Technologies such as horizontal wells and multi-stage hydraulic fracturing have made ultra-low permeability shale and tight gas reservoirs productive but the industry is still on the learning curve when it comes to addressing various production issues. Some of the problems encountered while hydraulically fracturing these reservoirs are the absence of frac barriers, thinner shales and the increased presence of geological hazards. Induced vertical fractures sometimes extend to an underlying aquifer and become a conduit to the well. We have developed a low-concentration, low-viscosity and delayed-crosslink polymeric gel system as a water shutoff agent for hydraulically-fractured tight gas and shale reservoirs, where some fractures might connect to water rich zones. The system also is a significant improvement over traditional flowing gels for fracture water shutoff in conventional reservoirs because of these features. The gel uses high molecular weight hydrolyzed polyacrylamide (HPAM) at low polymer concentrations with a delayed organic crosslinker. This crosslinker is more environmentally benign and provides much longer gelation time and stronger final gels than comparable polymer loadings with chromium carboxylate crosslinkers at higher temperatures. The low viscosity system allows low-pressure extrusion of gelant into the narrow-aperture fractures present in unconventional gas reservoirs. The gelant can be pumped at low pressures due to lower polymer concentrations and delayed gelation point. This allows the potential to seal problem zones that are producing excess water even when the fractures conducting water have very narrow apertures. By impeding water production, the gel system developed here can effectively delay water loading thereby avoiding abandonment or installation of expensive equipment with increased operational costs, thus extending life and reserves of unconventional gas wells.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-11-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:40:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_rat_dr_ilha.pdf: 2326436 bytes, checksum: 60aa15eb5fb66a63b31662bee7904bfa (MD5) / Neste trabalho sao propostas metodologias de modificacao de zeros para solucionar o problema do rastreamento do sinal de referencia em sistemas discretos determinısticos, sistemas discretos incertos e sistemas discretos nao-lineares considerando-se uma entrada de perturbacao na planta. Em um primeiro momento e projetado um controlador discreto para minimizar a norma H∞ entre a entrada ex´ogena e o sinal de saıda com o objetivo de reduzir o efeito da perturbacao sobre a saıda do sistema determinıstico. Posteriormente, minimiza-se a norma H∞ entre o sinal de referencia e o erro de rastreamento atraves da modificacao otima de zeros do sistema discreto, constituindo desta maneira o rastreador de sinal de referencia. Essa nova estrutura de projeto do controlador e estendida para o projeto do controlador robusto H∞, supondo incertezas politopicas na planta e tambem para sistemas nao-lineares. No caso de sistemas com incertezas politopicas na planta, um controlador discreto e projetado para minimizar o custo garantido H∞ entre a entrada exogena e o sinal de saıda com o objetivo de reduzir o efeito da perturbacao sobre a saıda do sistema discreto incerto. Posteriormente e projetado um rastreador para sinais de referˆencia em sistemas com incertezas politopicas, utilizando-se modificacao de zeros. Por fim, estende-se a metodologia de rastreamento do sinal de referencia com rejeicao do disturbio para sistemas nao-lineares. A formulacao do projeto e descrita na forma de inequacoes matriciais lineares, pois estas permitem a descricao de problemas de otimizacao convexa / The tracking problems in uncertain, deterministic and nonlinear discrete time systems, with the presence of a disturbance signal in the plant, are solved in this work proposing a zero variation methodology. A discrete state feedback controller is designed in order to minimize the H∞-norm between the exogen input and the output signal, such that the effect of the disturbance is attenuated in deterministic systems. After, the tracking problem is solved using the variation of the zeros minimizing the H∞-norm from the reference input signal to the error tracking signal. This new structure is extended to design of H∞ robust controller, supposing politopic uncertainties and other one supposing nonlinearities in the plant. In uncertain systems case, a discrete controller is designed in order to minimize the H∞ guaranteed cost between the exogen input and the output signal such that the effect of the disturbance is attenuated in uncertain systems. Then, the tracking problem in uncertain systems is solved using the variation of the zeros minimizing the H∞ guaranteed cost from the reference input signal to the error tracking signal. Finally, the zero variation methodology is extended to nonlinear systems. The design is formulated in the Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) framework, such that the optimal solution of the stated control problem is obtained when feasible solution exists

Orientador: Edvaldo Assunção / Banca: Marcelo Carvalho Minhoto Teixeira / Banca: José Paulo Fernandes Garcia / Banca: Cristiano Quevedo Andrea / Banca: Márcio Roberto Covacic / Resumo: Neste trabalho sao propostas metodologias de modificacao de zeros para solucionar o problema do rastreamento do sinal de referencia em sistemas discretos determinısticos, sistemas discretos incertos e sistemas discretos nao-lineares considerando-se uma entrada de perturbacao na planta. Em um primeiro momento e projetado um controlador discreto para minimizar a norma H∞ entre a entrada ex'ogena e o sinal de saıda com o objetivo de reduzir o efeito da perturbacao sobre a saıda do sistema determinıstico. Posteriormente, minimiza-se a norma H∞ entre o sinal de referencia e o erro de rastreamento atraves da modificacao otima de zeros do sistema discreto, constituindo desta maneira o rastreador de sinal de referencia. Essa nova estrutura de projeto do controlador e estendida para o projeto do controlador robusto H∞, supondo incertezas politopicas na planta e tambem para sistemas nao-lineares. No caso de sistemas com incertezas politopicas na planta, um controlador discreto e projetado para minimizar o custo garantido H∞ entre a entrada exogena e o sinal de saıda com o objetivo de reduzir o efeito da perturbacao sobre a saıda do sistema discreto incerto. Posteriormente e projetado um rastreador para sinais de referˆencia em sistemas com incertezas politopicas, utilizando-se modificacao de zeros. Por fim, estende-se a metodologia de rastreamento do sinal de referencia com rejeicao do disturbio para sistemas nao-lineares. A formulacao do projeto e descrita na forma de inequacoes matriciais lineares, pois estas permitem a descricao de problemas de otimizacao convexa / Abstract: The tracking problems in uncertain, deterministic and nonlinear discrete time systems, with the presence of a disturbance signal in the plant, are solved in this work proposing a zero variation methodology. A discrete state feedback controller is designed in order to minimize the H∞-norm between the exogen input and the output signal, such that the effect of the disturbance is attenuated in deterministic systems. After, the tracking problem is solved using the variation of the zeros minimizing the H∞-norm from the reference input signal to the error tracking signal. This new structure is extended to design of H∞ robust controller, supposing politopic uncertainties and other one supposing nonlinearities in the plant. In uncertain systems case, a discrete controller is designed in order to minimize the H∞ guaranteed cost between the exogen input and the output signal such that the effect of the disturbance is attenuated in uncertain systems. Then, the tracking problem in uncertain systems is solved using the variation of the zeros minimizing the H∞ guaranteed cost from the reference input signal to the error tracking signal. Finally, the zero variation methodology is extended to nonlinear systems. The design is formulated in the Linear Matrix Inequalities (LMI) framework, such that the optimal solution of the stated control problem is obtained when feasible solution exists / Doutor

Bien qu’il soit recommandé de pratiquer tout au long de sa vie une activité physique régulière pour se maintenir en bonne santé, peu d’études portent sur les modifications des patrons locomoteurs lors de la répétition de séances à 2 ou 3 jours d’intervalle. Lorsqu’elles sont intenses ou inhabituelles, les formes naturelles de locomotion pédestre – dites de type cycle étirement-détente (CED) – se caractérisent par des perturbations structuro-fonctionnelles et proprioceptives qui peuvent perdurer plusieurs jours. Ces déficiences sont autant de sources de risques accrus de blessures lors de la répétition d’une pratique sportive. Ce travail doctoral a pour objectif (i) d’examiner les effets immédiats et retardés d’exercices épuisants de type CED sur les paramètres neuromécaniques de la locomotion humaine en conditions de marche, de course et de sauts et (ii) d’étudier l’influence combinée d’une pratique pieds nus vs. pieds chaussés. Nos résultats ne révèlent pas de modification significative des patrons locomoteurs en phase de récupération immédiate (post-exercice) mais démontrent l’intervention de stratégies compensatrices et/ou protectrices en phase de récupération retardée (2ème jour posteffort). Ces stratégies diffèrent entre les conditions de marche et de course. Nos travaux soulignent également l’importance de discriminer les stratégies adoptées dès la première minute de l’exercice des ajustements ultérieurs apparaissant pendant la phase dite d’optimisation du CED. Par contre, les différences observées entre les conditions de course pieds nus vs. pieds chaussés restent étonnamment similaires avec la fatigue. Le port de chaussures se traduit par une réduction des chocs d’impact mais également par une restriction des mouvements naturels du pied et par une éversion accrue dont il conviendrait d’étudier les conséquences lors de la répétition en état de fatigue d’exercices de plus longue durée. / Although lifelong practice of moderate amounts of regular physical activity is recommended to ensure a healthy living state, little is know about the modifications of the locomotion patterns when repeating exercises every 2 to 3 days. Intense or unaccustomed stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) forms of ground locomotion are characterized, however, by structuro-functional and proprioceptive impairments that may last for a few days. These impairments may then be expected to increase the risk of injury. The present work aimed (i) to examine the acute and delayed SSC fatigue effects on the neuro-mechanical gait characteristics in walking, running and jumping conditions and (ii) to study the combined influence of a barefoot vs. shod gait condition. Our results did not reveal any modification of the locomotion patterns in the acute recovery phase (post-exercise), but demonstrated compensatory and/or protective strategies in the delayed phase (2 days post-exercise). The observed strategies differed significantly in walking and running. Our results emphasized also the need to differentiate the strategies occurring within the first minute of exercise from the subsequent adjustments related to the progressive SSC pattern optimization. Surprisingly, the observed differences between the barefoot and shod running conditions remained quite independent of the fatigue state. The shod running condition was thus found to attenuate ground impact transmission, but it resulted also in restricted natural foot motions and increased eversion that should be worth re-examining when repeating exercises of longer duration.

Modulation instability (MI) is a general characteristic of wave propagation in nonlinear dispersive media and it has been intensively investigated in several branches of physics due to its fundamental nature as well as technological applications. This phenomenon corresponds to the exponential growth of weak harmonic perturbations in virtue of the interplay between dispersive and nonlinear effects. Hence, despite its important features, MI is also a main source of channel depletion and degradation in optical fiber communications. In this thesis, we investigate the modulational instability (MI) induced by cross-phase-modulation (XPM) of two incoherently coupled optical pulses co-propagating in a lossless fiber with a finite nonlinear response time. The non-instantaneous character of the nonlinear response is introduced through a Debye relaxation process. We analytically obtain the exact dispersion relation for weak harmonic perturbations over the stationary solution. We show that the instability spectrum, present in both normal and anomalous dispersive regimes in instantaneously responding Kerr media, develops a double peak structure whose relative strength and typical frequency range depend on the response time. Further, we reveal that there are two unstable modes in the entire frequency spectrum. We report the dependence of the maximum gain and central frequency within each unstable mode as a function of the group velocity mismatch and response time, showing the crossover between the regimes of fast and slow non-linear responses. / Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Alagoas / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Instabilidade Modulacional (IM) é um fenômeno característico da propagação de ondas em meios dispersivos não-lineares e tem sido estudado em diversas áreas da Física devido a sua natureza fundamental bem como suas importantes plicações tecnológicas. Esse fenômeno corresponde ao enriquecimento exponencial de pequenas perturbações harmônicas devido a cooperação dos efeitos não-lineares e dispersivos. Portanto, não obstante sua aplicabilidade, IM é, de igual modo, uma fonte importante de degradação em sistemas de comunicação por fibras ópticas. Nesta tese investigamos a instabilidade modulacional (IM) induzida por Modulação de Fase Cruzada (MFC) de dois pulsos ópticos acoplados incoerentemente que se propagam em uma fibra sem perda com tempo de resposta não-linear finito. O caráter não-instantâneo da resposta não-linear é introduzido através de um processo de relaxação de Debye. Obtemos analiticamente, de modo exato, a relação de dispersão para fracas perturbações harmônicas da solução estacionária. Mostramos que o espectro de instabilidade, presente tanto no regime de dispersão normal quanto no anômalo em meios Kerr com resposta instantânea, desenvolve uma estrutura de pico duplo cuja a intensidade relativa e a frequência típica dependem do tempo de resposta considerado. Além do mais, revelamos que existem dois modos instáveis ao longo de todo o espectro de frequência. Apresentamos a dependência do ganho máximo e da frequência correspondente dentro de cada modo instável como função da diferença da velocidade de grupo e do tempo de resposta, mostrando o cruzamento entre os regimes de resposta não-linear rápida e lenta.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:49:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-02-27 / Uma cisteína proteinase recombinante, rLdccys1, obtida pela expressão do gene Ldccys1 de Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi em sistema bacteriano, foi utilizada em ensaios de imunodiagnóstico por ELISA e DTH em cães de uma região endêmica de leishmaniose visceral (LV), Teresina, Piauí. A rLdccys1 também foi utilizada para a imunização de cães e a avaliação da possível proteção dos animais imunizados contra o desafio com a L. (L.) chagasi. Os ensaios por ELISA dos soros de cães com LV mostraram que a sensibilidade para a detecção de anticorpos anti-L. (L.) chagasi utilizando a rLdccys1 e os extratos de promastigotas e amastigotas de L. (L.) chagasi foi de 98%, 86% e 89%, respectivamente. A rLdccys1 não apresentou reatividade cruzada com os soros de cães com doenças comuns nas regiões endêmicas de LV, tais como erliquiose, babesiose e doença de Chagas e a especificidade dos ensaios de ELISA utilizando-se a rLdccys1 e os extratos de amastigotas e promastigotas de L. (L.) chagasi foi de 96%, 69% e 68%, respectivamente. As respostas de DTH foram avaliadas nos cães após a injeção subcutânea da rLdccys1 ou do extrato dos amastigotas de L. (L.) chagasi. Todos os cães assintomáticos apresentaram resposta de DTH positiva à rLdccys1 com a formação de nódulos em torno de 10 mm 48 horas após a injeção do antígeno, enquanto que os cães sintomáticos não apresentaram reatividade significante à rLdccys1 nos ensaios de DTH. As respostas de DTH foram mais intensas quando se utilizou a rLdccys1 comparadas às observadas com o extrato dos parasitas. A análise histológica mostrou áreas de necrose e hemorragia nos nódulos induzidos pelo extrato dos parasitas e reação granulomatosa típica, com predomínio de células mononucleares, nos cortes dos nódulos induzidos pela rLdccys1. A análise dos dados obtidos nos ensaios de ELISA e DTH realizados com a rLdccys1 e os extratos de amastigotas de L. (L.) chagasi mostrou a correlação inversa entre as respostas humoral e celular no desencadeamento da LV canina. As respostas celulares induzidas nos cães pela rLdccys1 foram avaliadas após a imunização dos animais com o antígeno recombinante juntamente com a Propionibacterium acnes. Os linfócitos de sangue periférico dos cães imunizados com a rLdccys1 + P. acnes apresentaram significantes índices de estimulação quando reestimulados in vitro com a rLdccys1 ou o extrato dos amastigotas de L. (L.) chagasi. A dosagem de citocinas nos sobrenadantes dessas culturas mostrou a secreção de níveis significantes de IFN-γ, enquanto IL-10 não foi detectada. Nos experimentos em que cães foram imunizados com a rLdccys1 + P. acnes e desafiados com a injeção intraperitoneal de 1x104 amastigotas isolados de cão infectado com a L. (L.) chagasi 3 de 4 animais sobrevieram dez semanas após o desafio, enquanto que os animais controles que receberam PBS e a P. acnes morreram em no máximo 4 e 6 semanas, respectivamente, após o desafio. Nos cães imunizados com a rLdccys1 o número de amastigotas de L. (L.) chagasi foi significantemente reduzido no baço, fígado e medula óssea comparado ao observado nos controles. A dosagem sérica de IFN-γ nos animais imunizados com a rLdccys1 mostrou a secreção significante dessa linfocina, enquanto que níveis basais de IL-10 foram detectados. Todos os cães imunizados com a rLdccys1 e desafiados pela picada das fêmeas de Lutzomyia longipalpis sobreviveram até dezesseis semanas após o desafio e os animais controles injetados com PBS e P. acnes morreram sete e nove semanas, respectivamente, após o desafio. Os cães controles apresentaram número significante de amastigotas de L. (L.) chagasi no fígado e baço, porém nos animais imunizados com a rLdccys1 nenhum parasita foi observado. No grupo imunizado com a rLdccys1 houve aumento crescente dos níveis séricos de IFN-γ durante a imunização que atingiu um pico uma semana após o desafio, enquanto que e a concentração de IL-10 foi mantida em níveis basais. Os dados do presente trabalho mostraram o potencial da rLdccys1 de L. (L.) chagasi para o diagnóstico e a imunoprofilaxia da LV canina, abrindo perspectivas para a imunização dos cães em larga escala nas regiões endêmicas de LV e a avaliação do impacto da proteção conferida nos animais imunizados na incidência da doença. / A recombinant protein, rLdccys1, produced by expression of the gene encoding a 30 kDa cysteine proteinase from Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, was used to detect specific antibodies in serum by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and to test for reactivity in delayed-type hipersensitivity (DTH) responses of dogs from an endemic region of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), Teresina, Piauí State, Brazil. The recombinant protein was also used for immunization of dogs and evaluation of its possible protective role against L. (L.) chagasi infection. The sensitivity for detection of specific antibodies to L. (L.) chagasi using rLdccys1 and lysates from L. (L.) chagasi promastigotes and amastigotes was 96%, 68%, and 69%, respectively. No cross reactivity between rLdccys1 and Chagas disease was observed, and little reactivity was found with sera from dogs with babesiosis and ehrlichiosis. The specificity of ELISA assays using rLdccys1, lysates from L. (L.) chagasi promastigotes and amastigotes was 96%, 69%, and 68%, respectively. DTH responses were determined after subcutaneous injection of rLdccys1 or L. (L.) chagasi amastigote extract and the induration area was measured at 24, 48 and 72 h after injection. All asymptomatic dogs showed a positive intradermal response to rLdccys1 (10 mm) which peaked at 48 h, whereas no significant reactivity to the recombinant antigen was found in the symptomatic group. DTH responses to rLdccys1 were higher than those induced by amastigote extract. Histological analysis of the intradermal induration showed a predominance of necrotic and hemorrhagic areas in sections from asymptomatic dogs injected with L. (L.) chagasi amastigote extract, whereas a typical granulomatous reaction mediated by mononuclear cells was observed in sections from asymptomatic animals injected with rLdccys1. Data analysis from ELISA and DTH assays with rLdccys1 and L. (L.) chagasi amastigote extracts showed that humoral and cellular responses were inversely correlated during the development of canine VL. Cellular immune responses induced by the recombinant antigen were evaluated after immunization of dogs with rLdccys1 plus Propionibacterium acnes. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from rLdccys1-immunized dogs showed significant stimulation indexes after in vitro incubation with either rLdccy1 or L. (L.) chagasi amastigote extracts. Cytokine dosages in the supernatants from lymphocyte cultures showed significant levels of IFN-γ, whereas IL-10 was not detected. Whereas 3 from 4 dogs immunized with rLdccys1 plus P. acnes and challenged by intraperitoneal injection of 1x104 L. (L.) chagasi amastigotes survived ten weeks after challenge, control dogs which received either PBS or P. acnes died after four and six weeks, respectively. The load of L. (L.) chagasi amastigotes in spleen, liver, and bone marrow from rLdccys1-immunized dogs was significantly reduced in comparison to that of non immunized controls. A significant concentration of IFN-γ and basal levels of IL-10 were detected in sera from dogs immunized with rLdccys1. All dogs immunized with rLdccys1 plus P. acnes and challenged by the bite of L. (L.) chagas infected Lutzomyia longipalpis survived until sixteen weeks after challenge, whereas control dogs injected with PBS or P. acnes died after seven and nine weeks, respectively. Control dogs showed a significant number of L. (L.) chagasi amastigotes in liver and spleen, but no parasites were found in rLdccys1- immunized dogs. During immunization with rLdccys1 there was an increase of serum levels of IFN-γ in the immunized dogs that peaked one week after challenge. In contrast, a very low concentration of IL-10 was detected in these animals. Overall, these findings indicate that L. (L.) chagasi recombinant cysteine proteinase is potentially useful for diagnosis and immunoprophylaxis of canine VL. We believe that results obtained open perspectives for immunization of dogs in the field and evaluation of the impact on the disease incidence. / TEDE / BV UNIFESP: Teses e dissertações

Les réactions de gonflements internes (RGI) sont des pathologies qui dégradent le béton de certains ouvrages tels que des barrages en étant à l'origine de gonflements. Electricité De France (EDF) doit assurer la sûreté des personnes et des biens situés à l'aval de ses structures. Ce travail a pour but d'améliorer la modélisation des phénomènes physiques liés à ces dégradations notamment l'interaction entre le produit gonflant et le squelette solide. La contrainte intraporeuse générée par la pression du produit peut créer un endommagement. Dans le modèle proposé, la fissuration peut avoir lieu à deux échelles : - Au niveau microscopique c'est le produit gonflant qui comble le volume libre autour du site de réaction avant de mettre en traction le matériau jusqu'à fissuration, ce qui provoque une baisse des caractéristiques du matériau (résistances en traction et en compression, module d'Young). Un critère de plasticité anisotrope et une loi d'écrouissage positif sont proposés pour modéliser ce phénomène. - Au niveau macroscopique, des gradients de gonflements peuvent se développer à l'intérieur d'ouvrages dont les états de contraintes et les conditions d'humidité et de température ne sont pas homogènes. Une fissuration localisée peut alors s'initier. Elle est la source de risques de dislocations des structures pouvant mener à leur ruine, de concentrations de contraintes dans les aciers structuraux, de chemins facilités pour les agents agressifs extérieurs et pour l'eau, composé essentiel au développement rapide de ces pathologies. La prise en compte des couplages hydro-poro-mécaniques est nécessaire à la simulation de ces phénomènes. Cette fissuration est modélisée par un critère plastique de Rankine anisotrope dont l'énergie dissipée par la fissuration est régularisée par la méthode d'Hillerborg. Après avoir présenté ce modèle, il est validé et appliqué à différentes échelles pour des états de contraintes et des conditions environnementales diverses, sur : - des éprouvettes soumises à des contraintes et des blocages multi-axiaux, - des poutres de laboratoire plus ou moins armées subissant des gradients d'humidité importants, - des barrages dans des conditions réelles construits dans les années 1950. Les résultats obtenus avec le modèle permettent de retrouver les déplacements, les contraintes et les résistances de ces structures après vieillissement. Pour les poutres atteintes de réaction alcali-silice, les résultats numériques obtenus montrent notamment une prise en compte réaliste des contraintes induites par la présence d'armatures, ce qui est confirmé par la validation du comportement à rupture. Néanmoins, des difficultés de calage subsistent pour les poutres subissant la réaction sulfatique interne. Elles sont issues des grandes amplitudes d'expansion et des couplages diffusion-fissuration qui rendent spécifique le comportement de ces structures par rapport à des structures subissant des expansions moins importantes. Ce modèle est un outil pour la requalification des ouvrages dans le but d'assurer leur sûreté. Il peut également servir de base de calcul à la simulation de diverses réhabilitations et travaux de confortements. / Internal swelling reactions (ISR) damage the concrete of structures such as dams. Electricité De France (EDF) must ensure the safety of the people and goods located below the dam. This work aims to improve the modeling of the physical phenomena related to these damages, especially the interaction between the swelling product and the solid skeleton. The intraporous stress generated by the product pressure can create cracking, which, in the proposed model, can occur at two scales: - At a microscopic scale, the swelling product fills the gaps around the reaction site, which induces cracking and a decrease of the materials' characteristics (tensile and compression strengths, Young's modulus). Numerically, an anisotropic plastic criteria and a hardening law allow modelling this phenomenon. - At a macroscopic level, swelling gradients can develop inside concrete structures whose stress states and climatic conditions (humidity and temperature) are not homogeneous. A localized cracking can begin. It is a source of structure dislocation risks and stress concentrations in structural reinforcement. It may ease the way in for outside aggressive agents and water, an essential component for these reactions. Hydro-poro-mechanical couplings need to be taken into account when simulating these phenomena. The cracking is modelled by a Rankine plastic criterion whose dissipated energy is regularized by the Hillerborg's method. After presenting the model, several stress states and environmental conditions are applied to the model in order to validate it on: - samples under multi-axial stresses and restraints, - plain and reinforced beams submitted to moisture gradients in laboratory, - 1950s dams in real conditions. The results of the model make it possible to reproduce the displacements, the stresses and residual strength of these structures after aging. For the beams submitted to alkali aggregate reaction, the numerical results show a relevant prediction of the stress induced by reinforcement, confirmed by the failure behaviour. Nevertheless, the model encounters calibration difficulties for beams affected by delayed ettringite formation. They come from large swelling amplitude and diffusion-cracking coupling which are inherent to these structure behaviours. This model is a tool for concrete structure requalification in order to ensure their safety. It can also be a basis for diverse rehabilitations and reinforcement works simulation.

This diploma thesis focuses on the communication competence of young learners with speech impediments. The theoretical part describes the development of young learners at primary school, speech ontogenesis from the child´s birth to their entering the first class. Then there is also analyzed communication and related communicative competence. Another section focuses on speech disorders, their classification. It is important to mention the prevention of speech therapy and the subsequent development of communication skills. The practical part is focused on research to determine the influence of defects on the level of speech communication skills of young pupils. This section is based on information obtained through interviews with teachers and five selected students´ parents at the basic school of speech therapy and the analysis of governesses and teachers´ diaries. The resulting data is recorded in case reports, tables and graphs.

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-02-03T12:02:42Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-03T12:02:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Introduction: Breast cancer stands out in the female population due to its high incidence and mortality. It is seen as a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries, where there are perceptible gaps in breast cancer care, especially regarding the identification of prognostic factors predictive of survival in women with this neoplasm. Biological characteristics intrinsic to carcinogenesis, clinical stage and socioeconomic factors are highlighted. Objective: To analyze predictors of survival in female breast cancer. Method: This is a retrospective observational cohort study of women diagnosed with assisted breast cancer at a clinical oncology service of a philanthropic hospital, located in a capital of the Northeast. The data were extracted from secondary sources by means of a structured script. The study population consisted of 100 women diagnosed with breast cancer started neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy, between 08/01/2011 and 31/12/2012, in the service where they were performed the research. The data were analyzed in a descriptive way and analytical. The MedCalc Statistical Software version 18 was used. Survival curves are presented as Kaplan-Meier curves, and the meaning was classified by the Log-rank test. The Cox regression model was used for multivariate prognostic analysis, and a binary logistic regression model was used to analyze the clinical factors of influence. Results: Most of the women were aged 50 or over, lived with a partner, had schooling less than or equal to eight years, family income between R$ 200.00 and R$ 1200.00 and lived outside the state capital. The sign most frequently mentioned by the women, who determined the search for health care was the nodule, and was identified through accidental palpation. Multivariate analysis using the Cox multivariate regression model with forced entry method showed that staging was an independent factor that affected the specific survival curve of women with breast cancer. The specific five-year survival rate for the non-advanced stage was 88.5%. Binary logistic regression identified that the advanced stage, age ≥50 years and delayed search for health care after identification of signs and symptoms were associated with death for women with breast cancer. Conclusion: It was identified that among the prognostic factors, the staging, has a significant impact on the reduction of the specific survival rates. It is essential to strengthen actions in primary health care, in addition to the implementation of an organized and permanent screening program.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ / Introducción: El cáncer de mama se destaca en la población femenina por la alta incidencia y mortalidad. Se considera un grave problema de salud pública, especialmente en los países en desarrollo, donde son perceptibles lagunas en la atención al cáncer de mama, sobre todo en lo que se refiere a la identificación de factores pronósticos de supervivencia en mujeres con esta neoplasia. Se destacan características biológicas intrínsecas a carcinogénesis, estadio clínico y factores socioeconómicos. Objetivo: Analizar predictores de supervivencia en el cáncer de mama femenino. Método: Se trata de un estudio de cohorte observacional retrospectivo de mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama asistidas en un servicio de oncología clínica de un hospital filantrópico, situado en una capital del Nordeste. Los datos fueron extraídos de fuentes secundarias por medio de un guión estructurado. La colecta fue realizada entre abril y diciembre de 2017. La población del estudio fue compuesta por 100 mujeres diagnosticadas con cáncer de mama y que iniciaron quimioterapia neoadyuvante o adyuvante, entre el 01/08/2011 y el 31/12/2012, en el servicio donde fue se realizó la investigación. Los datos fueron analizados de forma descriptiva y analítica. Se utilizó el software MedCalc Statistical versión 18. Las curvas de supervivencia se presentan como curvas de Kaplan-Meier, y el significado fue clasificado por el test Log-rank. El modelo de regresión de Cox se utilizó para el análisis pronóstico multivariado, y se utilizó un modelo de regresión logística binaria para analizar los factores clínicos de influencia. Resultados: La mayoría de las mujeres tenían edad superior o igual a 50 años, convivia con un compañero, tenía una escolaridad menor o igual a ocho años, ingreso familiar entre R $ 200,00 y R $ 1200,00 y residía fuera de la capital del estado. El signo más referido por las mujeres, que determinó la búsqueda por asistencia en salud fue el nódulo, habiendo sido identificado por medio de la palpación accidental. El análisis multifactorial utilizando el modelo de regresión multivariada de Cox con método de entrada forzada mostró que la estadificación fue un factor independiente que afectó la curva de sobrevida específica de mujeres con cáncer de mama. La tasa de supervivencia específica en cinco años para el estadio no avanzado fue del 88,5%. La regresión logística binaria identificó que el estadio avanzado, edad ≥ 50 años y retraso en la búsqueda de atención en salud después de la identificación de los signos y síntomas fueron asociados a la muerte para las mujeres con cáncer de mama. Conclusión: Se identificó que entre los factores pronósticos, la estadificación, impacta significativamente en la reducción de las tasas de sobrevida específica. Es imprescindible el fortalecimiento de acciones en el ámbito de la atención primaria, además de la efectividad de un programa de rastreo organizado y permanente. / Introdução: O câncer de mama destaca-se na população feminina pela alta incidência e mortalidade. É visto como um grave problema de saúde pública, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, onde são perceptíveis lacunas na atenção ao câncer de mama, sobretudo no que concerne à identificação de fatores prognósticos preditivos de sobrevida em mulheres com essa neoplasia. Destacam-se características biológicas intrínsecas a carcinogênese, estadio clínico e fatores socioeconômicos. Objetivo: Analisar preditores de sobrevida no câncer de mama feminino. Método: Trata-se de um estudo de coorte observacional retrospectiva de mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama assistidas em um serviço de oncologia clínica de um hospital filantrópico, situado em uma capital do Nordeste. Os dados foram extraídos de fontes secundárias por meio de roteiro estruturado. A coleta foi realizada entre abril e dezembro de 2017. A população do estudo foi composta por 100 mulheres diagnosticadas com câncer de mama e que iniciaram quimioterapia neoadjuvante ou adjuvante, entre 01/08/2011 e 31/12/2012, no serviço onde foi realizada a pesquisa.Os dados foram analisados de forma descritiva e analítica. Foi utilizado o Software MedCalc Statistical versão 18. As curvas de sobrevivência são apresentadas como curvas de Kaplan-Meier, e o significado foi classificado pelo teste Log-rank. O modelo de regressão de Cox foi utilizado para análise prognóstica multivariada, e um modelo de regressão logística binária foi utilizado para analisar os fatores clínicos de influência. Resultados: A maioria das mulheres tinha idade superior ou igual a 50 anos, convivia com companheiro, tinha escolaridade menor ou igual a oito anos, renda familiar entre R$ 200,00 e R$ 1200,00 e residia fora da capital do estado. O sinal mais referido pelas mulheres, que determinou a busca por assistência em saúde foi o nódulo, tendo sido identificado por meio da palpação acidental. A análise multifatorial utilizando o modelo de regressão multivariada de Cox com método de entrada forçada mostrou que o estadiamento foi um fator independente que afetou a curva de sobrevida específica de mulheres com câncer de mama.A taxa de sobrevida específica em cinco anos para o estadio não avançado foi de 88,5%. A regresão logística binária identificou que o estadio avançado, idade ≥ 50 anos e atraso na busca por atenção em saúde após a identificação dos sinais e sintomas foram associados à morte para as mulheres com cancer de mama. Conclusão: Foi identificado que dentre os fatores prognósticos, o estadiamento, impacta significativamente na redução das taxas de sobrevida específica. É imprescindível o fortalecimento de ações no âmbito da atenção primária, além da efetivação de um programa de rastreamento organizado e permanente. / Aracaju, SE