Omega-3 enriched eggs serve as an important functional food to boost consumption of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) critical for good health. Because omega-3 eggs have the potential for unpleasant aromas and flavours, this research was designed to assess the fatty acid profile and sensory attributes of eggs procured from hens consuming designer diets. In the first study, the use of hemp in hen diets led to significant increases in omega-3 PUFA content and colour intensity of yolks, but did not have adverse effects on the sensory profiles of cooked eggs. Additionally, the level of docosahexaenoic acid was the same in eggs from both the lowest and highest hempseed oil groups. In order to overcome this plateau, the second study assessed diets varying in linoleic acid (LA) content. Although docosapentaenoic acid in the yolk was significantly increased with an increasing dietary LA content, docosahexaenoic acid remained unaffected by dietary treatment. In the third study, a different approach was used to reduce competition between alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and LA. Diets containing two levels of ALA and varying ratios of saturated fatty acids (SFA): LA + oleic acid (OA) were tested. Increasing dietary SFA: LA + OA resulted in marked increases in all n-3 PUFA. The fourth study was designed to assess the interaction between dietary constituents on sensory attributes of eggs, namely omega-3 PUFA from flaxseed oil (FO), and canola meal (CM), which contains precursors to trimethylamine, which may lead to fishy taint. Oceanic flavour significantly increased with inclusion of FO, while egg, creamy and buttery flavours showed a decrease. The pairing of CM and FO resulted in a significant decrease in egg flavour compared to using FO alone. This research has demonstrated that novel ingredients like hemp can be used in laying hen diets to deposit n-3 PUFA into eggs without fear of affecting sensory outcomes. Increasing the SFA: LA + OA ratio in layer diets is most effective in increasing yolk ALA conversion into long-chain PUFA. Lastly, CM should be added to diets with caution when used in conjunction with omega-3 PUFA ingredients due to a reduction in egg flavour.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the experiences and attitudes concerningpreimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) among the couples that have undergone PGD in Sweden.PGD is an alternative to conventional prenatal diagnosis for couples with a high risk of having a childwith genetic disease. Couples opting for PGD have to perform in vitro fertilisation, generatedembryos are subjected to biopsy and diagnosis, and healthy embryos can be transferred to the femaleuterus. Hopefully a pregnancy will be established. However, PGD is a strategy that implies bothphysical and psychological stress, and it is not obvious that this is an easier alternative than prenataldiagnosis. A questionnaire was sent to 116 couples that had carried out at least one PGD treatmentcycle. The response rate was 89%, thus almost all couples treated in Sweden since the start in 1995was represented. Results: The stress, both psychologically and physically, caused by the PGD treatment was evaluatedsomewhere between “As expected” and “More stressful than expected”. The stress experienced duringthe PGD treatments was not associated with the couples’ previous reproductive experiences. The mostphysical stressful event was the oocyte retrieval and the most psychologically stressful period was“waiting for a possibly/ hopefully embryo transfer”.The majority of couples that had performed prenatal diagnosis on a spontaneous pregnancy andexperienced a PGD treatment reported that PGD was more physically stressful (54%), but that prenataldiagnosis was more psychologically stressful (51%). The couples reported the reproductivealternatives chosen after PGD closure, and couples performing PGD at the present rated futurereproductive alternatives. Results indicated that ocyte- and sperm donations were a less attractivealternative than for example adoption. Participants in the study also had the opportunity to state forwhom /which indications PGD should be an option. Conclusion: The stress associated with performing PGD or prenatal diagnosis is extensive and noneof the alternatives is an obvious choice. PGD was reported as more physical stressful, but prenataldiagnosis was more psychologically stressful. The reproductive pathways chosen after PGD closurewas reported, and surprisingly sperm and oocyte donations were not attractive alternatives. The choiceof reproductive alternatives might be influenced by the information and support provided by thehealthcare personal. Knowledge about the experience of PGD treatments is of great importance forthose that meet these couples for genetic and reproductive counselling, in order to give them propercare and to better meet their demand of information and support.

Background: The present study was conceived to examine the trend and factors affecting fertility in Nigeria and Guinea. Fertility has declined by about nineteen percent in Nigeria between 1982 and 1999. In the same period it has declined by five percent in Guinea. The decline is observed in data from censuses and surveys. Studies have reported that fertility transition is in progress in most Sub-Sahara African countries (Bongaarts 2008; Guttmacher 2008), Nigeria (Feyisetan and Bankole 2002) and Guinea (measuredhs 2007). Studies and surveys done in some regions and among ethnic groups suggest that fertility is declining in Nigeria (Caldwell et al. 1992) and Guinea (measuredhs 2007). However, these studies and surveys are devoid of national representativeness as they are localized in specific regions or selected ethnic groups. Thus, they cannot be used as a national reference. The trend of the total fertility rate (TFR) from the three consecutive Demographic and Health Surveys in Nigeria did not show any meaningful decrease over time. In the same vein, no evidence of fertility decline was observed in Guinea from the Demographic and Health Surveys. The claim that fertility is declining in these two countries which assures the funding organizations that Family Planning programs are successful is beyond the scope of the present study. Based on Demographic and Health Surveys the claim that fertility is decreasing in Nigeria may be misleading, whereas in Guinea fertility has shown stability. This suggests that while the factors affecting fertility may be similar, their impacts differ from country to country.Method: Data from the Demographic Health Surveys (DHS) conducted in Nigeria and in Guinea were used in the study. Trends in TFR by background were extracted from the censuses and DHS final reports in Nigeria and Guinea. Data from DHS 1999 and DHS 2003 in Nigeria and DHS 1999 and DHS 2005 in Guinea were used for the actual analysis. The sample sizes of 8199 and 7620 of DHS 1999 and 2003 respectively for all women aged 15 - 49 were included in Nigeria. The sample sizes for Guinea were 6753 and 7954 for DHS 1999 and 2005 respectively. The trends in knowledge and current contraceptive use, unmet needs,desires for last child, current pregnancy, visiting of health facility, visitation by family planning workers and respondent approval of Family Planning (FP) were examined by age groups. Univariate and bivariate analyses were executed to explain the association and determinants of contraceptive use by socio-demographic characteristics. Stepwise multinomial regression was carried out to determine the variables affecting total number of children ever born (TCB).Result: Total fertility rate has increased in Nigeria between 1990 and 2003 by background characteristics. It has increased by eleven and fourteen percent in rural and urban residence respectively in Nigeria within the same interval. Fertility increased by thirteen and seventeen percent among women with primary and higher education respectively in Nigeria. Unmet needs for child spacing decreased by three percent. Over seventy percent of women have never discussed FP with their partners and other people. Over sixty percent of Women neither visited a health facility (HF) nor were visited by a health worker in 2003. Forty-eight percent of the women approved of FP in 2003, which represents an increase of five percent of 1999.Over ninety percent wanted their last child and current pregnancy in 2003. However, there are incidences of mistimed and unwanted births and pregnancies. There was an association between contraceptive use and all the socio-demographic variables examined. The age of the respondent, current use of contraceptive, age at first sexual intercourse and partner’s education have positive effects on fertility. However, education of women, place of residence and age at marriage has a negative effect on fertility.Total fertility rate has remained stable in Guinea. It increased by eight percent in rural areass and decreased by fifteen percent in urban areass between 1992 and 2005. In Guinea, fertility decreased by over twenty percent for women with primary and secondary education between 1992 and 2005. Unmet needs for child spacing and limiting declined by three and one percent. Over eighty percent of women have not discussed FP with their partners and other people. Women that did not visit a HF remained stable at sixty-six percent, while ninety-two percent were not visited in their homes by a FP worker. The women who approved of FP were forty-seven percent, showing a decline by eleven percent from 1999. Over eighty percent of the women wanted their last child and current pregnancies in 2005. There was an association between contraceptive use and all the socio-demographic variables examined.The significance of the regression coefficient shows that the age of the respondent and current use of contraception has a positive effect on TCB. Education, place of residence, age at marriage and religion have negative effects on TCB.Conclusion: The general patterns observed do not give confidence that fertility is declining or showing a tendency towards declining in Nigeria. In addition the use of modern contraceptive has no bright future as a vehicle to regulate fertility in Nigeria. Fertility in Guinea shows some potential for reduction which may be transitory because some of the indicators that favour fertility reduction seem to be losing their grip. There are overall negative attitudes to contraceptive use and FP in Guinea. This is similar to the observed situation in Nigeria. Expectation that intensified campaigns on contraceptive use and FP will reduce fertility and ultimately reduce population growth in Nigeria and Guinea is not likely to be met, because the desire for large families abound. / Magister Scientiae - MSc

Research based on translation expertise, which is also sometimes referred to as translation competence, has been a growing area of investigation in translation studies. These studies have not only focused on how translation expertise may be conceptualised and defined, but also on how this expertise is acquired and developed by translators. One of the key observations that arise from an overview of current research in the field of translation expertise is the prevalence of process-oriented methodologies in the field, with product-oriented methodologies used comparatively infrequently. This study is based on the assumption that product-oriented methodologies, and specifically the corpus-based approach, may provide new insights into translation expertise. The study therefore sets out to address the lack of comprehensive and systematic corpus-based analyses of translation expertise. One of the foremost concerns of corpus-based translation studies has been the investigation of what is known as the features of translated language which are often categorised as: explicitation, simplification, normalisation and levelling-out. The main objective of this study is to investigate the hypothesis that the features of translated language can be taken as an index of translation expertise. The hypothesis is founded on the premise that if the features of translated language are considered to be the textual traces of translation strategies, then the different translation strategies associated with different levels of translation expertise will be reflected in different frequencies and distributions of these features of translated language in the work of experienced and inexperienced translators. The study therefore aimed to determine if there are significant differences in the frequency and distribution of the features of translated language in the work of experienced and inexperienced translators. As background to this main research question, the study also investigated a secondary hypothesis in which translated language demonstrates unique features that are the consequence of various aspects of the translation process. A custom-built comparable English corpus was used for the study, comprising three subcorpora: translations by experienced translators, translations by inexperienced translators, and non-translations. A selection of linguistic operationalization’s was chosen for each of the four features of translated language. The differences in the frequency and distribution of these linguistic operationalization’s in the three sub corpora were analysed by means of parametric or non-parametric ANOVA. The findings of the study provide some support for both hypotheses. In terms of the translation expertise hypothesis, some of the features of translated language demonstrate significantly different frequencies in the work of experienced translators compared to the work of inexperienced translators. It was found that experienced translators are less explicit in terms of: formal completeness, simplify less frequently because they use a more varied vocabulary, use longer sentences and have a lower readability index score on their translations, and use contractions more frequently, which signals that they normalise less than inexperienced translators. However, experienced translators also use neologisms and loanwords less frequently than inexperienced translators, which is suggestive of normalisation occurring more often in the work of experienced translators when it comes to lexical creativity. These linguistic differences are taken as indicative of the different translation strategies used by the two groups of translators. It is believed that the differences are primarily caused by variations in experienced and inexperienced translators‟ sensitivity to translation norms, their awareness of written language conventions, their language competence (which involves syntactic, morphological and vocabulary knowledge), and their sensitivity to register. Furthermore, it was also found that there are indeed significant differences between translated and non-translated language, which also provides support for the second hypothesis investigated in this study. Translators explicitate more frequently than non-translators in terms of formal completeness, tend to have a less extensive vocabulary, tend to raise the overall formality of their translations, and produce texts that are less creative and more conformist than non-translators‟ texts. However, statistical support is lacking for the hypothesis that translators explicitate more at the propositional level than original text producers do, as well as for the hypothesis that translators are inclined to use a more neutral middle register. / MA (Language Practice), North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2013

This dissertation aims to provide a grammatical description of Dameli (ISO-639-3: dml), an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 5 000 people in the Domel Valley in Chitral in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province in the North-West of Pakistan. Dameli is a left-branching SOV language with considerable morphological complexity, particularly in the verb, and a complicated system of argument marking. The phonology is relatively rich, with 31 consonant and 16 vowel phonemes. This is the first extensive study of this language. The analysis presented here is based on original data collected primarily between 2003-2008 in cooperation with speakers of the language in Peshawar and Chitral, including the Domel Valley. The core of the data consists of recorded texts and word lists, but questionnaires and paradigms of word forms have also been used. The main emphasis is on describing the features of the language as they appear in texts and other material, rather than on conforming them to any theory, but the analysis is informed by functional analysis and linguistic typology, hypotheses on diachronical developments and comparisons with neighbouring and related languages. The description is divided into sections describing phonology, morphology and syntax, with chapters on a range of individual subjects such as particular word classes and phrase types, phonological and syntactical phenomena. This is not intended to be an exhaustive reference grammar; some topics are only touched upon briefly while others are treated in more detail and suggestions for further research are given at various points throughout the work.

Since the end of the Second World War, several phases of migration to West European states have occurred. These migrants consisted of the so called guest workers who were recruited to fill labour shortages, citizens from former colonies who wanted to settle in the colonial empires as well as asylum seekers and refugees. These migrants generally migrated within the network of a certain ethnic group which led to the formation of ethnic groupings in the West European states (so called new ethnic minorities). These ethnic groupings often live segregated from the host population where they experience a lack of cultural, economical and political integration. This lack of integration of the new ethnic minorities often leads to antagonism, lack of understanding, mistrust and sometimes a racist attitude by the host population towards these groups. The development of a collective policy for the management of new ethnic minorities only became priority in the European Union (EU) by the late 1990s. The current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities consists of guidelines and recommendations to member states on the implementation of a own, unique new ethnic minority policy. Although the current Belgian policy for the management of new ethnic minorities adheres to the guidelines and recommendations of the EU, it still has structural problems and gaps. The purpose of this study was foremost to do a descriptive analysis of the protection of established minorities in Belgium. In contrast to and comparison with this, an in depth analysis of the political problem, management and current situation of new ethnic minorities in Belgian was made in order to identify shortcomings in the current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities. This was done through a literature search as well as an empirical study in the form of semi -structured interviews. The general finding was that the Belgian political system makes adequate provision for the protection of established minorities, but not for the protection of new ethnic minorities. In this regard and in conclusion, specific recommendations were made in order to identify and address the current protective measures of new ethnic minorities in Belgium. / Thesis (M.A. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

Since the end of the Second World War, several phases of migration to West European states have occurred. These migrants consisted of the so called guest workers who were recruited to fill labour shortages, citizens from former colonies who wanted to settle in the colonial empires as well as asylum seekers and refugees. These migrants generally migrated within the network of a certain ethnic group which led to the formation of ethnic groupings in the West European states (so called new ethnic minorities). These ethnic groupings often live segregated from the host population where they experience a lack of cultural, economical and political integration. This lack of integration of the new ethnic minorities often leads to antagonism, lack of understanding, mistrust and sometimes a racist attitude by the host population towards these groups. The development of a collective policy for the management of new ethnic minorities only became priority in the European Union (EU) by the late 1990s. The current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities consists of guidelines and recommendations to member states on the implementation of a own, unique new ethnic minority policy. Although the current Belgian policy for the management of new ethnic minorities adheres to the guidelines and recommendations of the EU, it still has structural problems and gaps. The purpose of this study was foremost to do a descriptive analysis of the protection of established minorities in Belgium. In contrast to and comparison with this, an in depth analysis of the political problem, management and current situation of new ethnic minorities in Belgian was made in order to identify shortcomings in the current policy for the management of new ethnic minorities. This was done through a literature search as well as an empirical study in the form of semi -structured interviews. The general finding was that the Belgian political system makes adequate provision for the protection of established minorities, but not for the protection of new ethnic minorities. In this regard and in conclusion, specific recommendations were made in order to identify and address the current protective measures of new ethnic minorities in Belgium. / Thesis (M.A. (Public Management and Administration))--North-West University, Vaal Triangle Campus, 2009.

This study investigated the resourcing experiences of children and youth attending office-based, tri-phasic trauma treatment. Ten participants were recruited from both private and agency based clinical psychology or counselling practices. During semi-structured, in-depth interviews participants described their resourcing experiences. The data were analyzed using the descriptive, phenomenological, and psychological method of Amedeo Giorgi. The results revealed a basic structure in the resourcing experiences of the child participants which was comprised of 12 constituents: (a) perceived attitude of the therapist, (b) personal and contextual relevance, (c) currency, (d) choice and control, (e) calming, (f) unsticking, (g) experiential, (h) triumph, (i) internal ease, (j) needing a guide, (k) naming the resource, and (l) betterment. The findings contribute to an understanding of the resourcing experience of youth in trauma therapy by adding the client’s voice to the therapeutic process. Implications for clinical practice and further research are presented. / Graduate

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