thesis work, we used Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology to improvethe spreading technology used by Chomarat to make ultra-light NCF materials and meet theestablished requirements. We were able to reach the ultra-thin ply target of less than 50 gsmper ply. After optimizing the spreading process these thin ply tapes are stitched together tocreate NCF. Stability, visual aspect, handling and deformability are dependent on the stitchingsettings (stitching pattern, tension, length, gauge, etc.). Therefore we optimized the stitchingparameters to get the desired properties.After the spreading and stitching process had been optimized, the NCF weremanufactured and tested to validate the desired properties had been achieved. The testingconfirmed that we were able to develop a new carbon fiber NCF that was less than 50 gsm perply, had a coverage rate of higher than 98 % and had good deformability characteristics.

No description available.

In this thesis, the effects of size and stress on permeability, deformability and strength of fractured rock masses are investigated. A comparison study was carried out to examine the effects of considering, or not considering, the correlation between distributions of fracture apertures and fracture trace lengths on the hydro-mechanical behavior of fractured rocks. The basic concepts used are the fundamental principles of the general theory of elasticity, Representative Elementary Volume (REV), the tensor of equivalent permeability, and the strength criteria of the fractured rocks. Due to the size and stress dependence of the hydro-mechanical properties of rock fractures, the overall effective (or equivalent) hydro-mechanical properties of the fractured rocks are also size and stress-dependent. However, such dependence cannot be readily investigated in laboratory using small samples, and so numerical modeling becomes a necessary tool for estimating their impacts. In this study, a closed-form relation is established for representing the correlation between a truncated lognormal distribution of fracture apertures and a truncated power law distribution of trace lengths, as obtained from field mapping. Furthermore, a new nonlinear algorithm is developed for predicting the relationship between normal stress and normal displacement of fractures, based on the Bandis model and the correlation between aperture and length. A large number of stochastic Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models of varying sizes were extracted from some generated large-sized parent realizations based on a realistic fracture system description from a site investigation programme at Sellafield, UK, for calculating the REV of hydro-mechanical properties of fractured rocks. Rotated DFN models were also generated and used for evaluation of the distributions of directional permeabilities, such that tensors of equivalent permeability could be established based on stochastically established REVs. The stress-dependence of the permeability and the stress-displacement behaviour were then investigated using models of REV sizes. The Discrete Element Method (DEM) was used for numerical simulation of the fluid flow, deformability properties and mechanical strength behavior of fractured rocks. The results show significant scale-dependency of rock permeability, deformability and strength, and its variation when the correlation between aperture and trace length of fractures are concerned, with the overall permeability and deformability more controlled by dominating fractures with larger apertures and higher transmissivity and deformability, compared with fracture network models having uniform aperture. As the second moment of aperture distribution increases, a fractured rock mass shows more discrete behavior and an REV is established in smaller value of second moment with much larger model size, compared with the models with uniform fracture aperture. When the fracture aperture pattern is more scattered, the overall permeability, Young’s modulus and mechanical strength change significantly. The effect of stress on permeability and fluid flow patterns in fractured rock is significant and can lead to the existence or non-existence of a permeability tensor. Stress changes the fluid flow patterns and can cause significant channeling and the permeability tensor, and REV may be destroyed or re-established at different applied stress conditions. With an increase in the confining stress on the DEM models, the strength is increased. Compared with the Hoek-Brown criterion, the Mohr-Coulomb strength envelope provides a better fit to the results of numerical biaxial compression tests, with significant changes of the strength characteristic parameters occurring when the second moment of the aperture distribution is increased. / QC 20100702

A new lattice-Boltzmann finite-element method is used to simulate large numbers of deformable red blood cells and platelets in suspension for the investigation of stress-mediated platelet-deposition mechanisms in blood. The coupled lattice-Boltzmann finite-element method provides the novel ability to simulate hundreds of realistic and deformable red blood cells and produce continuum-scale physics at physiologic hematocrit and low arterial-shear rates. The new method is developed and shown to produce single red blood cell deformation consistent with experimental results in flow chambers. Simulations of 77 to 216 cells in unbounded shear flow produce bulk and micro-rheological behavior consistent with experimental results in viscometers and tubes, including shear-thinning behavior at various shear rates. Investigation of the local stress environment in blood indicates that, although the majority of platelets experience a time-averaged shear stress equal to the suspension stress, 25% of platelets experience a localized shear stress greater than twice the suspension stress. The lattice-Boltzmann finite-element method developed in this work has been shown capable of investigating the fundamental gap between cell-level processes and continuum-level function. The complex stress environment in whole blood has been described for simple shear flow and the methodology may be extended to more complex flow geometries and incorporate platelet-adhesion models for adhesion studies. Thus, this research fits into the greater objective of prediction and control of platelet deposition in clinical and engineering applications. Furthermore, the ability to bridge the gap between cell-level processes and continuum-level function is useful in other important cardiovascular areas including leukocyte adhesion, platelet aggregate embolization, and artheriogenesis.

No description available.

Αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής αποτελεί η διερεύνηση των μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού και η εφαρμογή αυτών στην εκτίμηση της αντοχής και παραμορφωσιμότητας της βραχομάζας. Προς την κατεύθυνση αυτή, έγινε οριοθέτηση της μηχανικής συμπεριφοράς του βραχώδους υλικού, διατύπωση συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των φυσικών και μηχανικών παραμέτρων του καθώς και ημιποσοτική εκτίμηση της επίδρασης της ορυκτολογικής σύστασης στη διαφοροποίηση της συμπεριφοράς τους. Η επεξεργασία των αποτελεσμάτων της έρευνας έγινε μέσω ενός «Σχεσιακού Συστήματος Διαχείρισης Φυσικών και Μηχανικών Παραμέτρων Γεωλογικών Υλικών» που σχεδιάστηκε και δημιουργήθηκε στα πλαίσια της Διατριβής. Η έρευνα εστιάστηκε σε ιζηματογενή πετρώματα, χημικά (ασβεστόλιθους) και κλαστικά (ψαμμίτες και ιλυόλιθοι του φλύσχη) που συναντώνται εκτεταμένα στη Δυτική Ελλάδα καθώς επίσης και σε μεταμορφωμένα πετρώματα (μάρμαρα). Η δειγματοληψία των ιζηματογενών πετρωμάτων επικεντρώθηκε στους σχηματισμούς που απαρτίζουν τις γεωτεκτονικές ζώνες των Εξωτερικών Ελληνίδων, οι οποίες καλύπτουν το δυτικό ήμισυ του Ελλαδικού χώρου και φιλοξενούν πλήθος τεχνικών έργων. Για τα μεταμορφωμένα, δείγματα μαρμάρων λήφθηκαν από λατομεία της Βόρειας Ελλάδας που περιλαμβάνονται στις ζώνες των Εσωτερικών Ελληνίδων. Συνολικά, στα πλαίσια της έρευνας λήφθηκαν βραχώδη τεμάχη από 62 θέσεις δειγματοληψίας από τα οποία διαμορφώθηκαν και εξετάστηκαν ως προς τις φυσικές, δυναμικές και μηχανικές τους ιδιότητες 519 δείγματα βραχώδους υλικού. Ειδικότερα πρόκειται για 33 θέσεις δειγματοληψίας σε ασβεστολιθικούς σχηματισμούς (271 δοκίμια), 22 θέσεις σε σχηματισμούς του φλύσχη (152 δοκίμια ψαμμίτη και 24 δοκίμια ιλυόλιθου) και 7 θέσεις σε μάρμαρα (72 δοκίμια). Για κάθε θέση δειγματοληψίας διαμορφώθηκαν, με εργαστηριακό αδαμαντοτρύπανο, αδαμαντοτροχό και συσκευή λείανσης, έξι δοκίμια για τον εργαστηριακό προσδιορισμό των φυσικών, των δυναμικών και των μηχανικών παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού. Οι εργαστηριακές δοκιμές πραγματοποιήθηκαν σύμφωνα με τις προδιαγραφές της ISRM (1981), του ΥΠΕΧΩΔΕ (Ε102-84) καθώς και της ASTM (D 2664 – 86, D 2938 – 86, D 2845 – 90, D 3967 – 92, D 3148 – 93). Έτσι, συνολικά εκτελέστηκαν: • 476 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του πορώδους n (%), ξηρής πυκνότητας ρd (kN/m3), κορεσμένης πυκνότητας ρsat (kN/m3), λόγου κενών e και δείκτη κενών Iv (%). • 249 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της ταχύτητας διάδοσης των υπερήχων Vp και Vs (m/sec). • 336 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της σκληρότητας SHV. • 120 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού του δείκτη σημειακής φόρτισης Is(50) (MPa). • 67 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε μοναξονική θλίψη σc (MPa) από τις οποίες οι 58 έγιναν με σύγχρονη μέτρηση των αξονικών και πλευρικών παραμορφώσεων για τον προσδιορισμό του μέτρου ελαστικότητας Ε και του λόγου Poisson ν. • 75 δοκιμές προσδιορισμού της αντοχής σε εφελκυσμό σt (MPa). • 62 τριαξονικές δοκιμές. Κατά την αξιολόγηση των αποτελεσμάτων των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών κρίθηκε σκόπιμη η προετοιμασία και παρατήρηση στο μικροσκόπιο 20 λεπτών τομών που προήλθαν από διαφορετικά δείγματα με σκοπό την καλύτερη πληροφόρηση σχετικά με την ορυκτολογική σύσταση και τη δομή των βραχωδών υλικών που εξετάστηκαν. Μετά το πέρας των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών τα αποτελέσματα αυτών συγκεντρώθηκαν και αξιολογήθηκαν. Ακολούθησε στατιστική επεξεργασία από την οποία προέκυψαν ιστογράμματα διακύμανσης των τιμών της κάθε παραμέτρου και οριοθετήθηκε η συμπεριφορά των βραχωδών υλικών που εξετάστηκαν. Επιπλέον, μεταξύ των διαφόρων παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού σχεδιάστηκαν τα αντίστοιχα διαγράμματα συσχέτισης και προτάθηκαν εμπειρικές σχέσεις που συνδέουν αυτές. Επίσης, πολύ σημαντικές ποιοτικές και ημιποσοτικές εκτιμήσεις προέκυψαν από τη συσχέτιση των παραμέτρων αντοχής με την ορυκτολογική σύσταση των βραχωδών υλικών. Μετά την ολοκλήρωση των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών στα πλαίσια της παρούσας διατριβής οι παράμετροι αντοχής (αντοχή σε μοναξονική θλίψη και σταθερά mi) που υπολογίστηκαν για το βραχώδες υλικό χρησιμοποιήθηκαν για την εκτίμηση κυρίως της αντοχής της βραχομάζας. Για το σκοπό αυτό εκτιμήθηκε ο Γεωλογικός δείκτης Αντοχής, GSI, σε 32 συνολικά θέσεις και προσδιορίστηκαν με τη χρήση του προγράμματος Roclab οι παράμετροι αντοχής της βραχομάζας για τις θέσεις αυτές. Στη συνέχεια και για να διερευνηθεί η επίδραση της διακύμανσης των παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού στη συμπεριφορά της βραχομάζας υπολογίστηκαν οι παράμετροι αντοχής και παραμορφωσιμότητάς της με βάση τις προτεινόμενες από τη βιβλιογραφία τιμές του mi και όχι αυτές που υπολογίστηκαν εργαστηριακά. Από τη σύγκριση των δύο αποτελεσμάτων προέκυψαν χρήσιμα συμπεράσματα σχετικά με τη σημασία των εργαστηριακών δοκιμών αλλά και τη σημαντική επίδραση που έχουν οι ακριβείς τιμές των παραμέτρων του βραχώδους υλικού στην εκτίμηση της αντοχής της βραχομάζας. / The aim of this thesis is the determination of the mechanical properties of intact rock and their application to the estimation of the strength and deformability of the rock mass. There has been made an attempt to set up the boundaries in rock material behavior and to formulate empirical correlations between rock material parameters. In the frame of the current research a data base has been developed in order to file all laboratory testing results that had been conducted before in Greece by the Laboratory of Engineering Geology in University of Patras as well as the Central Public Works Laboratory. There has been recorded a total number of 5885 entries which correspond to an equal amount of rock specimens subjected to laboratory tests of their physical and/or mechanical properties. The research was focused on triaxial tests of clastic and chemical sedimentary rock specimens as well as marble rock specimens. Clastic and chemical sedimentary rocks are known to be the most widespread rock formations in Western Greece and a lot of major constructions have been made on or within these formations. Block samples were collected from 62 different sites in Greece, in order to be investigated through laboratory testing procedures. After the cutting of the samples laboratory tests were conducted in 519 cylindrical specimens. From these sites 33 were in limestones (271 specimens), 22 in flysch formations (152 sandstone specimens and 24 siltstone specimens) and 7 in marbles (72 specimens). Laboratory core drill and saw machines were used to cut the samples and end faces were ground in order to provide cylindrical specimens in size, shape and ends geometries according to testing requirements. The execution of laboratory tests was in accordance with ISRM suggested methods (1981, 1986) and ASTM standards (D 2664 – 86, D 2938 – 86, D 2845 – 90, D 3967 – 92, D 3148 – 93). More specifically the following laboratory tests were conducted: • 476 tests for porosity n (%), ρd (kN/m3), ρsat (kN/m3), e and Iv. • 249 tests for sound velocities (Vp and Vs). • 336 SHV tests. • 120 point load tests. • 67 uniaxial compressive tests with determination of modulus of deformation E and Poisson ratio, ν (in 58 UCS tests). • 75 brazilian tests. • 62 triaxial tests for rock material constant mi determination. During the evaluation of the results of laboratory testing, 20 thin sections have been made corresponding to different samples, in order to provide all the information as far as the mineralogy and structure of the samples are concerned. Statistical analyses were used in order to evaluate the test results. The strength and deformability of the rock mass corresponding to 32 selected sites were estimated. The Geological Strength Index, GSI and the Disturbance Factor, D were estimated in each site and used as input parameters. The values of mi, also used as input parameters, were those estimated by triaxial testing in the laboratory. Additionally, in order to evaluate the impact of the mechanical parameters of intact rock to the estimation of the strength and deformability of the rock mass, rock mass parameters were estimated using the mi values proposed by relevant bibliographical references. As a result of the comparison between the two methods,the remarkable usefulness of the laboratory testing, as a means of preliminary design as well as the considerable impact of the mechanical parameters of the rock material to the strength and deformability of the rock mass have been pointed out.

This research involves the study of the short term loaded behaviour of mechanically degraded reinforced concrete (RC) flexural elements, which are strengthened with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) composites. The two main objectives have been: (a) to conduct a series of realistic tests, the results of which would be used to establish the design criteria, and (b) to carry out analytical modelling and hence develop a set of suitable design equations. It is expected that this work will contribute towards the establishment of definitive design guidelines for the strengthening of reinforced concrete structures using advanced fibre composites. The experimental study concentrated on the laboratory testing of 30 simply supported, and 4 two-span continuous full size RC beams, which were strengthened by either FRP plates or fabric sheets. The failure modes of these beams, at ultimate limit state, were examined and the influencing factors were identified. A premature and extremely brittle collapse mechanism was found to be the predominant type of failure for beams strengthened with a large area of FRP composites. A modified semi-empirical approach was presented for predicting the failure load of such over strengthened beams. Despite the lack of ductility in fibre composites, it was found that the FRP strengthened members would exhibit acceptable ductile characteristics, if they were designed to be under strengthened. A new design-based methodology for quantifying the deformability of FRP strengthened elements was proposed, and its difference to the conventional concept of ductility was discussed. The available techniques for ductility evaluation of FRP strengthened concrete members were reviewed and a suitable method was recommended for determining ductility level of FRP strengthened members. A non-linear material based analytical model was developed to simulate the flexural behaviour of the strengthened and control beams, the results were seen to match very well. The parametric study provided an insight into the effects of various factors including the mechanical properties and cross sectional area of FRP composites, on the failure modes and ductility characteristics of the strengthened beams. Based on the findings of the experimental and analytical studies, design equations in the BS 8110 format were developed, and design case studies have been carried out. It was concluded that fibre composites could effectively and safely strengthen mechanically degraded reinforced concrete structures if appropriately designed. The modes of failure and the degree of performance enhancement of FRP strengthened beams depend largely on the composite material properties as well as the original strength and stiffness of the RC structure. If the FRP strengthened elements were designed to be under-strengthened, then the premature and brittle failure mode could be prevented and ductile failure mode could be achieved. It was also found that existing steel reinforcement would always yield before the FRP composite reached the ultimate strength. Furthermore, a critical reinforcement ratio, above which FRP strengthening should not be carried out, was defined. It was concluded that FRP strengthening is most suitable for reinforced concrete floor slabs, bridge decks, flanged beams and other relatively lightly reinforced elements. The study also revealed that to avoid a brittle concrete failure, existing doubly reinforced members should not be strengthened by FRP composites.

O desempenho das fundações pode ser avaliado da maneira clássica através de provas de carga estáticas ou dinâmicas. Estas provas de carga são, em geral, caras e demoradas, além de que é necessário que o elemento de fundação já esteja pronto. Outra forma de avaliar o desempenho de fundações é determinar os parâmetros de deformabilidade do solo, em especial os módulos de deformabilidade. Em geral, esses módulos são estimados através de correlações empíricas com o N do SPT ou qc do CPT. Poucas vezes ensaios de laboratório (como o triaxial), ou especiais de campo (como o pressiômetro), são executados para determinação desse parâmetro. Uma possibilidade de contornar esse problema é realizar uma prova de carga no cone elétrico (o ensaio CLT) simultaneamente ao ensaio CPT. Neste trabalho apresenta-se como o ensaio CLT pode ser realizado e como seu resultado pode ser interpretado. Uma campanha de ensaios CLT foi realizada no campo experimental da Unesp de Bauru. Os resultados desses ensaios foram utilizados para calcular o módulo ECLT na região elástica linear inicial da curva, de modo similar como se determina o módulo de Young para o aço. Os valores dos módulos ECLT foram comparados com os módulos de deformabilidade determinados a partir de ensaios de pressiômetro. Também foi possível representar a curva de degradação do módulo de cisalhamento para o local estudado. Apresenta-se também a correlação obtida para estimativa de ECLT a partir dos valores da resistência de ponta do cone (qc) para os solos da área estudada. Conclui-se que o ensaio CLT é uma técnica rápida e econômica que pode ser utilizada como um complemento ao ensaio CPT para um melhor entendimento do comportamento tensão-deformação do solo. Com o ensaio CLT é possível estimar um parâmetro de deformabilidade, o ECLT, bem como representar a degradação do módulo com o nível de deformação. Este ensaio híbrido, CPT+CLT, tem potencial para uso na investigação de solos não convencionais, onde quase sempre não existem parâmetros de referência para estimativa de recalques de fundações. / The performance of foundations can be evaluated the classical way, through static and dynamic load tests. Such load tests are generally time-consuming and expensive, besides that it is necessary that the foundation system be already in place. Another way to evaluate the performance of foundations is to determine the deformability parameters of the soil, especially the the deformability moduli. Ordinarily such moduli are estimated through empirical correlations with N of SPT or qc of CPT. Seldom laboratory tests (such as the triaxial) and field tests (such as the pressiometer) are employed to determine such parameters. One way to solve this problem is to perform a load test on the electric cone (the Cone Loading Test) simultaneously with the CPT test. The work presented here shows how the Cone Loading Test (CLT) can be performed and how its results can be interpreted. A campaign of Cone Loading Tests was conducted at the research site of Unesp-Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. The CLT results were used to calculate the modulus ECLT in the linear elastic region of the stress-strain curve, in the same manner how the modulus of Young for steel is obtained. The values for ECLT moduli were compared to the deformability moduli obtained from pressiometer (PMT) tests. It was also possible to generate the degradation curve for shear modulus of the soil in the area of study. Presented here are the correlations obtained in the estimation of ECLT from values of cone tip resistance (qc) for the studied soils. From the results obtained, it can be concluded CLT is a fast and inexpensive technique that can be used as a complement to the CPT in improving the understanding of the stress-strain behavior of soils. With CLT it is possible to estimate the deformability parameter ECLT, as well as to represent the degradation of the modulus with increasing levels of strain. Such a hybrid test, CPT+CLT, has potential use in the investigation of non-conventional soils, which lack reference parameters for the estimation os settlement of foundations installed in them.

Submitted by Izabel Franco (izabel-franco@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-06T20:50:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOS.pdf: 8901062 bytes, checksum: 08b58e3ccf045cae12fa956cafaba68c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:37:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOS.pdf: 8901062 bytes, checksum: 08b58e3ccf045cae12fa956cafaba68c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Marina Freitas (marinapf@ufscar.br) on 2016-10-20T19:38:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOS.pdf: 8901062 bytes, checksum: 08b58e3ccf045cae12fa956cafaba68c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-20T19:38:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissMOS.pdf: 8901062 bytes, checksum: 08b58e3ccf045cae12fa956cafaba68c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-02 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / The present study delas with nondestructive evaluation of modern masonry built with hollow concrete blocks, through the flatjack technique. The technique is already used to evaluate masonry structures with solid bricks and stones and it is considered as efficient to obtain in situ mechanical properties, without any permanent damages. The tests in solid unit masonry using flatjack is included in international standards and recommendations as: ASTM C 1196 e 1197-09 e RILEM MDT.D.4 e MDT.D.5-04. The current standards and the practical applications deal with masonry with brick or stones elements only. Nondestructive evaluation in modern hollow block masonry is demanded and the flatjack can be used in these cases. However, the current available jack can be used only on solid units, due to its geometrical limitations. Therefore, this research proposes to adapt the flatjack technique for nondestructive evaluation in modern masonry built with hollow concrete blocks. The analyzed test is the deformability one, which the modulus of elasticity and an estimative of the compressive strength is wanted. In this research, a new flatjack equipment was developed to allow its application on hollow blocks and it was tested in modern masonry samples. The new equipment was successfully developed and it was used in flatjack tests on hollow concrete block masonry. As main results, masonry properties obtained from the flatjack technique was close to the expected ones, indicating the great potentiality of the technique for hollow blocks also. / O presente trabalho trata da avaliação não destrutiva em alvenarias estruturais de blocos de concreto, através da técnica de macacos planos. A técnica já é utilizada em análises de estruturas de alvenaria de tijolos maciços e de pedras, sendo considerada bastante eficiente para a obtenção de propriedades mecânicas, no próprio local, sem causar danos permanentes. Os testes com macacos planos em alvenarias de unidades maciças já fazem parte de normas e recomendações internacionais como: ASTM C 1196 e 1197-09 e RILEM MDT.D.4 e MDT.D.5-04. As normas e as aplicações práticas já realizadas tratam apenas de alvenarias com elementos de tijolos ou pedras. Existe uma demanda para avaliação estrutural não destrutiva em alvenarias modernas, na maioria compostas por blocos vazados, de maneira que a técnica poderia ser utilizada. Entretanto, os macacos atualmente disponíveis podem ser aplicados em unidades maciças apenas, devido a limitações geométricas. Portanto, este estudo visa adaptar a técnica de macacos planos para análise não destrutiva em alvenarias modernas, compostas por blocos vazados de concreto. O teste adaptado é o teste de deformabilidade, em que se visa obter o módulo de elasticidade e uma estimativa da resistência à compressão. Para a realização deste trabalho, um novo modelo de macaco foi desenvolvido, possibilitando sua aplicação em blocos vazados, sendo testado em amostras de paredes. O equipamento foi desenvolvido com sucesso e utilizado em testes de deformabilidade em paredes com blocos de concreto. Como resultado, propriedades foram obtidas com boa proximidade com os valores esperados, indicando potencialidade da técnica para esse tipo de aplicação. Palavras-chave: Macacos planos; teste de deformabilidade; avaliação não destrutiva; blocos vazados de concreto.

No presente trabalho foram estudadas duas ligações viga-pilar de estruturas de concreto pré-moldado com ênfase na deformabilidade ao momento fletor. A primeira é muito utilizada em galpões com sistema estrutural de pórticos para telhado com duas águas. A segunda é utilizada em estruturas de edifícios com múltiplos pavimentos. Foram realizados ensaios físicos em dois modelos de cada tipo de ligação. Com base nos resultados experimentais, foram propostos modelos analíticos, baseados no Método dos Componentes, e realizadas simulações numéricas, baseadas no Método dos Elementos Finitos, através dos quais determinou-se a curva momento-rotação das ligações em estudo. As curvas momento rotação teóricas, para as duas ligações estudadas, ficaram bastante próximas das experimentais. De acordo com os resultados, pode-se dizer que a primeira ligação teve um comportamento próximo ao de uma ligação perfeitamente rígida. Isso porque, para uma estrutura típica, ela transmitiu mais de 90% do momento equivalente ao de uma estrutura monolítica. A segunda ligação também garantiu uma boa transferência de momento fletor. Observou-se que, ao considerar a semi-rigidez dessa ligação na análise estrutural, há uma redução significativa no momento na base dos pilares mais solicitados, o que permite uma redução na armadura dos pilares e nas dimensões da fundação / The present research deals with the study of two types of precast beam-to-column connections with emphasis on the deformability analysis. The first one is extensively used in precast concrete portal frames with sloping beams. The second one is used in multi-storey framed structures. Experimental tests on two models of each type of beam-to-column connections were done. Based on the experimental results, analytical models, based on the Component Method, were proposed and numerical simulations, based on the Finite Element Method, were developed, which provide the moment-rotation curves of the studied connections. The theoretical moment-rotation curves, for both studied connections, are in good agreement with the experimental ones. According to the results, the first connection had almost the same behaviour of a rigid one. It transmitted about 90% of the bending moment of an equivalent monolithic structure. The second connection also transmitted a good portion of bending moment. It was observed that when its semi-rigidity is considered on the structural analysis there was a significant reduction on the column base bending moment and on the foundation dimensions