The objective of this thesis is to analyse implications of simultaneous performance of directorship and employment. The division of the relationship between a company and its manager into two different legal relations, governed by different fields of law (employment and commercial law) is a common practice in the Czech business environment. Despite of this, it is contrary to the Czech Supreme Court case law. Therefore, my research is aimed at verifying the "no simultaneous performance of functions" principle and summarising its legal and practical implications. Another goal of the paper is to analyse the contemplated bill to amend the Commercial Code which is currently subject to political discussions at the Lower Chamber of the Czech Parliament as well as to investigate its implications for the subjects of law. The thesis consists of three chapters, which do correspond to the main goals of the thesis, as stipulated in the Introduction. Chapter One is introductory and defines legal instruments that are material for the conclusions of the thesis. It summarises main legal differences between employment and directorship. Chapter Two is divided into five parts, each of them approaching the "no simultaneous performance of functions" principle from a different viewpoint. The first part examines relevant Czech...

O Ministério da Saúde adverte que o Diabetes Mellitus é um problema de saúde pública devido sua alta taxa de prevalência. Estudos demonstram a correlação entre o funcionamento psicodinâmico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e o controle glicêmico. Considerando que o controle glicêmico adequado minimiza os riscos para a mãe, o feto e o futuro bebê, salienta-se a importância de um atendimento psicoterápico na fase gestacional. Contudo, não existem pesquisas sobre Psicoterapia Breve Operacionalizada (PBO) enquanto técnica terapêutica para este tipo de população. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar possibilidades e limites da PBO no atendimento a gestantes portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) com mau controle glicêmico. A metodologia utilizada para a pesquisa foi o clinico-qualitativo. O estudo envolveu quatro gestantes portadoras de DM1 com mau controle glicêmico. As gestantes foram encaminhadas pela Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, local onde as mesmas são atendidas. Foram utilizados como instrumentos: entrevista clínica psicológica; Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada; e Psicoterapia Breve Operacionalizada. As gestantes que concordaram em participar assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido que após lido e explicado, foi assinado pela pesquisadora e gestante. Foram realizadas duas ou três entrevistas inicias para o diagnóstico adaptativo operacionalizado e planejamento da PBO. O número de sessões utilizadas para PBO foi definido conforme o diagnóstico adaptativo da gestante e sua situação-problema. As entrevistas e as sessões psicoterápicas tiveram duração de 45 minutos e frequência de uma vez por semana. A análise dos resultados foi realizada através da comparação entre o diagnóstico adaptativo operacionalizado realizado antes e depois da PBO. Foi verificado se ocorreu nas gestantes, durante estes períodos, mudanças adaptativas; além da averiguação das alterações no controle glicêmico, antes e após a PBO. A pesquisa expôs que houve mudanças de grupo adaptativo da qual as gestantes pertenciam. Cecília e Beatriz obtiveram melhora no diagnóstico adaptativo. Por intermédio do acompanhamento da evolução do controle glicêmico, pode-se verificar alterações com o decorrer da PBO: a porcentagem de hipoglicemias e hipoglicemias graves melhoraram; as porcentagens de valores alterados e de hiperglicemias, por sua vez, tiveram piora com o decorrer da gravidez, e, mesmo com a PBO, o rigoroso controle alimentar e insulinoterapia, inclusive em internações, foram dificilmente controlados. Das quatro gestantes estudadas duas tiveram crise adaptativa e as soluções encontradas por elas foram satisfatórias. O que pode restringir o processo psicoterapêutico é a transferência negativa persistente, contudo, ela pode ser trabalhada e minimizada. As possibilidades da PBO no atendimento às gestantes com DM1 encontradas na pesquisa foram: melhorar a eficácia da adaptação; auxiliar as pacientes em crise a solucionarem-na sem a queda da eficácia da adaptação; e, possibilitar as pacientes encontrarem soluções mais adequadas para suas situações-problema / The health ministry adverts that Diabetes Mellitus is a public health concern due to its high prevalence rate. Studies demonstrate the existing relation between the psychodynamic functioning of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the glycemic control. Considering that the adequate glycemic control minimizes risks for the mother, fetus and the future baby, it reinforces the importance of psychotherapeutic treatment during the pregnancy. However, there arent any researches on Operationalized Brief Psychotherapy (OBP) as a therapeutic technique for this kind of population. The aim of the research was to investigate the possibilities and the limits of OBP in the treating of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus with deficient glycemic control. The methodology used for the research was the clinical-qualitative method. The study involved four pregnant women with DM1 with deficient glycemic control. The women were appointed by the Obstetric Clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina from the University of São Paulo, place where they were already being treated. The instruments employed were Psychological Interviews, the Operationalized Adaptive Diagnosis Scale and Operationalized Brief Psychotherapy. The women who agreed to take part in the research signed a consent form that, after read and explained, was then signed by the research agent and the subjects. Two or three initial interviews took place for the Operationalized Adaptive Diagnosis and the planning of the. The number of sessions employed for the OPB was defined in accordance to the adaptive diagnosis of the subject and their problem-situation. The interviews and the psychotherapeutic sessions lasted 45 minutes with the frequency of once a week. The analysis of the results was made through the comparison between the operationalized adaptive diagnosis done before and after the OPB. During these periods, it was verified if there were any adaptive changes in the subjects and, moreover, the analysis of any alterations in the glycemic control before and after the OPB. The research showed that there were changes in the adaptive group to which the subjects belonged. Cecília and Beatriz had an improvement in the adaptive diagnosis. Through the analysis of the evolution of the glycemic control, it was possible to verify alterations during the OPB: the percentage of both hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia showed improvement; however, the percentage of altered rates and of hyperglycemia showed a downturn throughout the pregnancy and, even with the OPB, a strict diet control and insulin therapy, including during admissions, were hardly controlled. From the four pregnant women in the study, two of them had an adaptive crisis and the solution found by them was satisfactory. What can restrict the therapeutic process is the persisting negative transference, however, it can be minimized. The possibilities of the OPB in the treatment of pregnant women with DM1 found with the research were: improving the efficiency of the adaptation, assisting patients in crisis to resolve them without losses in adaptation efficiency and, make patients more able to find more adequate solutions to their problem-situations

O Ministério da Saúde adverte que o Diabetes Mellitus é um problema de saúde pública devido sua alta taxa de prevalência. Estudos demonstram a correlação entre o funcionamento psicodinâmico de pacientes com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 e o controle glicêmico. Considerando que o controle glicêmico adequado minimiza os riscos para a mãe, o feto e o futuro bebê, salienta-se a importância de um atendimento psicoterápico na fase gestacional. Contudo, não existem pesquisas sobre Psicoterapia Breve Operacionalizada (PBO) enquanto técnica terapêutica para este tipo de população. O objetivo da pesquisa foi investigar possibilidades e limites da PBO no atendimento a gestantes portadoras de diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (DM1) com mau controle glicêmico. A metodologia utilizada para a pesquisa foi o clinico-qualitativo. O estudo envolveu quatro gestantes portadoras de DM1 com mau controle glicêmico. As gestantes foram encaminhadas pela Clínica Obstétrica do Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, local onde as mesmas são atendidas. Foram utilizados como instrumentos: entrevista clínica psicológica; Escala Diagnóstica Adaptativa Operacionalizada; e Psicoterapia Breve Operacionalizada. As gestantes que concordaram em participar assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido que após lido e explicado, foi assinado pela pesquisadora e gestante. Foram realizadas duas ou três entrevistas inicias para o diagnóstico adaptativo operacionalizado e planejamento da PBO. O número de sessões utilizadas para PBO foi definido conforme o diagnóstico adaptativo da gestante e sua situação-problema. As entrevistas e as sessões psicoterápicas tiveram duração de 45 minutos e frequência de uma vez por semana. A análise dos resultados foi realizada através da comparação entre o diagnóstico adaptativo operacionalizado realizado antes e depois da PBO. Foi verificado se ocorreu nas gestantes, durante estes períodos, mudanças adaptativas; além da averiguação das alterações no controle glicêmico, antes e após a PBO. A pesquisa expôs que houve mudanças de grupo adaptativo da qual as gestantes pertenciam. Cecília e Beatriz obtiveram melhora no diagnóstico adaptativo. Por intermédio do acompanhamento da evolução do controle glicêmico, pode-se verificar alterações com o decorrer da PBO: a porcentagem de hipoglicemias e hipoglicemias graves melhoraram; as porcentagens de valores alterados e de hiperglicemias, por sua vez, tiveram piora com o decorrer da gravidez, e, mesmo com a PBO, o rigoroso controle alimentar e insulinoterapia, inclusive em internações, foram dificilmente controlados. Das quatro gestantes estudadas duas tiveram crise adaptativa e as soluções encontradas por elas foram satisfatórias. O que pode restringir o processo psicoterapêutico é a transferência negativa persistente, contudo, ela pode ser trabalhada e minimizada. As possibilidades da PBO no atendimento às gestantes com DM1 encontradas na pesquisa foram: melhorar a eficácia da adaptação; auxiliar as pacientes em crise a solucionarem-na sem a queda da eficácia da adaptação; e, possibilitar as pacientes encontrarem soluções mais adequadas para suas situações-problema / The health ministry adverts that Diabetes Mellitus is a public health concern due to its high prevalence rate. Studies demonstrate the existing relation between the psychodynamic functioning of patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and the glycemic control. Considering that the adequate glycemic control minimizes risks for the mother, fetus and the future baby, it reinforces the importance of psychotherapeutic treatment during the pregnancy. However, there arent any researches on Operationalized Brief Psychotherapy (OBP) as a therapeutic technique for this kind of population. The aim of the research was to investigate the possibilities and the limits of OBP in the treating of pregnant women with type 1 diabetes mellitus with deficient glycemic control. The methodology used for the research was the clinical-qualitative method. The study involved four pregnant women with DM1 with deficient glycemic control. The women were appointed by the Obstetric Clinic of the Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina from the University of São Paulo, place where they were already being treated. The instruments employed were Psychological Interviews, the Operationalized Adaptive Diagnosis Scale and Operationalized Brief Psychotherapy. The women who agreed to take part in the research signed a consent form that, after read and explained, was then signed by the research agent and the subjects. Two or three initial interviews took place for the Operationalized Adaptive Diagnosis and the planning of the. The number of sessions employed for the OPB was defined in accordance to the adaptive diagnosis of the subject and their problem-situation. The interviews and the psychotherapeutic sessions lasted 45 minutes with the frequency of once a week. The analysis of the results was made through the comparison between the operationalized adaptive diagnosis done before and after the OPB. During these periods, it was verified if there were any adaptive changes in the subjects and, moreover, the analysis of any alterations in the glycemic control before and after the OPB. The research showed that there were changes in the adaptive group to which the subjects belonged. Cecília and Beatriz had an improvement in the adaptive diagnosis. Through the analysis of the evolution of the glycemic control, it was possible to verify alterations during the OPB: the percentage of both hypoglycemia and severe hypoglycemia showed improvement; however, the percentage of altered rates and of hyperglycemia showed a downturn throughout the pregnancy and, even with the OPB, a strict diet control and insulin therapy, including during admissions, were hardly controlled. From the four pregnant women in the study, two of them had an adaptive crisis and the solution found by them was satisfactory. What can restrict the therapeutic process is the persisting negative transference, however, it can be minimized. The possibilities of the OPB in the treatment of pregnant women with DM1 found with the research were: improving the efficiency of the adaptation, assisting patients in crisis to resolve them without losses in adaptation efficiency and, make patients more able to find more adequate solutions to their problem-situations

有鑑於臺灣地區已在民國八十二年步入「老人國」之列，顯示老年人的經濟問題已不容忽視。尤其是女性老人，更是最易落入貧窮的一個族群，因此，本研究即在探討老年婦女陷入貧窮之因素及困境，研究目的有三： 1.探討婦女在老年陷入貧窮困境的因素。 2.探索貧窮的老年婦女之生活困境，以及她們如何適應。 3.依據研究結果提出政策上的建議。 本研究採取女性主義者對女性陷入貧窮因素的解釋，輔以生命週期的觀點，來探討在女性的一生中，累積經濟資源（主要是工作薪資及財產繼承）的能力與機會如何影響到其在老年期的經濟地位。另外，也探討年滿65歲的老年婦女一旦陷入貧窮，她們所面臨在經濟上、健康醫療上、住屋上、心理適應及社會疏離的困境，以及她們如何適應。 本研究係採「質化研究法」，深入訪談十二位領取中低收入戶老人生活津貼的老年婦女，藉以勾勒出其生活狀況，及其一生中面臨的困境與難關。研究結果顯示，由於女性身為經濟依賴者的身份，因此，陷入貧窮最大的因素在於被依賴者無法提供充足的經濟生活。而女性的被依賴者包含丈夫、子女及自己（含娘家）。由女性的一生看起來，她們先是生在不甚富裕的家庭裡，於是無法對她們做人力投資，再加上勞力市場的性別歧視，使她們無法靠自己的力量賺取薪資。除此之外，娘家的困窘也無法提供任何財產的繼承。而後，在婚姻市場上也找不到條件較佳的丈夫，經濟生活得不到保障。而在這種貧困的條件下，對所生育的子女自也無法做良好的投資，培育其人力資本，影響到在勞力市場的表現，再加上子女若無撫養之意願，「養兒防老」的期待自然落空。 更深一層去探究老年婦女陷入貧窮的因素，其實是受到「父權主義」操縱的影響。由父權主義延伸的「性別勞力分工」的概念，形塑了「男主外，女主內」的分工方式，於是女性擔負起無酬的家務工作及照顧工作的責任，再加上女性在教育、財產繼承、勞力市場等所受到的不平等待遇，使她們要靠自己的力量賺取薪資是相當不容易的，於是她們的經濟生活只能依賴男性，而當男性無法支持時，就無可避免的陷入貧窮。 歸納起來，受訪者正式進入社會救助體系的導火線不外三種：健康、住屋、以及工作中斷。這些事件的發生使得她們原本即不充裕的經濟生活更是陷入困境，在沒有其他支持體系的情況下，唯有進入社會救助中低或低收入戶的體系，以獲得生活上的補助。面對貧窮這項事實，大多的受訪者都抱持宿命論的態度。而在適應的方法上，受訪者多是參與宗教活動、運動、與鄰居聊天等方式來調適自己的心情。但由她們所從事的活動看來，侷限於自家附近，並很明顯的偏向從事免費的活動，形成了社會疏離的現象。會造成這種現象的因素即是因為受訪者受限於經濟狀況、教育程度以及自卑心理，使她們與外界聯繫的程度不高。 根據研究結果，研究者提出幾點建議： 1.減少就業市場的性別歧視。 2.減少因家務照顧責任的損失。 3.合理計算貧窮線之基準，並規劃相關的補助措施。 4.鼓勵低收入戶老人參與文康休閒活動，及加強對低收入戶獨居老人的問安服務。 5.規劃國民年金制度。 本研究之研究限制有二： 1.無法推論及概化。 2.信度與效度的問題。

L’insuline est une hormone essentielle qui induit des réponses complexes dans l’organisme pour maintenir l’homéostasie du glucose et des lipides. La résistance à son action est un phénomène pathologique observé dans un large éventail de situations, allant de l’obésité et du syndrome métabolique à la stéatose hépatique et au diabète de type 2, qui aboutissent au développement de l’athérosclérose et de la mortalité. Des avancées remarquables ont été réalisées dans notre compréhension des mécanismes moléculaires responsables du développement de la résistance à l’action de l’insuline. En particulier, l’induction d’un stress cellulaire par des taux élevés d’acides gras libres (AGL) et des cytokines, via l’activation des protéines Ser/Thr kinases, qui augmente la phosphorylation sur des résidus sérine, des molécules critiques impliquées dans la signalisation insulinique (p. ex. IR, IRS et p85) et conduit à la diminution de la réponse cellulaire à l’insuline. Cependant, la plupart des chercheurs ont limité leur travail dans l’investigation du rôle des protéines kinases susceptibles de modifier la réponse cellulaire à l’insuline. Donc, peu de données sont disponibles sur le rôle des Protéines Ser/Thr phosphatases (PS/TPs), même si il est bien établi que la phosphorylation de ces protéines est étroitement régulée par un équilibre entre les activités antagonistes des Ser/Thr kinases et des PS/TPs. Parmi les PS/TPS, PPM1A (également connu sous le nom PP2Cα) est une phosphatase particulièrement intéressante puisqu’il a été suggéré qu’elle pourrait jouer un rôle dans la régulation du métabolisme lipidique et du stress cellulaire. Ainsi, en se basant sur des résultats préliminaires de notre laboratoire et des données de la littérature, nous avons émis l’hypothèse selon laquelle PPM1A pourrait améliorer la sensibilité à l’insuline en diminuant l’activité des protéines kinases qui seraient activées par le stress cellulaire induit par l’augmentation des AGL. Ces effets pourraient finalement améliorer le métabolisme glucidique et lipidique dans l’hépatocyte. Ainsi, pour révéler le rôle physiologique de PPM1A à l’échelle d’un animal entier, nous avons généré un modèle animal qui la surexprime spécifiquement dans le foie. Nous décrivons ici notre travail afin de générer ce modèle animal ainsi que les premières analyses pour caractériser le phénotype de celui-ci. Tout d’abord, nous avons remarqué que la surexpression de PPM1A chez les souris C57BL/6J n’a pas d’effets sur le gain de poids sur une longue période. Deuxièmement, nous avons observé que PPM1A a peu d’effets sur l’homéostasie du glucose. Par contre, nous avons montré que sa surexpression a des effets significatifs sur l’homéostasie du glycogène et des triglycérides. En effet, nous avons observé que le foie des souris transgéniques contient moins de glycogène et de triglycérides que le foie de celles de type sauvage. De plus, nos résultats suggèrent que les effets de la surexpression de PPM1A pourraient refléter son impact sur la synthèse et la sécrétion des lipides hépatiques puisque nous avons observé que sa surexpression conduit à l’augmentation la triglycéridémie chez les souris transgéniques. En conclusion, nos résultats prouvent l’importance de PPM1A comme modulateur de l’homéostasie hépatique du glucose et des lipides. Des analyses supplémentaires restent cependant nécessaires pour confirmer ceux-ci et éclaircir l’impact moléculaire de PPM1A et surtout pour identifier ses substrats. / Insulin is a key hormone that elicits complex responses in the body to maintain glucose and lipid homeostasis. Impaired sensitivity to insulin is present throughout a spectrum of inter-related disorders ranging from obesity and metabolic syndrome to hepatic steatosis and type 2 diabetes, which promotes atherogenesis and mortality. Remarkable strides have been achieved in the molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of insulin resistance that has been associated with a chronic inflammatory state and an activation of cellular stress responses. In particular, the activation of cellular stress by elevated levels of free fatty acids (FFA) and cytokines, via upstream protein Ser/Thr kinases, increase the serine phosphorylation of critical molecules involved in insulin signaling pathway (e.g. IR, IRS and p85) and leads to decreased insulin response. However, most of the investigators have limited their works to stress-activated kinases capable of altering the cellular insulin responsiveness. Conversely, limited data are available on upstream Protein Ser/Thr phosphatases (PS/TPs), even if it is well established that the activity of stress-activated kinases is tightly regulated by a delicate balance between the opposing activities of both Ser/Thr kinases and PS/TPs. Among the PS/TPs associated with insulin resistance conditions, PPM1A (also known as PP2Cα) is of particular interest in the regulation of lipid metabolism and cellular stress. Based on our recent findings and preliminary data, we postulate that PPM1A plays a significant role in insulin resistance via dephosphorylation and lessening of FFA-activated stress kinases, mainly in the liver, an important organ in glucose and lipid metabolism. More specifically, we hypothesize that increasing PPM1A activity might improve the insulin responsiveness by down regulating the activity of stress-activated kinases and by improving lipid metabolism in the hepatocyte. Thus, to reveal the physiological role of PPM1A in whole animal, we generated an animal model that overexpresses PPM1A specifically in the liver. In the present research report, we describe our work to generate this animal model as well as the initial analyses to characterize the phenotype of these mice. Accordingly, we first noticed that overexpression of PPM1A in C57BL/6J mice has no effects on weight gain over a long period. Secondly, we observed that PPM1A has subtle effects on glucose homeostasis. However and more importantly, we showed that overexpression of PPM1A has a significant effect on both glycogen and triglycerides homeostasis. Indeed, we observed that the liver of PPM1A transgenic mice had less glycogen and triglycerides than their littermates’ wild type mice. Our results suggest that these effects might reflect the impact of PPM1A on lipids synthesis and secretion since we observed that overexpression of PPM1A leads to increase the triglyceridemia in the transgenic mice. En conclusion, our results pinpoint PPM1A as an important modulator of hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism. However, further analyses are needed to confirm these results, to decipher the molecular impact of PPM1A and particularity to identify its substrates.

La division cellulaire est influencée par les différents stimuli provenant de l’extérieur ou de l’intérieur de la cellule. Plusieurs réseaux enzymatiques élaborés au cours de l’évolution relayent l’information générée par ces signaux. Les modules MAP kinases sont extrêmement importants au sein de la cellule. Chez l’humain, 14 MAP kinases sont regroupées en sept voies distinctes intervenant dans le contrôle d’une myriade de processus cellulaires. ERK3/4 sont des homologues de ERK1/2 pour lesquelles on ne connaît que très peu de choses concernant leurs fonctions et régulation. Ces MAP kinases sont dites atypiques puisqu’elles ont des particularités structurales et des modes de régulation qui diffèrent des autres MAP kinases classiques. Ainsi, notre laboratoire a démontré que l’activité de ERK3 est régulée par le système ubiquitine-protéasome et qu’elle pourrait avoir un rôle à jouer dans le contrôle de la différenciation et la prolifération cellulaire. La première étude présentée décrit la régulation de ERK3 au cours du cycle cellulaire. Nous avons observé que ERK3 est hyperphosphorylée et s’accumule spécifiquement au cours de la mitose. Des analyses de spectrométrie de masse ont mené à l’identification de quatre sites de phosphorylation situés à l’extrémité du domaine C-terminal. Nous avons pu démontrer que la kinase mitotique CDK1/cycline B phosphoryle ces sites et que les phosphatases CDC14A et CDC14B les déphosphorylent. Finalement, nous démontrons que la phosphorylation mitotique de ERK3 a pour effet de la stabiliser. Au début de mes études doctorales, la kinase MK5 fut identifiée comme premier partenaire et substrat de ERK3. MK5 a très peu de fonctions connues. Des données dans la littérature suggèrent qu’elle peut moduler le cycle cellulaire dans certaines conditions. Par exemple, MK5 a récemment été identifié comme inducteur de la sénescence induite par l’oncogène Ras. Dans la deuxième étude, nous décrivons une nouvelle fonction de MK5 dans le contrôle du cycle cellulaire. Nous démontrons par des expériences de gain et perte de fonction que MK5 ralentit l’entrée en mitose suite à un arrêt de la réplication. Cette fonction est dépendante de l’activité enzymatique de MK5 qui régule indirectement l’activité de CDK1/cycline B. Finalement, nous avons identifié Cdc25A comme un nouveau substrat in vitro de MK5 dont la surexpression supprime l’effet de MK5 sur l’entrée en mitose. En conclusion, nos résultats décrivent un nouveau mécanisme de régulation de ERK3 au cours de la mitose, ainsi qu’une nouvelle fonction pour MK5 dans le contrôle de l’entrée en mitose en réponse à des stress de la réplication. Ces résultats démontrent pour la première fois l’implication de ces protéines au cours de la transition G2/M. Nos travaux établissent de nouvelles pistes d’études pour mieux comprendre les rôles encore peu définis des kinases ERK3/4-MK5. / The process of cell division is largely influenced by extracellular and intracellular cues. Many enzymatic pathways refined during evolution propagate the information generated by those cues. MAP kinase modules are extremely important within the cells. Human genome encodes 14 MAP kinases genes grouped into seven distinct pathways involved in the control of many cellular processes. ERK3/4 are kinases homologous to ERK1/2. Very little is known about their regulation and molecular functions. These MAP kinases are described as being atypical based on their unique structural characteristics and mode of regulation. Our laboratory was the first to demonstrate that the activity of ERK3 is mainly regulated by the ubiquitin-proteasome system in proliferating cells. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest a role for ERK3 in the control of cell differentiation and proliferation. The first study presented herein documents the regulation of ERK3 during the cell cycle. We observed that ERK3 is hyperphosphorylated and accumulated specifically during mitosis. Mass spectrometry analyses led to the identification of four phosphorylation sites located in the C-terminal domain. We demonstrate that mitotic kinase CDK1/cyclin B phosphorylates these sites which are dephosphorylated by Cdc14A and Cdc14B phosphatases. Finally, we show that mitotic phosphorylation of ERK3 controls its stability. At the beginning of my Ph.D. training, the kinase MK5 was the first identified binding partner and substrate of ERK3. MK5 is implicated in very few cellular functions. Data suggest that under certain conditions it modulates cell cycle progression. For example, MK5 was recently identified as a tumor suppressor gene essential for ras-induced senescence. In the second study of this thesis, we describe a novel function of MK5 in cell cycle progression. Gain and loss of function experiments demonstrate that MK5 delays G2/M transition following replicative stress. This function depends on its catalytic activity to indirectly regulates CDK1/cyclin B. Finally, we identified Cdc25A as a good in vitro substrate for MK5. Interestingly, Cdc25A expression inhibits MK5-induced delay of entry into mitosis. In conclusion, our results described a novel mechanism of regulation of ERK3 during mitosis and a novel function of MK5 in the control of G2/M transition after replicative stress. These data demonstrate for the first time the relation between these kinases and the G2/M transition. Our work should contribute to a better understanding of the roles of ERK3/4-MK5 kinases.

Ce travail permet de résoudre des problemes d'optimisation LMI dependant rationnellement d'un ou plusieurs parametres. Ce resultat est fondamental car il ouvre une solution efficace a la classe extremement large des problemes se formulant comme un probleme d'optimisation LMI dependant de parametres. En Automatique, une telle classe de problemes comprend celle de la conception de cor- recteurs dependant de parametres. Un cas particulier important est celui de la commande des systµemes non lineaires par sequencement de gains. Au depart, cette classe de problemes d'Automatique a ete motive par une nouvelle application possible : la conception de correcteurs dont les gains sont une fonction explicite du cahier des charges, baptises " correcteurs rereglables ". L'interet est de permettre un rereglage aise sur site d'exploitation par un utilisateur neophyte en Automatique, voire un rereglage automatique. Ce travail a permis de formaliser ce problµeme de rereglage, d'en proposer une solution complete et de la valider.

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken to examine the impact of organizational support on work-family conflict experienced by Taiwanese working women. A stress model of work and family interference was applied in the Taiwanese context; the current study examined whether the results of western studies of work-family conflict can be generalised to the Taiwanese population. The enactment of the Gender Equality of Employment Law in Taiwan in 2002 was a further impetus for the research. The study examined the effects of organizational family-friendly policies and cultural support of family responsibilities on work-family conflict and well-being. Women (aged between 15 and 64 years) in paid employment working in three public universities in northern Taiwan formed the sample population for this research. Stratified random sampling by occupation was used to enhance representativeness. The total sample consisted of 441 participants, made up of 288 general staff and 153 academic staff. The data was collected with several tested and widely used instruments (including the Family-Friendly Policies Usage and Satisfaction Questionnaires, Work-Family Culture Questionnaire, Work-Family Conflict Scale, Job Satisfaction Questionnaire, Family Satisfaction Questionnaire, Perceived Stress Scale, and Physical Symptoms Inventory). Descriptive analysis was used to examine demographic variables and all the measures; correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between selected research variables; T-test, chi-square test and one-way ANOVA were used to characterize the differences between groups. Hierarchical multiple regression was performed to test the research hypotheses. The findings showed that work-family conflict was strongly linked with lower job and family satisfaction, greater stress and more severe physical ailments. Implementing family-friendly policies and creating a supportive work environment can help working women to manage their work-family conflict and improve their health outcomes. A supportive organizational culture has been confirmed by this research as important in preventing the negative consequences of work-family conflict. However, such conflict did not predict the levels of physical symptoms. Employer-supported dependant care policies were not associated with the level of work-family conflict. In addition, organizational cultural support did not predict the usage of family-friendly policies. This study has provided evidence that some relationships could be generalised, across western and Chinese societies, between organizational support and work-family conflict, and between work-family conflict and an individual's well-being, although specificities within each cultural remain and require different methods of assessment. In conclusion, a western theoretical model of work-family conflict was found to be acceptable and feasible to implement within the Taiwanese population, since the majority of the hypotheses were supported. This research provided valuable information for healthcare professionals, policy makers and organizations, presenting ways to help working women to manage the conflicting demands of work and family roles better.

Nous proposons dans cette thèse la méthode STREE de construction d'arbres de décision avec des données symboliques. Ce type de données permet de caractériser des individus de niveau supérieur qui peuvent être des classes ou catégories d’individus ou des concepts au sens des treillis de Galois. Les valeurs des variables, appelées variables symboliques, peuvent être des ensembles, des intervalles ou des histogrammes. Le critère de partitionnement récursif est une combinaison d'un critère par rapport aux variables explicatives et d'un critère par rapport à la variable à expliquer. Le premier critère est la variation de la variance des variables explicatives. Quand il est appliqué seul, STREE correspond à une méthode descendante de classification non supervisée. Le second critère permet de construire un arbre de décision. Il s'agit de la variation de l'indice de Gini si la variable à expliquer est nominale et de la variation de la variance si la variable à expliquer est continue ou bien est une variable symbolique. Les données classiques sont un cas particulier de données symboliques sur lesquelles STREE peut aussi obtenir de bons résultats. Il en ressort de bonnes performances sur plusieurs jeux de données UCI par rapport à des méthodes classiques de Data Mining telles que CART, C4.5, Naive Bayes, KNN, MLP et SVM. STREE permet également la construction d'ensembles d'arbres de décision symboliques soit par bagging soit par boosting. L'utilisation de tels ensembles a pour but de pallier les insuffisances liées aux arbres de décisions eux-mêmes et d'obtenir une décision finale qui est en principe plus fiable que celle obtenue à partir d'un arbre unique. / In this thesis, we propose the STREE methodology for the construction of decision trees with symbolic data. This data type allows us to characterize individuals of higher levels which may be classes or categories of individuals or concepts within the meaning of the Galois lattice. The values of the variables, called symbolic variables, may be sets, intervals or histograms. The criterion of recursive partitioning is a combination of a criterion related to the explanatory variables and a criterion related to the dependant variable. The first criterion is the variation of the variance of the explanatory variables. When it is applied alone, STREE acts as a top-down clustering methodology. The second criterion enables us to build a decision tree. This criteron is expressed as the variation of the Gini index if the dependant variable is nominal, and as the variation of the variance if thedependant variable is continuous or is a symbolic variable. Conventional data are a special case of symbolic data on which STREE can also get good results. It has performed well on multiple sets of UCI data compared to conventional methodologies of Data Mining such as CART, C4.5, Naive Bayes, KNN, MLP and SVM. The STREE methodology also allows for the construction of ensembles of symbolic decision trees either by bagging or by boosting. The use of such ensembles is designed to overcome shortcomings related to the decisions trees themselves and to obtain a finaldecision that is in principle more reliable than that obtained from a single tree.

L’objectif de cette thèse est de mener une réflexion sur les systèmes de couverture des risques de catastrophes naturelles en accordant une place particulière à la perception que les agents économiques ont des caractéristiques de ces risques. Il s’agit d’une part de mieux comprendre les déterminants des systèmes de couverture existant dans le monde et des comportements individuels, et d’autre part de comparer les différentes formes d’intervention publique face à ces risques. Nos travaux, essentiellement empiriques, s’appuient sur des données statistiques issues d’organismes internationaux et de centres de recherche sur les risques, mais aussi sur des données comportementales issue d’une expérience contrôlée. La typologie des systèmes d’assurance contre le risque d’inondation dans le monde que nous élaborons montre que le système public est globalement dominant et surtout appliqué dans les pays à faible revenu et à forte exposition au risque, le système mixte public/privé étant principalement appliqué dans des pays riches et relativement peu exposés. Concernant la demande d’assurance, ladisponibilité à payer pour s’assurer contre les risques naturels est significativement plus faible que celle pour les autres risques et ce, indépendamment des probabilités et des montants de perte. En comparant différents systèmes d’intervention publique, nous montrons que la mesure la plus efficace semble être une subvention de la prime d’assurance, mais qui peut être très coûteuse si la population est majoritairement composée d’individus présentant de forts biais dans la perception des risques. / The objective of this thesis is to better understand the determinants of natural catastrophe insurance systems in the world, as well as of individual behavior towards these risks. We also compare the efficiency of different public intervention forms in catastrophe risk management. Our data come from international organizations, research centers and one controlled experiment. From the typology of countries in terms of flood insurance that we elaborate it appears that the publicly provided flood insurance system is globally dominant and mainly applied in low-income countries with high risk exposure. Mixed public / private system are mainly applied in rich countries with low risk exposure. Concerning insurance demand, the willingness to pay for insurance is significantly lower for catastrophe risks than for other, standard risks, regardless of probability and amount of loss. Comparing different public intervention systems, we show that the most efficient measure is insurance premium subsidy but its costs can be very high for individual whose risk perception is biased.