Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a fonologia da língua Hakitía, língua esta de origem românica falada pela comunidade judaicomarroquina no norte do Brasil. A pesquisa objetiva descrever e documentar esse idioma e quais de seus elementos ainda resistem; e assim, compreender o que acontece com uma língua que tem, praticamente, 516 anos de existência. Esta geração é a última que existe em se tratando dos falantes. Faz-se uma breve contextualização histórica da hakitía, voltando-se à sua origem na Espanha, com a expulsão dos judeus, em 1492, pelos reis Isabel de Castela e Fernando de Aragão, suas várias rotas de exílio, dentre elas, o Marrocos, no norte da África, e, a partir daí até Eretz Amazônia. A pesquisa tem como base metodológica pressupostos gerais da linguística estruturalista, no que se refere à sua descrição. / This study aims at describing the phonology of the Hakitia language, a language of Romanic origin, spoken by the Jewish Maroccan community living in the North of Brazil. This research aims at describing and documenting such language and which of its elements still remains, with the purpose of understanding what has occurred with a language that is, virtually, 516 years old. As far as speaking is concerned, this generation of Hakitian speakers is the last one we know about. We present a brief historical background of the Hakitia language since its origin in Spain until the expulsion of the Jews from this country by the kings Ferdinand and Isabella the Catholic. We examine also their several routes of exile, among which Marrocco in Northern Africa and from there to Amazon Eretz. The methodological underpinnings used to describe this research came from the general assumptions of structural linguistics.

No sudeste e sul do Brasil, os peixes da família Sciaenidae estão entre os peixes mais pescados sobre a plataforma continental interna. O conhecimento da ocorrência tanto espacial quanto temporal dos indivíduos na fase de transformação, que se estabelecem no local onde se desenvolverão, torna-se informação fundamental para o entendimento do ciclo de vida das espécies e, por extensão, para ações de preservação e de manejo de recurso. Porém, descrições das espécies de Sciaenidae na fase de transformação são escassas, impedindo a identificação desses peixes. Neste trabalho são estudadas 22 espécies das 28 de Sciaenidae do sudeste e sul do Brasil no estágio de desenvolvimento de transformação com base em material acumulado nas instituições que mantém coleções de peixe. Séries de crescimento de 16 dessas espécies foram morfologicamente descritas e ilustradas, bem como elaborada uma chave de identificação das espécies que ocorrem na área. A ocorrência espacial e temporal das amostras foram mapeadas, sendo estimada a época de nascimento e confrontada com a literatura sobre crescimento e reprodução. Foi observado que a maioria das espécies se restringe a estuários e baías, em águas rasas, havendo indícios de predomínio da época de nascimento (e portanto, de desova) no verão. / In the southeast and south of Brazil, the Sciaenidae are among the most caught fishes on the shallow waters of the continental shelf. Spacial and temporal occurrence knowledge of individuals at the transformation stage is a fundamental information for understanding the life cycle of the species and, by extension, for preservation and management action. Morphological descriptions of Sciaenidae fishes at that developmental stage are scarce, preventing their taxonomic identification. In this work 22 species from the 28 of Sciaenidae in the southeast and south of Brazil are studied on the transformation stage based on material from the institutions that maintain collections of fish. Series of growth of 16 of these species were morphologically described and illustrated, as well as draft a key to identify the species that occur in the area. The spacial and temporal distribution of the samples were mapped, being estimated the time of birth and faced with the literature on growth and reproduction. It was observed that most species are strict to shallow waters of estuaries and bays, with evidence of the predominance of the time of birth (and therefore spawning) in the summer.

Thesis advisor: Richard Cobb-Stevens / This essay addresses the problems posed by proper names in regards to their relationship to that which they name (their "reference"). This relation of a name to its reference serves as a model for how language in general relates to the world as it actually is, making the question of what a name names of vital epistemological importance. The main problem posed by proper names is whether they simply denote, or whether they connote (i.e. have some informational content), and if they connote, what picture should we give of that content? This essay critiques a variety of theories about proper names, including those of Frege, Russell, Kripke, Searle, Evans, and Sainsbury. It concludes that names of unique entities do have informational content, in the form of a yet unspecified family of definite descriptions that rigidly designate an individual, which arises out of various causal chains of communication in a community. / Thesis (BA) — Boston College, 2007. / Submitted to: Boston College. College of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Philosophy. / Discipline: College Honors Program.

A reutilização de conhecimento é uma tarefa chave para qualquer sistema computacional. Entretanto, o reúso indiscriminado desse conhecimento pode gerar resultados conflitantes com o objetivo de uso do conhecimento, levando sistemas a se comportarem de maneira imprevisível. Neste trabalho estudamos as consequências do reúso de conhecimento em ontologias baseadas em lógicas de descrição. Focamos principalmente nos problemas que podem ser causados pela fusão de ontologias. Investigamos e comparamos a capacidade das ferramentas de desenvolvimento de ontologias atuais de lidarem com esses problemas e como a teoria se desenvolveu para resolver os mesmos problemas. Realizamos a construção de um arcabouço lógico e de software, organizado na forma de um processo, que tem como objetivo auxiliar o projetista de ontologias a resolver conflitos advindos da fusão. O processo agrupa tarefas descritas normalmente na literatura em separado. Acreditamos que a união dessas abordagens leva a uma melhor solução de conflitos. Durante o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, concentramos nossos esforços principalmente no desenvolvimento de algoritmos para a construção de sub-ontologias maximais, onde os conflitos não ocorram, bem como a ordenação desses conjuntos segundo critérios comuns discutidos na literatura. Tais estratégias foram implementadas em software e testadas utilizando dados gerados automaticamente e dados reais. / Knowledge reuse is a key task during any system development. Nevertheless, careless knowledge reuse may generate conflicting outcomes regarding the system goal, leading such systems to unpredictable behaviour. With that in mind, during this research we studied the consequences of knowledge reuse in ontologies based on description logics. We focused mainly on conflicts arising from ontology merging. We investigated and compared the features developed for this purpose on ontology development tools and how the theory field proposed to deal with the same issues. We developed both a logical and a software framework grouped into a process that aims to help the ontology designer solve conflicts arising from ontology merging. The process groups common tasks that are normally described separately. We believe that the unification of these approaches should result in a better solution for the merging conflicts. We concentrated our efforts during this work on building algorithms for building maximal sub-ontologies where such conflicts are non-existent as well as means for ordering such sets according to a few relevance criteria commonly described at the literature. Such algorithms were implemented and tested against automatically generated and real data.

This thesis takes the first edition of Principall Navigations, Voiages and Discoveries of the English Nation (1589) as its focus. A significant, sixteenth-century printed text and Richard Hakluyt’s major work, it is familiar to scholars of the period. Its rich archival source has aided understanding of early modern geography, English discovery and cultural encounters. It has also been evaluated in relation to Hakluyt’s substantial contribution to the burgeoning literature of vernacular prose and to imperial expansionism. My thesis conceives a social history of the production, transmission and reception of Principall Navigations from bibliographical analysis, an investigative method that has remained largely untapped. In each chapter, I incorporate information drawn from the material text into an appreciation of historical practice and relocate Principall Navigations more precisely in its socio-historical moment. This engages with and, in some cases, destabilizes current critical positions. In the first chapter, I explore the importance of Hakluyt’s patrons. Francis Walsingham’s essential role is recorded through his connection with the various interdependent networks of people involved in the book’s production and Hakluyt’s description of his ‘prescribed limites’. This chapter re-evaluates authorial subjectivity. In chapter two, Walsingham’s authority over the Queen’s printing house generally and the production of Principall Navigations particularly is traced through the examination of the Stationers’ Company archive and the evolution of the office of the royal printer. This chapter contends that Walsingham commanded the production of Principall Navigations. Chapter three represents a bibliographical study which integrates the production of Principall Navigations into the Queen’s printers’ general work patterns and investigates textual variants and paper-stocks. The date of the interpolation of the Drake leaves is posited with reference to the debate concerning their suppression. The final chapter explores the relationship between early modern readers and empirical records, through historical reading practice, and concludes by evaluating the location of discursive authority.

Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) have been criticised by employers, government and graduates themselves, for not adequately developing required work skills. An example of practice that does develop student skills is a short industrial placement (SIP) where students are expected to solve a real problem in a company, in two weeks, working with one other student. This practice occurs in a one year Masters programme at Cambridge University Engineering Department. This work studies the SIP practice to understand why it is effective and determine lessons that could contribute to solving the wider skills problem. A five year research timeframe, coupled with an annually run programme, enabled a multi-stage study using an Engaged Scholarship methodology. The first-stage was an exploratory study that investigated the initial development of SIP skills, using simulated experiences, in a taught HE based module. Skills development was found to be a complex multi-component process. A theoretical skills development framework was constructed from literature and compared with practice. It was determined that five simulated SIP experiences provided the student with sufficient skills to undertake a SIP in practice and, the most significant problem was that SIP skills were not well defined. The second-stage focussed on defining skills. Skills were found to be context specific and defining skills required both the associated task and its context to be known. With tasks found to be both essential to defining skills and effective in describing what graduates do in practice, a SIP task framework was constructed which was tested on 80 different SIPs in one academic year. The resulting framework comprised twelve problem-solving process-stages, that in total contained 64 different tasks, and five generic task domains. These generic domains were investigated in the third-stage of this research. These were found to be more extensive and complex than anticipated resulting in a reconfiguration of the SIP framework, the generation of SIP specific domain descriptions and partial completion of task frameworks to describe each domain. This research has generated a plausible skills development theory for HEIs, and task frameworks to describe a SIP. Further work has been identified to refine the task frameworks and to continue work on the proposed skills development theory.

Ng Kar Man Carmen. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 267-298). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.vii / LIST OF TABLES --- p.xv / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.xvi / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- BACKGROUND OF HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- THE GROWTH OF HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- RESEARCH QUESTION --- p.6 / Chapter 1.4 --- CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5 --- RESEARCH OBJECTIVES --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6 --- SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY --- p.16 / Chapter 1.7 --- OUTLINE OF THE THESIS --- p.19 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- INTRODUCTION OF THE SITE --- p.22 / Chapter 2.1 --- SITE SELECTION CRITERIA --- p.22 / Chapter 2.2 --- BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY AREA --- p.24 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- LITERATURE REVIEW --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1 --- DEFINITION AND ELEMENTS OF HERITAGE --- p.28 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Understanding heritage Demand --- p.29 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Understanding heritage supply --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- NATURAL AND CULTURAL HERITAGE AND THEIR DERIVATIVES --- p.32 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Heritage tourism as a type of special interest tourism --- p.33 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Assessing the supply of heritage tourism --- p.34 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Different methods and criteria for assessment --- p.35 / Chapter 3.3 --- MARKETING HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.36 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Understanding market segment and assessing heritage demand --- p.38 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- Understanding market segment and assessing heritage motivations --- p.39 / Chapter 3.3.2.1 --- The major motivations of heritage tourism --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3.2.2 --- Analyzing motivations of heritage tourism --- p.41 / Chapter 3.4 --- ASSESSMENT OF HERITAGE TOURISM DEMAND BASED ON PUSH AND PULL FACTORS --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- What are push factors? --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.1.1 --- The use of push factors in research --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- What are pull factors? --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- The use of pull factors in research --- p.45 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Relationship between the push and the pull factors --- p.46 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Researches utilizing both factors --- p.48 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Images and perceptions influence over satisfaction in demand --- p.48 / Chapter 3.5 --- HERITAGE TOURISM MANAGEMENT --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Importance of heritage tourism management --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Different aspect of heritage management --- p.52 / Chapter 3.5.3 --- The relationship between management and tourism --- p.53 / Chapter 3.5.4 --- Objectives of tourism management --- p.54 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- METHODOLOGY --- p.56 / Chapter 4.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2 --- ASSESSING THE MARKET DEMAND --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Data sources --- p.57 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- The questionnaire design --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.3.1 --- Factor analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.3.2 --- Canonical correlation analysis --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.3.3 --- Cluster analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 4.2.3.4 --- Discriminant analysis of motivation --- p.60 / Chapter 4.3 --- ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY´ةS ATTRIBUTE --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Data source --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Basic structure of the matrix --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- Data interpretation --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4 --- ASSESSING THE COMMUNITY'S PERCEPTION AND CONCERN…… --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Data Source --- p.64 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Questionnaire setting --- p.65 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- ASSESSMENT OF MARKET DEMAND --- p.68 / Chapter 5.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2 --- THE SOCIO-DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RESPONDENTS --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Nationality --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Gender --- p.68 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- age --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- Education level --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- Career --- p.69 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- Income level --- p.70 / Chapter 5.3 --- THE CONTEXT OF DEMAND --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Visitors motivation for travel --- p.72 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Factor analysis of push and pull factors --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3.2.1 --- Factor grouping of push factors --- p.73 / Chapter 5.3.2.2 --- Factor grouping of pull factors --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Segmentation based on canonical correlation analysis --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Comparing the results generated by factor analysis and canonical correlation analysis --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.5 --- Identification of market segment based on cluster analysis …… --- p.80 / Chapter 5.3.6 --- The discriminant analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.6.1 --- The general result from the discriminant analysis --- p.84 / Chapter 5.3.6.2 --- Discriminant functions，predicting power --- p.85 / Chapter 5.4 --- THE CONTEXT OF VISITORS' PERCEPTION --- p.86 / Chapter 5.4.1 --- VISITORS´ة PERCEPTION ON HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.86 / Chapter 5.4.2 --- Visitors´ة perception on the destination's image and attributes --- p.90 / Chapter 5.5 --- "VISITORS TRAVELING PATTERN: DURATION, TIME AND COMPOSITION" --- p.93 / Chapter 5.5.1 --- Visiting time --- p.93 / Chapter 5.5.2 --- Visiting component --- p.94 / Chapter 5.6 --- VISITORS SATISFACTION --- p.97 / Chapter 5.7. --- IDENTIFYING THE DIFFERENCES AMONG THE CLUSTERS AND THEIR IMPLICATIONS --- p.99 / Chapter 5.7.1 --- Difference among socio-demographic factors among the four clusters --- p.99 / Chapter 5.7.2 --- Difference in terms of the push factors --- p.101 / Chapter 5.7.3 --- Differences in terms of the pull factors --- p.103 / Chapter 5.7.4 --- Differences among traveling pattern --- p.105 / Chapter 5.7.5 --- Difference in perception --- p.105 / Chapter 5.7.6 --- Difference among satisfaction --- p.107 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- ASSESSMENT OF THE RESOURCES FOR HERITAGE TOURISM --- p.111 / Chapter 6.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2 --- THE RESOURCE AUDIT --- p.111 / Chapter 6.3 --- ASSESSING THE TOURISM POTENTIAL OF EACH ASSET --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- The promenade --- p.120 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The General Rock --- p.123 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- The natural mangrove --- p.126 / Chapter 6.3.4 --- Chinese White Dolphin --- p.130 / Chapter 6.3.5 --- Hung Shing Temple --- p.133 / Chapter 6.3.6 --- Yeung Hau Temple --- p.136 / Chapter 6.3.7 --- Tin Hau Temple at Market Street --- p.139 / Chapter 6.3.8 --- Tin Hau Temple at San Tsuen --- p.142 / Chapter 6.3.9 --- Lung Ngam Monastery --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3.10 --- KWAN TAI TEMPLE --- p.147 / Chapter 6.3.11 --- Kwa Kwong Temple --- p.150 / Chapter 6.3.12 --- Fuk Tak Palace and the Door To Tei --- p.152 / Chapter 6.3.13 --- Museum --- p.154 / Chapter 6.3.14 --- Stilt-houses --- p.157 / Chapter 6.3.15 --- Disused salt pan --- p.161 / Chapter 6.2.16 --- Old Police Station --- p.164 / Chapter 6.3.17 --- Tai O Cultural Workshop --- p.167 / Chapter 6.3.18 --- Wing On Street --- p.170 / Chapter 6.3.19 --- Hand-pulled ferry --- p.173 / Chapter 6.3.20 --- Shrimp Paste Factory --- p.176 / Chapter 6.3.21 --- Tanka wedding ceremony --- p.179 / Chapter 6.3.22 --- Obelisk --- p.182 / Chapter 6.4 --- OVERALL TOURISM POTENTIAL --- p.190 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- LOCAL COMMUNITY'S ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION --- p.196 / Chapter 7.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.196 / Chapter 7.2 --- DISTURBANCE CAUSED BY VISITATION --- p.196 / Chapter 7.2.1 --- Increasing traffic congestion --- p.197 / Chapter 7.2.2 --- Pressure on local facilities --- p.198 / Chapter 7.2.3 --- Destruction on heritage resources --- p.198 / Chapter 7.2.4 --- Over commercialization --- p.199 / Chapter 7.2.5 --- Littering --- p.199 / Chapter 7.2.6 --- Declining exotic ambience of the destination --- p.200 / Chapter 7.2.7 --- Noise pollution --- p.200 / Chapter 7.2.8 --- Air pollution due to increasing traffic --- p.201 / Chapter 7.2.9 --- Language and cultural conflicts --- p.201 / Chapter 7.3 --- BENEFITS BROUGHT BY THE VISITATIONS --- p.202 / Chapter 7.3.1 --- Allow younger generation to learn more about the destination's characteristics --- p.203 / Chapter 7.3.2 --- Devoting more resources to Tai o --- p.203 / Chapter 7.3.3 --- IMPROVING BUSINESS OPPORTUNITY --- p.204 / Chapter 7.3.4 --- PRESERVING THE TRADITION OF O --- p.204 / Chapter 7.3.5 --- Packaging to target foreign visitors --- p.205 / Chapter 7.3.6 --- Allow more people to get to know Tai O --- p.205 / Chapter 7.3.7 --- The role of government --- p.206 / Chapter 7.3.8 --- Increased unity of the local community --- p.206 / Chapter 7.3.9 --- Provision of job opportunities --- p.207 / Chapter 7.4. --- LOCAL PARTICIPATION ON TOURISM DEVELOPMENT --- p.208 / Chapter 7.4.1 --- Local community's perception on heritage tourism --- p.209 / Chapter 7.4.2 --- Willingness to participate in tourism development ofTai O --- p.210 / Chapter 7.4.3 --- Community's perception on initiatives to promote the site --- p.212 / Chapter CHAPTER 8 --- DISCUSSION: INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK ENGAGING MARKETING AND MANAGEMENT INITIATIVES --- p.216 / Chapter 8.1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.216 / Chapter 8.2 --- THE GENERAL MARKET SITUATION --- p.216 / Chapter 8.2.1 --- Market share of different segments --- p.217 / Chapter 8.2.2 --- Identify the potential market --- p.218 / Chapter 8.3 --- ENHANCING THE POTENTIAL MARKET --- p.223 / Chapter 8.3.1 --- Provision of educational experience --- p.223 / Chapter 8.3.1.1 --- Opening the stilt-houses for visitation --- p.224 / Chapter 8.3.1.2 --- Stilt-houses for accommodation --- p.225 / Chapter 8.3.1.3 --- Resumption of hand-pulled ferry services to enhance unique experience --- p.227 / Chapter 8.3.1.4 --- Learning traditional cultural and practices --- p.228 / Chapter 8.3.1.5 --- Establishing eco and religious trails --- p.228 / Chapter 8.3.1.6 --- Better interpretative resources --- p.231 / Chapter 8.3.2 --- Promotional channel for the novelty seekers --- p.233 / Chapter 8.3.3 --- Education --- p.234 / Chapter 8.3.4 --- Mass media --- p.234 / Chapter 8.3.5 --- Memory enhancement --- p.235 / Chapter 8.4 --- IMAGE OF THE DESTINATION --- p.236 / Chapter 8.4.1 --- IMAGE AND SATISFACTION --- p.236 / Chapter 8.4.2 --- Appropriate image positioning --- p.238 / Chapter 8.5 --- INTEGRATING MANAGEMENT AND MARKETING INITIATIVES --- p.241 / Chapter 8.5.1 --- Managing the visitor flow and time of visit --- p.241 / Chapter 8.5.2 --- Selective promotional strategy and visitors' code of conduct --- p.243 / Chapter 8.6 --- EQUIP THE LOCAL COMMUNITY'S READINESS FOR PARTICIPATION --- p.244 / Chapter 8.6.1 --- Arouse the local concern towards management and sustainable tourism --- p.244 / Chapter 8.6.2 --- Equip local community for direct participation --- p.246 / Chapter 8.6.3 --- Equip the local community with a stable financial support --- p.247 / Chapter 8.7 --- GOVERNMENTAL EFFORT IN WIDENING THE ATTRIBUTES´ة ROBUSTICITY AND APPEAL --- p.249 / Chapter 8.7.1 --- Technical support from government --- p.249 / Chapter 8.7.2 --- Introducing a supportive government policy --- p.250 / Chapter CHAPTER 9 --- CONCLUSION --- p.252 / Chapter 9.1 --- SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS --- p.252 / Chapter 9.2 --- LIMITATIONS --- p.260 / Chapter 9.3 --- RECOMMENDATION FOR FUTURE RESEARCH --- p.262 / Chapter 9.3.1 --- Applying the framework and methodology at potential sites --- p.262 / Chapter 9.3.2 --- Improving the matrix --- p.263 / Chapter 9.3.3 --- Categorize potential visitors --- p.264 / Chapter 9.3.4 --- The future direction of research --- p.265 / REFERENCES --- p.267 / APPENDIX 1 --- p.299 / APPENDIX 2 --- p.302 / APPENDIX 3 --- p.304

Thesis. 1979. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND HUMANITIES. / Includes bibliographical references. / by George E. Smith. / Ph.D.

A utilização de várias ferramentas de injeção de falhas em um mesmo experimento de testes fornece mais subsídios para os resultados alcançados, tornando a atividade mais efetiva e menos sujeita a erros de interpretação. Neste sentido, as cargas de falhas possuem um importante papel, visto que elas compõem a principal entrada a ser fornecida nestas ferramentas. No entanto, os mecanismos oferecidos, nas ferramentas de injeção de falhas existentes, para esta especificação de cargas de falhas, possuem um baixo grau de usabilidade e expressividade. Por este motivo, o presente trabalho aborda uma metodologia, na qual cenários detalhados de testes, que envolvam experimentos com injeção de falhas, possam ser especificados de maneira simples, homogênea e padronizada. Para isso, é proposta a criação de um ambiente para a especificação destas cargas de falhas, denominado como jFaultload. Este ambiente, por sua vez, utiliza-se de um subconjunto da linguagem Java para a especificação destas cargas de falhas, ficando responsável ainda pela tradução, desta carga em Java, para os respectivos formatos de carga referentes a cada injetor de falhas utilizado em um dado experimento. Para efeito de exemplo e validação do ambiente proposto, as ferramentas FIRMAMENT, MENDOSUS e FAIL/FCI são integradas neste ambiente, tornando assim o cenário de testes amplamente detalhado. O serviço a ser testado, visando a demonstração da usabilidade e expressividade da solução proposta, foi uma sessão de video streaming, utilizando-se para isso do protocolo RTP, onde uma campanha de testes foi realizada com o injetor FIRMAMENT. / Use of two or more fault injection tools in a test campaign enriches the scenario obtained from a test execution. Faultloads represent the main input for these tools but their specification mechanisms lack usability and expressiveness. This thesis presents a full test scenario featuring the use of jFaultload, which applies Java for the specification of faultloads and translates them to specific formats that are appropriate to each available fault injector. FIRMAMENT, MENDOSUS and FAIL/FCI, fault injectors for communication systems, were integrated in the environment and complete the test scenario. The service under test used to demonstrate the usability and expressiveness of our solution is a video streaming session using RTP Protocol, which a test campaign was executed through the FIRMAMENT fault injector.

A finalidade da pesquisa é estudar a écfrase, identificada como descrição na retórica latina, e a evidência, com a qual geralmente é confundida A écfrase contribui para provocar o efeito de visualização do discurso verbal, portanto, o estudo das teorias antigas que aproximam o meio verbal do visual serve como base para sua compreensão. Há certa profusão de nomes para o processo ecfrástico, gerando confusão ao se tentar estabelecer os limites e diferenças de cada procedimento. O processo imaginativo, teorizado por Aristóteles como fantasia, é parte fundamental para compreender como se manifesta a evidência (ou ainda enargia). Além da teoria, analisamos a aplicação dos conceitos estudados a partir de alguns exemplos do gênero épico e historiográfico, realizando também a tradução de tais textos. / The purpose of this paper is to study the ecfrase, known as description in Latin Rhetoric, which is normally confused with the evidence. The ecfrase contributes to cause a visualizations effect of the verbal speech. Therefore, the study of ancient theories approaches the verbal language to the visual, and works as basis for its comprehension. There is profusion of names to the ecfrastic process, creating confusion when we try to establish the limits and differences of each procedure. The imaginative process, theorized by Aristotle as phantasia, is a fundamental part to understand how the evidence (or enargia) works. Beyond the theory, we analyze the application of the concepts from some examples of epic and historiographic genres, also translating these texts.