ABSTRAKT Bakgrund: Självskadebeteende är ett svårdefinierat och svårt problem att handskas med eftersom det oftast sker i hemlighet med en stor känsla av skam och skuld. Mörkertalet är stort och det är en känslig och svårbehandlad grupp, och denna grupp av människor har svårt att söka hjälp. Det finns en tydlig korrelation mellan självskadebeteende och suicidförsök. För att försöka få dessa personer att söka hjälp och minska risken för suicid måste det uppdagas varför dessa personer tvekar till att söka hjälp.   Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturöversikt är att beskriva varför personer med självskadebeteende tvekar till att söka hjälp.   Metod: Studien är en allmän litteraturöversikt av 8 vetenskapliga artiklar med kvalitativa data. Artiklarna har kvalitetsgranskats och analyserats genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys för att slutligen sammanställas. Databaser som användes var CINAHL, PubMed och PsycINFO.   Resultat: 5 kategorier identifierades: ”Vad är vitsen egentligen?”, “Vissa ser på en som att man vore ett monster”, “Jag vet inte vad jag ska göra eller vart jag ska vända mig”, “Jag skadade mig själv allvarligt med flit idag och nu skäms jag över det” och “Så länge det är under min kontroll är det lugnt”.   Konklusion: När personer med självskadebeteende söker hjälp och får ett negativt bemötande leder det till att deras rädsla att bli dömd bekräftas och känslorna av skuld och skam förstärks. Negativa erfarenheter av att söka vård leder till att hjälp inte söks i framtiden. För personerna som vill söka vård blir det inte lättare när vårdsystemet inte är tydligt med hur personen ska söka hjälp. / ABSTRACT History: Deliberate self-harm is a hard to define phenomena that is hard to deal with because it is often done in secret and with a great feeling of shame and guilt. These patients are hard to treat due to the sensitive nature of the subject and that is why there is a large number of unreported cases. There is a clear correlation between deliberate self-harm and suicide attempts. In order to facilitate help seeking in people who self-harm we need to find out why this group of people don’t seek help in the first place so that further suicide attempts are prevented.   Aim: The aim is to describe the hesitation to why people who self-harm does not seek help.   Method: This study is a qualitative literature review of 8 articles. The data was analyzed inspired by content analysis. The databases used were CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO.   Results: 5 categories were identified: “Really, what’s the point?”, “Some people look at you like you are some kind of monster”, “I don’t know what to do or where to turn”, “I hurt myself severely on purpose today and now I feel bad about it” and “As long as it’s under my control I’m fine”.   Conclusion: When people who self-harm seek professional help are met with a poor attitude by staff, their fear of being judged is confirmed and their sense of shame and guilt increases. A negative experience when seeking help may lead to a reluctance for future help-seeking. An unclear process on how to seek help is an obstacle for people trying to receive treatment.

This cross-sectional, exploratory study aimed to determine the prevalence and characteristics of self-harming behaviours among a sample of South African university students (N = 603), as well as the relationship between deliberate self-harm (DSH) and symptoms of depression and anxiety. A battery of instruments, including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory (DSHI) was administered to participants. Data were analysed by means of descriptive statistics, Chi Square tests, t-tests, and logistic regression analyses. The findings suggest high rates of DSH among the sample (46% lifetime prevalence; 36% 12-month prevalence). No significant gender differences were found in the rates of DSH. Participants from the combined Asian and Coloured racial group reported significantly higher rates of DSH than both White and Black participants. Participants aged 20-21 were significantly more likely to report DSH than those in other age groups. Overall, depression scores in the sample fell within the normal range (M = 15.79), while anxiety scores were found to be exceptionally high (state anxiety: M = 46.56; trait anxiety: M = 48.72). The findings suggest that participants with elevated levels of depression are significantly more likely to report DSH. A significant, negative relationship was found between DSH and state anxiety, while a positive yet insignificant relationship was found between DSH and trait anxiety. The findings of this exploratory study partially support the findings of international research investigating the relationship between DSH and depression and anxiety, but warrant further exploration in order to better understand the complexities of these relationships, particularly in the South African context. / Mini-Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / tm2015 / Psychology / MA / Unrestricted

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a form of psychopathology characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability with emotion regulation, impulse control, interpersonal relationships, and sense of self. While not a required diagnostic marker, the majority of individuals with BPD engage in some form of deliberate self-harm (e.g., suicide attempts, nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior) or suicide-related behavior (e.g., suicidal ideation, suicide threats). Longitudinal data from a sample of adolescent psychiatric inpatients who were hospitalized for deliberate self-harm and suicide-related behavior were followed for 5 years to investigate whether deliberate self-harm or suicide-related behaviors predicts BPD at 3-year follow-up and 5-year chart review. The extant data set consisted of 132 consecutively admitted adolescent psychiatric inpatients who completed a series of self-report questionnaires assessing deliberate self-harm and suicide-related behaviors, maladaptive familial behavior, peer victimization, and emotion regulation difficulties. Data regarding index psychiatric hospital admission diagnoses, childhood maltreatment, and BPD diagnoses were abstracted from the patient’s medical and psychiatric records and BPD was also assessed though a structured clinical interview. Suicide threats were the only variable found to be predictive of BPD at 5-year chart review. Other empirically (e.g., history of childhood maltreatment, maladaptive familial behavior, and peer victimization) and theoretically (e.g., emotion regulation difficulties) grounded constructs were also examined and were not found to be predictive of BPD in the current study. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate prospective associations between deliberate self-harm and suicide-related behaviors and BPD. Future directions and limitations of the research are discussed.

No description available.

Alcohol intoxication has been associated with deliberate self-harm (DSH). However, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are poorly understood. The primary purpose of this study was to examine pain tolerance (PT) as a potential mechanism underlying the relationship between alcohol intoxication and DSH. The secondary aim was to determine if borderline personality (BPD) features moderate the mediational model. This model was tested using secondary data of 210 non-alcohol dependent men and women (Mage = 26; SD = 6.97) who consumed a drink containing sufficient alcohol to produce average blood alcohol concentration (BAC) ranging from .000 through .100. Participants then engaged in a validated laboratory self-harm task (The Self-Aggression Paradigm). Results supported the notion that PT mediates the relationship between BAC and DSH. BPD moderated the indirect path between PT and DSH but not BAC and PT. This effect was prominent for men versus women. Clinical implications and future directions are discussed.

No description available.

Selbstvergiftung in der Akutmedizin – 2005–2012 Zusammenfassung Ziel. Beschreibung des Trends der akuten Selbstvergiftung in der Notfall- und Intensivmedizin. Methode. Elektronische Akten erwachsener Patienten, die zwischen 2005 und 2012 wegen einer akuten Selbstvergiftung infolge eines Selbstmordversuches (Selbstmordgruppe), einer Berauschung (Intoxikationsgruppe) oder Medikamentenüberdosierung zwecks Schmerzlinderung (Überdosierungsgruppe) in der Notaufnahme des Universitätsklinikums Leipzig eingewiesen worden waren, wurden ausgewertet. Ergebnisse. 3533 Patienten (62,6 % männlich) wurden identifiziert, mit einem Anstieg von 305 Fällen im Jahre 2005 auf 624 in 2012. Die Aufnahmerate bezogen auf die Gesamtaufnahmen stieg von 1,2 % im Jahre 2005 auf 1,9 % im Jahre 2012 an. 31,7 % der Patienten waren < 25 Jahre alt. Die Ursachen der Selbstvergiftung waren Suizidversuch (18,1 %), Intoxikation (76,8 %) und Medikamentenüberdosierung (2,9 %). Bei 80 Fällen war eine genaue Gruppenzuordnung nicht möglich. Während psychotrope Medikamente bei 71,6 % der Suizidversuche angewandt wurden, war Alkoholintoxikation die Ursache bei 80,1 % der Fälle in der Intoxikationsgruppe. Selbstvergiftung mit mindestens zwei Substanzen lag bei 52,0 % der Suizidversuche, 10,3 % der Intoxikationsgruppe und 29,7 % der Gruppe mit Medikamentenüberdosierung vor. Während die Alkoholintoxikation nach wie vor am häufigsten vorkam, gab es eine drastische Zunahme der Intoxikationen mit Cannabinoiden, Crystal Meth und Gamma- Hydroxybuttersäure in den Jahren 2011 und 2012. Eine Aufnahme auf die Intensivstation war bei 16,6 % der Fälle erforderlich. Es gab 22 Todesfälle (0,6 % der gesamten Studienpopulation), von denen 15 aus der Suizidgruppe (2,3 %), vier aus der Intoxikationsgruppe (0,15 %), und drei aus der nicht eindeutig zugeordneten Gruppe (3.8 %) waren. Zusammenfassung. Akute Selbstvergiftung ist ein zunehmendes medizinisches Problem. Psychotrope Medikamente stellen nach wie vor die häufigsten Suizidversuchsmittel dar. Obwohl die Alkoholintoxikation weiterhin am häufigsten vorkommt, nehmen illegale Drogen als notfallmedizinischer Einweisungsgrund zu. / Self-poisoning in the acute care medicine 2005–2012 Abstract Objective. To describe the trend of acute self-poisoning in the emergency and intensive care. Methods. Electronic charts of adults who presented to the emergency department of the University Hospital Leipzig with selfpoisoning following a suicide attempt (suicide group), intoxication (intoxication group), drug overdose for relief of pain or discomfort (drug overdose group) between 2005 and 2012 were analyzed. Results. 3533 adults (62.6 % males) were identified, with the yearly admissions increasing from 305 in 2005 to 624 in 2012. The admission rate in relation to the total emergency department admissions also increased, from 1.2 % in 2005 to 1.9 % in 2012. 31.7 % of the patients were younger than 25 years. The reasons for self-poisoning were suicide attempt (18.1 %), intoxication (76.8 %) and drug overdose (2.9 %). The reason could not be clearly classified in 80 patients. Psychotropic drugs were used in 71.6 % of suicide attempts, while alcohol was the sole cause of intoxication in 80.1 % of cases in the intoxication group. Self-poisoning using at least two substances was observed in 52.0 % of the suicide attempts, 10.3 % of those with intoxication and 29.7 % of those with drug overdose. While alcohol remains the most common cause of intoxication, there was a drastic increase in the consumption of cannabinoids, Crystal Meth and gamma-hydroxybutyrate in the years 2011 and 2012. ICU admission was necessary in 16.6 % of the cases. There were 22 deaths (0.6 % of the study population), of whom 15 were in the suicide group (2.3 %), four (0.15 %) in the intoxication group, and three in the not clearly classified group (3.8 %). Conclusion. Acute self-poisoning is an increasing medical issue. Psychotropic drugs remain the most common means of suicide attempt. Although alcohol intoxication is very frequent, intake of illicit drugs as the cause of emergency admission is increasing.

<p>The main purpose of this thesis was to take part of girl’s descriptions and experiences of their treatment for deliberate self-harm and to investigate whether they still experience effects of the treatment today. Our main research questions where; how do the girls describe their experiences of the treatment method, do the girls describe that they still experience any effects of the treatment, and finally how do the girls look back on their treatment today? In order to answer these questions, we carried out eight qualitative telephone interviews with girls that had undergone treatment in a specific treatment centre. We chose to analyze the material from the salutogenic theory and the concepts of SOC (sense of coherence) and with a hermeneutic approach. Our result showed that the treatment methods that where most important where dialectic behaviour therapy, horse therapy and finally environmental therapy. Several of the girls could see remaining effects of the treatment today, while other girls could not see any of these effects. A couple of the girls expressed that they should have been dead if they had not been taken care of by the treatment centre while other girls meant that the treatment did not make any difference.</p>

The main purpose of this thesis was to take part of girl’s descriptions and experiences of their treatment for deliberate self-harm and to investigate whether they still experience effects of the treatment today. Our main research questions where; how do the girls describe their experiences of the treatment method, do the girls describe that they still experience any effects of the treatment, and finally how do the girls look back on their treatment today? In order to answer these questions, we carried out eight qualitative telephone interviews with girls that had undergone treatment in a specific treatment centre. We chose to analyze the material from the salutogenic theory and the concepts of SOC (sense of coherence) and with a hermeneutic approach. Our result showed that the treatment methods that where most important where dialectic behaviour therapy, horse therapy and finally environmental therapy. Several of the girls could see remaining effects of the treatment today, while other girls could not see any of these effects. A couple of the girls expressed that they should have been dead if they had not been taken care of by the treatment centre while other girls meant that the treatment did not make any difference.

Avsiktligt självskadebeteende bland normalbefolkningen är ett välkänt men ännu relativt outforskat fenomen. Syftet med föreliggande studie var att kartlägga förekomst och former av, samt könsskillnader i, avsiktligt självskadebeteende i en ickeklinisk ungdomspopulation, samt att undersöka eventuella samband mellan självskadebeteende och hjälpbehov, självmordsförsök, självkänsla, copingstrategier och aggressivitet. En förenklad version av Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory administrerades tillsammans med övriga frågor bland 211 gymnasieungdomar i Mellansverige. Resultatet visade att 37 % av tonåringarna skadat sig själva under det senaste året. Signifikanta könsskillnader förekom gällande såväl prevalens som form av självskadebeteende. Självskadebeteende visade sig samvariera med hög grad av aggressivitet och låg självkänsla. Ungdomar med självskadebeteende använde sig av mer maladaptiva copingstrategier än andra ungdomar. / Deliberate self-harm in the normal population is a well known phenomenon, that is still relatively under-researched. The purpose of the present study was to examine the prevalence and methods of, and gender differences in, deliberate self-harm in an adolescent community sample. The relationships between deliberate self-harm and help-seeking behaviors, attempted suicide, self-esteem, coping strategies and aggression were also explored. A simplified version of The Deliberate Self-Harm Inventory was administered among 211 Swedish adolescents. Results showed a 37 % prevalence rate of self-harming behavior during the recent year. Significant gender differences regarding prevalence and methods of self-harm were identified, and high rates of deliberate self-harm was associated with high aggression, low self-esteem and maladaptive coping-strategies.