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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

A Defense of Frank Jackson's Two-Dimensional Analysis of the Necessary A Posteriori from Scott Soames' Anti-Two-Dimensionalist Attacks

Morris, Brendan Scott January 2008 (has links)
No description available.
2

Botheration and Recognition of Prescriptive Rules

Smith, Sara D 01 June 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Passions flare up around the use and “misuse” of prescriptive rules. Where there is variation in language use, language judgment usually follows—attaching value judgment to linguistic variants forms the foundation of prescriptive ideology in English. Prescriptive attitudes prevail among speakers and writers of English, who feel some pressure to use these forms to avoid a negative judgment. This study surveyed American English speakers using Mechanical Turk to determine which types of rules—spelling, syntactic, morphological, and lexical—bother people the most and inspire the harshest judgments when violated. The surveys asked participants to identify a violated prescriptive rule in a sentence, found using the magazine and newspaper registers of the Corpus of Contemporary American English, and then to indicate how much they were bothered by the violation. Results indicated that lexical rules separating subtle semantic differences—i.e. farther vs. further, comprise vs. compose—tend to be less bothersome and less recognizable than other types of rules. However, the type of category that a prescriptive rules falls under does not seem to explain why some rules are more bothersome or recognizable than others. It may be possible to generalize by assuming that lexical prescriptive rules will be less important to a general educated American audience than spelling or grammar rules, and that nonstandard dialectal forms will be even more bothersome. However, the ability to generalize these results is limited: there is some evidence for a “pet-peeve” effect. Individuals seem to simply be bothered by different rules, without strong patterns showing some types of rules sharply more important than others. Additionally other prescriptive rules, including those regarding nauseous and dove as the past tense of dive, were more recognizable and bothersome in their prescribed form than their proscribed, providing evidence for semantic shifts.
3

Thomas Aquinas on the Nature of Singular Thought

Trapp, Michael Vann 02 June 2015 (has links)
In his account of the intellectual cognition of singulars, Aquinas claims that the intellect cognizes singulars by way of mental images. Some recent commentators have claimed that Aquinas' appeal to mental images is inadequate to account for the intellectual cognition of singulars because mental images considered in terms of their qualitative character alone have content that is general and are, therefore, insufficient to determine reference to a singular. That is, if Aquinas takes mental images to refer to singulars because those singulars perfectly resemble the mental images, then his account is deficient. In my paper, I argue that the critical interpretation above is predicated on a misunderstanding of Aquinas regarding the intentionality of images. I investigate Aquinas' account of the intentionality of images in order to show that Aquinas understands the reference of mental images to be determined not by their qualitative character alone but also by the causal relation that obtains between the cognizer and a singular. / Master of Arts
4

Referência, necessidade e ciência: um estudo do essencialismo científico de Saul Kripke

Silva, Daniel Soares da [UNIFESP] 09 November 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Submitted by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-29T11:10:48Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-daniel-soares-da-silva.pdf: 564662 bytes, checksum: 0e232e04bc33ddc0968cafb4cbb6d982 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Andrea Hayashi (deachan@gmail.com) on 2016-06-29T11:13:30Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-daniel-soares-da-silva.pdf: 564662 bytes, checksum: 0e232e04bc33ddc0968cafb4cbb6d982 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-29T11:13:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao-daniel-soares-da-silva.pdf: 564662 bytes, checksum: 0e232e04bc33ddc0968cafb4cbb6d982 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-09 / Em janeiro de 1970, Saul Kripke proferiu três conferências na Universidade Princeton. A transcrição dessas conferências foi publicada em 1980 como Naming and Necessity. Nessa obra, Kripke critica o descritivismo, explicação então mais aceita para a função referencial dos nomes próprios, e apresenta a sua própria visão sobre o assunto. Em Naming and Necessity, Kripke também sustenta uma concepção que ficou conhecida como “essencialismo científico”, a qual afirma a existência de verdades necessárias a posteriori. Esta dissertação procura investigar de que maneira se relacionam as idéias sobre a referência e sobre o essencialismo científico no interior do pensamento kripkeano. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, procura-se apresentar as principais características do descritivismo. Em linhas gerais, a concepção descritivista, cujas origens remontam a certas idéias de Frege e Russell, estabelece que a explicação para a referência de um nome próprio passa pelas descrições associadas ao termo, as quais seriam satisfeitas univocamente pelo objeto designado. O segundo capítulo se ocupa dos argumentos kripkeanos contrários ao descritivismo. Esses argumentos são de três tipos: modal, epistêmico e semântico. A adequada compreensão desses argumentos, bem como do modelo explicativo alternativo proposto por Kripke, exige certos conceitos fundamentais, como o de mundos possíveis, a distinção entre modalidades epistêmicas e modalidades metafísicas, e o de designação rígida. Por isso, esse capítulo também busca expor tais noções. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo é dedicado ao essencialismo científico desenvolvido por Kripke. Grosso modo, uma posição essencialista sustenta que os objetos possuem propriedades essenciais; isto é, propriedades que são exemplificadas em todos os mundos possíveis nos quais os objetos existem. O essencialismo científico afirma que cabe à ciência revelar essas propriedades essenciais, as quais seriam verdades necessárias a posteriori. O capítulo 3 examina o essencialismo quanto à origem biológica e aquele sobre a origem e composição material dos artefatos, além de outros aspectos relacionados ao tema discutidos por Kripke. / In January 1970, Saul Kripke delivered three lectures at Princeton University. A transcript of these lectures was published in 1980 as Naming and Necessity. In this work, Kripke criticizes descriptivism, then most accepted account for referential function of proper names, and presents his own view on the matter. In Naming and Necessity, Kripke also advocates a view that became known as “scientific essentialism”, which states that there are necessary a posteriori truths. This dissertation aims at understanding the relationship between Kripke’s view about reference and the scientific essentialism. Thus, in the first chapter, we expose the main features of descriptivism. In general, the descriptivist conception, whose origins go back to certain ideais of Frege and Russell, states that the explanation for the reference of a proper name is based on the descriptions associated with the name, which should be fulfilled only by designated object. The second chapter is concerned with Kripkean arguments against descriptivism. These arguments are of three types: modal, semantic and epistemic. A proper understanding of the arguments, as well as the alternative model proposed by Kripke, requires certain fundamental concepts, such as possible worlds, the distinction between epistemic modalities and metaphysical modalities, and the rigid designation. Therefore, the second chapter also intends to examine such notions. Finally, the third chapter turns to the scientific essentialism developed by Kripke. Roughly, an essentialist viewpoint holds that objects have essential properties. That is, properties that are exemplified in all possible worlds in which the objects exist. The scientific essentialism maintains that it is up to science to reveal the essential properties, which would be necessary a posteriori truths. The chapter 3 analyses the essentialism about biological origins and essentialism about the origin and composition of material artifacts, and other aspects related to the topic discussed by Kripke / TEDE
5

Referência, necessidade e ciência: um estudo do essencialismo científico de Saul Kripke

Silva, Daniel Soares da [UNIFESP] 01 January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-22T20:50:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2015-08-11T03:26:32Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-DanielSoaresdaSilva.pdf: 576406 bytes, checksum: 27d43ce2592b4448856df105e09b7113 (MD5) / Em janeiro de 1970, Saul Kripke proferiu três conferências na Universidade Princeton. A transcrição dessas conferências foi publicada em 1980 como Naming and Necessity. Nessa obra, Kripke critica o descritivismo, explicação então mais aceita para a função referencial dos nomes próprios, e apresenta a sua própria visão sobre o assunto. Em Naming and Necessity, Kripke também sustenta uma concepção que ficou conhecida como “essencialismo científico”, a qual afirma a existência de verdades necessárias a posteriori. Esta dissertação procura investigar de que maneira se relacionam as idéias sobre a referência e sobre o essencialismo científico no interior do pensamento kripkeano. Assim, no primeiro capítulo, procura-se apresentar as principais características do descritivismo. Em linhas gerais, a concepção descritivista, cujas origens remontam a certas idéias de Frege e Russell, estabelece que a explicação para a referência de um nome próprio passa pelas descrições associadas ao termo, as quais seriam satisfeitas univocamente pelo objeto designado. O segundo capítulo se ocupa dos argumentos kripkeanos contrários ao descritivismo. Esses argumentos são de três tipos: modal, epistêmico e semântico. A adequada compreensão desses argumentos, bem como do modelo explicativo alternativo proposto por Kripke, exige certos conceitos fundamentais, como o de mundos possíveis, a distinção entre modalidades epistêmicas e modalidades metafísicas, e o de designação rígida. Por isso, esse capítulo também busca expor tais noções. Finalmente, o terceiro capítulo é dedicado ao essencialismo científico desenvolvido por Kripke. Grosso modo, uma posição essencialista sustenta que os objetos possuem propriedades essenciais; isto é, propriedades que são exemplificadas em todos os mundos possíveis nos quais os objetos existem. O essencialismo científico afirma que cabe à ciência revelar essas propriedades essenciais, as quais seriam verdades necessárias a posteriori. O capítulo 3 examina o essencialismo quanto à origem biológica e aquele sobre a origem e composição material dos artefatos, além de outros aspectos relacionados ao tema discutidos por Kripke. / In January 1970, Saul Kripke delivered three lectures at Princeton University. A transcript of these lectures was published in 1980 as Naming and Necessity. In this work, Kripke criticizes descriptivism, then most accepted account for referential function of proper names, and presents his own view on the matter. In Naming and Necessity, Kripke also advocates a view that became known as “scientific essentialism”, which states that there are necessary a posteriori truths. This dissertation aims at understanding the relationship between Kripke’s view about reference and the scientific essentialism. Thus, in the first chapter, we expose the main features of descriptivism. In general, the descriptivist conception, whose origins go back to certain ideais of Frege and Russell, states that the explanation for the reference of a proper name is based on the descriptions associated with the name, which should be fulfilled only by designated object. The second chapter is concerned with Kripkean arguments against descriptivism. These arguments are of three types: modal, semantic and epistemic. A proper understanding of the arguments, as well as the alternative model proposed by Kripke, requires certain fundamental concepts, such as possible worlds, the distinction between epistemic modalities and metaphysical modalities, and the rigid designation. Therefore, the second chapter also intends to examine such notions. Finally, the third chapter turns to the scientific essentialism developed by Kripke. Roughly, an essentialist viewpoint holds that objects have essential properties. That is, properties that are exemplified in all possible worlds in which the objects exist. The scientific essentialism maintains that it is up to science to reveal the essential properties, which would be necessary a posteriori truths. The chapter 3 analyses the essentialism about biological origins and essentialism about the origin and composition of material artifacts, and other aspects related to the topic discussed by Kripke. / TEDE
6

Nomes próprios e filosofia da linguagem: uma análise contemporânea

Beltrão, Simone de Oliveira 06 October 2014 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T12:11:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 667392 bytes, checksum: 81855201a60f4021feba0aa9f9697356 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-10-06 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation research aims to discuss about the role of proper names in the contemporary philosophy of language. The bias that we will adopt is an internalist. To perform our research will begin by contextualizing what was the meaning that the pragmatic-linguistic turn had the philosophical field. It will try to expose some of the most important elements which characterize the importance of discussions of proper names within the philosophy of language. Given our internalist bias, seek to demonstrate two basic functions of proper names, the informational function and operational function. Possession that present two distinct streams of theories of appointment, the descritivimo and causation theory. With this route we intend to show the reader get the meaning and the role that proper names take within contemporary discussions of analytic philosophy of language imprint. / A presente pesquisa de dissertação tem como objetivo discorrer acerca do papel dos nomes próprios dentro da filosofia da linguagem contemporânea. O viés que adotaremos é o de um internalista. Para realizar nossa pesquisa iniciaremos por contextualizar qual foi o significado que a virada pragmático-linguística teve no campo filosófico. Disso tentaremos expor alguns dos elementos mais importantes que caracterizam a importância das discussões dos nomes próprios dentro da filosofia da linguagem. Tendo em vista nosso viés internalista, buscaremos demonstrar duas funções básicas dos nomes próprios, a função informacional e a função operacional. De posse disso apresentaremos duas correntes distintas das teorias da nomeação, o descritivimo e a teoria da causalidade. Com esse percurso pretendemos conseguir mostrar ao leitor o significado e o papel que os nomes próprios assumem dentro das discussões contemporâneas da filosofia da linguagem de cunho analítica.
7

Analyticity, Necessity and Belief : Aspects of two-dimensional semantics

Johannesson, Eric January 2017 (has links)
A glass couldn't contain water unless it contained H2O-molecules. Likewise, a man couldn't be a bachelor unless he was unmarried. Now, the latter is what we would call a conceptual or analytical truth. It's also what we would call a priori. But it's hardly a conceptual or analytical truth that if a glass contains water, then it contains H2O-molecules. Neither is it a priori. The fact that water is composed of H2O-molecules was an empirical discovery made in the eighteenth century. The fact that all bachelors are unmarried was not. But neither is a logical truth, so how do we explain the difference? Two-dimensional semantics is a framework that promises to shed light on these issues. The main purpose of this thesis is to understand and evaluate this framework in relation to various alternatives, to see whether some version of it can be defended. I argue that it fares better than the alternatives. However, much criticism of two-dimensionalism has focused on its alleged inability to provide a proper semantics for certain epistemic operators, in particular the belief operator and the a priori operator. In response to this criticism, a two-dimensional semantics for belief ascriptions is developed using structured propositions. In connection with this, a number of other issues in the semantics of belief ascriptions are addressed, concerning indexicals, beliefs de se, beliefs de re, and the problem of logical omniscience.
8

Literal Meaning and New Theories of Reference / Interpretación literal y nuevas teorías de la referencia

Ramírez Ludeña, Lorena 10 April 2018 (has links)
Constant references to literal meaning and its relevance in order to preserve the rule of law (predictability, in particular) do not reflect the complexity of our language. In this paper I analyze the descriptivist conception that seems to underlie these references and I present an alternative conception, new theories of reference, that allows us to account for our language in general, and for legal interpretation in particular. Once a semantic conception is assumed, in the last part of the work I reflect on what arguments are relevant to adopt a certain interpretation when difficult cases arise. / Las constantes apelaciones al tenor literal y a su relevancia para preservar el principio de legalidad (especialmente la previsibilidad) no reflejan la complejidad de cómo opera nuestro lenguaje. En este trabajo analizo la concepción descriptivista que parece subyacer a esas apelaciones y presento una concepción alternativa, las nuevas teorías de la referencia, que nos permiten dar cuenta de nuestro lenguaje en general, y la interpretación jurídica, en particular. Una vez se asume una determinada posición semántica, en la última parte del trabajo reflexiono acerca de qué argumentos son relevantes para adoptar una determinada interpretación cuando se producen casos difíciles.
9

Hume, Mach e Skinner: a explicação do comportamento.

Laurenti, Carolina 17 March 2004 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:13:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DissCL.pdf: 1141798 bytes, checksum: 937f7ca204b0a90bbde9494a89d09b45 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2004-03-17 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Radical behaviorism was presented as the philosophy of science of human behavior. This has important consequences. One of them has to do with questions regarding scientific explanation. The present essay essentially deals with the following question: what is the model of explanation of radical behaviorism? Some characteristics of the explanation model of behavior are examined, based on a discussion of the ideas of Skinner and two others philosophers of science, to wit, David Hume and Ernst Mach. Hume offers a logical-empirical critique of the concept of causality as necessary connection, by arguing that causal relations can not be demonstrated on the basis of statements of fact. Moreover, experience does not furnish the necessary causal link between cause and effect. He concludes the human knowledge deals solely with constant relations. This critique was taken over by Skinner by way of Mach s functional descriptivism . Mach s substitution of the concept of cause by that of functional relations, and its consequent distinction between scientific explanation and causal explanation is based on Hume s critique. One might also argue that Mach advances on Hume s critique by asserting that the world is, in principle, probabilistic. Skinner, from the beginning, offered an interpretation of behavioral theory as description in accordance with Mach s philosophy of science. Accordingly, he limited himself to explaining behavior in terms of functional relationships. However, it is argued that the explanation of behavior is not only the discovery of functional relations. Skinner does not comply with the restrictions of descriptivism when he offers an interpretation, beyond the bounds of mere functional relations, of the origin of behavior, as is the case with philogenetic behavior and with cultural practices. Accordingly, interpretation is included in radical behaviorism s explanatory system. In this way, the theory of behavior, without rejecting descriptivism, may be associated with a version of scientific instrumentalism. This is done via Mach in a somewhat surprising way. Mach s emphasis on the notions of scientific concept and hypothesis leads us to a kind of reticent instrumentalism which emerges as a reaction to the realist view of theories. As a version of scientific instrumentalism, the theory of behaviorism can be seen as pragmatic, and so radical behaviorism enters the field of ethics. The alliance of descriptivism and instrumentalism rule out realist interpretations of the theory of behavior. A reading of Skinner s theory from the perspective of the philosophical works of Hume and Mach also weaken the association of radical behaviorism with the metaphysical determinism. It is concluded that the model of selection by consequences is a functional, instrumental and probabilistic, rather than causal, way of explaining behavior. / O behaviorismo radical se apresenta como a filosofia da ciência do comportamento humano. Essa asserção tem decorrências importantes. Uma delas esbarra, imediatamente, em questões concernentes à explicação científica. O presente trabalho trata essencialmente desta questão: qual o modelo de explicação do comportamento defendido pelo behaviorismo radical? Todavia, seu escopo é limitado. Foram examinadas algumas características do modelo explicativo comportamental através de um debate travado entre Skinner e outros dois filósofos da ciência, a saber: David Hume e Ernst Mach. Hume faz uma crítica lógicaempírica do conceito de causalidade como conexão necessária, afirmando que as relações causais, com respeito ao campo das questões de fato, não são passíveis de demonstração. Somado a isso, a experiência não fornece os elos causais que conectam inelutavelmente a causa ao efeito. Ao final, podemos tratar do conhecimento humano, apenas, em termos de relações constantes. Essa crítica foi legada a Skinner através de suas relações com o descritivismo funcional machiano. Mach incorporou a crítica de Hume ao substituir a noção de causa pela de relações funcionais, operando uma desvinculação entre explicação científica e explicação causal. É possível também argumentar que Mach avança a crítica de Hume afirmando que o mundo é, em princípio, probabilístico. Skinner, desde o início de sua obra, anunciou sua interpretação da teoria do comportamento como descrição nos moldes machianos. Com isso, confinou-se a explicar o comportamento em termos de relações funcionais. Entretanto, é possível identificar que a explicação do comportamento não se resume à descoberta de relações funcionais. Skinner rompe os limites do descritivismo interpretando a origem de comportamentos que ultrapassam descrições meramente funcionais, como é o caso do comportamento filogenético e das práticas culturais. O behaviorismo radical inclui no seu sistema explicativo a interpretação. Nesse sentido, a teoria do comportamento, sem renegar o descritivismo, conjuga-se como uma versão do instrumentalismo científico. A novidade está que o faz via relações com Mach. A ênfase dada por Mach com respeito às noções de conceito e hipótese científicas, nos leva a encontrar uma espécie de instrumentalismo reticente que emerge como uma reação à interpretação realista das teorias. Como uma versão do instrumentalismo científico, a teoria do comportamento também se afirma como um pragmatismo, que acaba inserindo o behaviorismo radical no campo da ética. A conjugação das versões descritivistas e instrumentalistas impede interpretações realistas da teoria do comportamento. Ademais, uma leitura da teoria de Skinner através dos textos filosóficos de Hume e Mach afasta o behaviorismo radical de laços com o determinismo metafísico. Conclui-se que o modelo de seleção por conseqüências se apresenta não como um modo causal, mas como um modo funcional, instrumental e probabilista de explicação do comportamento.
10

La sémantique des noms descriptifs

Guindon, Eric January 2008 (has links)
Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

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