Thesis (M.A.)--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Humanities, 1991. / This study examines factors associated with attempted suicide during adolescence. The sample consists of 10 Black adolescent girls who atempted suicide in the past year, and were admitted to Baragwanath Hospital. Each subject was questioned on demographic information and completed the Separation Anxiety Test (Hansburg, 1972) and Section 1 of the Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment (Armsden and Greenberg, 1987), which assesses attachment to a parent. Subjects were also required to answer questions on their choice of responses. Common trends were found to exist among adolescent girls who attempt suicide. Adolescent girls who attempt suicide have disruptive home environments where parents experience marital problems. They show a low degree of attachment, high degree of hostility, stress avoidance during the stage of identity crisis, and they maintain a poor attachment-individuation balance. These findings suggest that the most common treatment strategy, ie. crisis intervention is not sufficient as it does not deal with underlying problems of adolescent suicide.

This study is an attempt to better understand the experience of self-destructive behaviour in First Nations adolescent girls by telling their stories, discussing factors that may contribute to the behaviours, and providing counselling insight. Not every Native girl experiences self-destructive behaviour, however those that do require more effective solutions to their problems. There is ample literature regarding non-Native girls and their experiences with self-destructive behaviour. This is not the case with Native girls, and this study is an attempt to fill the literature gap, and at the same time provide insight into counselling practice. Many factors may contribute to the experience of self-destructive behaviour in First Nations adolescent girls (e.g., gender, developmental stages, parenting, cultural norms and values, and discrimination). The combination of these issues compounds each other and creates the context for the experience of self-destructive behaviour specific to Native girls. This reality puts them at risk for truancy, juvenile delinquency, teen pregnancy, drug and alcohol abuse, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, self-harming, and ultimately suicide. In order to understand the circumstances or events that lead to a young Native woman's experience with self-destructive behaviour I interviewed three women using in-depth, semi structured interviews. When answering the open-ended questions I asked, the interviewees revealed a story with a beginning, middle, and end. This story reflected the different stages in their lives, childhood, adolescence, and eventually young adulthood. Analysis of the interviews through theme identification revealed common threads through each woman's life. Although each woman had unique experiences, their stories revealed many commonalties. These common themes reflect factors that counsellors should consider when counselling First Nations girls who are experiencing self-destructive behaviour. The results of the study suggest that counsellors should not isolate factors that lead to self-destructive behaviour. For example, First Nations girls experience not just racism or neglectful parenting — they experience both of the factors. The contributing factors begin early in life and compound one another as the girl's life progresses. Hopefully, this study contributes to the betterment of individual Native girls, also to the betterment of the families' and communities' health.

[Truncated abstract]The overall aim of the research reported in this thesis was to develop and validate an instrument that would identify children among the general population at risk of self-harm. To achieve this, four separate yet interrelated studies were conducted. Study One, which sought to explore the risk factors of self-harm in children comprised a series of focus interviews with three paediatricians and 24 mothers of children who had self-harmed or who had verbalized self-harm ideation. The findings revealed that prior to the onset of self-harming or self-harm ideation these children reportedly manifested other problem behaviours that prompted their mothers to seek specialist advice from a paediatrician. The majority of these problem behaviours were characteristic of externalizing problems, either in the form of conduct problems, aggressive behaviours or impulsiveness. Conversely, some problem behaviours were characteristic of internalizing problems such as anxiety and depression. These findings provided valuable information which in addition to the current literature created the conceptual framework for the subsequent studies. Study Two incorporated the information obtained from Study One, along with that obtained from a review of existing instruments that measure self-harm or suicide, to develop a new instrument specifically designed to assess the risk of children in the general population developing self-harming behaviours. Initially, 159 items were generated and using the extant knowledge regarding the risk factors of self-harm as a guide, the items were categorized into risk factors of anxiety, depression, low self- ii worth, social difficulty, social withdrawal, helplessness, hopelessness, atypical cognition, emotional lability, impulsivity, self-harming ideation and self-harm. ... Study Four comprised four interrelated investigations, the purposes of which were to (i) examine the prevalence rates of self-harming ideation and self-harm among young school aged children in the general population; (ii) investigate differences of risk of self-harm between the referred group and community comparison group; (iii) examine the relationship between impulsivity and risk of self-harm in these children and, (iv) examine the relationship between executive function and risk of self-harm among these children. The results from these investigations revealed that approximately 3.5% of children aged between 6 to12 years in the general population manifest self-harming ideations and approximately 2.5% actually self-harm. No significant age or gender differences were found. Children that presented with a higher level of risk of self-harm also presented with a complex array of internalizing and externalizing problem behaviours. Furthermore, children who displayed significantly higher levels of hyperactive-impulsive symptomatology scored higher on the SHRAC instrument, as did the children who had higher levels of executive functioning impairment. The findings are discussed and interpreted in line with the current research literature and are used to make suggestions for future research.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2007.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-16Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:38:01Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 freitas_dep_me_bauru.pdf: 1799965 bytes, checksum: 8396a2e35ea23613fecb1d9f45338d0e (MD5) / A escoriação psicogênica tem sido abordada em estudos médicos que a associam a diversos transtornos ou doenças ou que buscam identificar a eficácia de diferentes tipos de tratamentos e medicamentos, além de outras questões afeitas à área. Embora a literatura a relacione a fatores afetivo-emocionais, há escassez de pesquisas no campo da psicologia sobre esta psicodermatose. A Escoriação Psicogênica é mais comumente encontrada em mulheres que, ao agredirem a própria pele, causam uma perceptível desifiguração provocada pelas lesões. A literatura, sistematicamente revisada neste trabalho, aponta fatores desencadeantes como a dificuldade em lidar com os próprios impulsos e a compulsão, pois o paciente admite ser o causador das lesões, porém, de maneira involuntária. A pele, o maior órgão do corpo humano, tem a mesma origem embrionária que o sistema nervoso e é frequentemente associada a processos psicológicos. Quando lesionada, leva a sofrimento emocional e a afastamento afetivo e social. o presente estudo abordou os aspectos psicológicos e fatores de personalidade associados à escoriação psicogênica a partir de relatos de pacientes em processo de diagnóstico e/ou tratamento dermatológico do Instituto Lauro Souza Lima - Bauru e de resultados do IFP - Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade, aplicado em dois grupos de mulheres: 20 com e 20 sem escoriação psicogênica, sendo este útlimo, composto por trabalhadoras da prefeitura municipal da cidade do interior paulista. Este estudo investigou a história de vida, os aspectos psicológicos e os fatores de personalidade possivelmente relacionados à escoriação psicogênica em vinte mulheres com esse diagnóstico, comparando-se os resultados obtidos no IFP com os de mulheres sem a psicodermatose. Foi realizada entrevista de anamnese com as mulheres com escoriação psicogênica... / Psychogenic excoriation has been approached on medical studies, which both associate it to several disorders or diseases or try to identify the efficacy of distintic treatment methods, besides other themes on such area. Even though the specific literature includes it on affetive-emotional reasons, there is a lack of researchers on Psychology field on this psychodermatosis. Psychogenic excoriation is a disorder mos commonly found on women who picks - scratches - their own skin, causing them a noticeable disfiguration due to the wounds. Literature on the subject has been systematically referred to in order to produce this paper. It points out reasons such as difficulty to deal with one's own impulses and compulsion, since the patient admits being the one who causes the wounds in an involuntary manner, though. The skin, largest organ of the human body, has the same Embryo origin of the nervous system and is frequently associated to psychological processes. The wounded skin causes suffering and affective / social seclusion. In this study, the psychological aspects and the personality treat associated to psychogenic excoriation have been studied. The data has been collected from reports of patients during dermatological diagnosis or treatment on 'Instituto Lauro Souza Lima, in Bauru, and from results of a test called IFP (Inventário Fatorial de Personalidade or Personality Factorial Inventory), applied on two groups of women: the first one having twenty women suffering from psychogenic excoriation and the second one having healthy women (groups A and B). The latter has been composed from civil servers in a small town. In order to prepare this study, the psychological aspects and the personality treat possibly related to psychogenic excoriation in twenty women having such diagnosis, comparing them with the results of the Personality Factorial Inventory of the healthy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

This study is an attempt to better understand the experience of self-destructive behaviour in First Nations adolescent girls by telling their stories, discussing factors that may contribute to the behaviours, and providing counselling insight. Not every Native girl experiences self-destructive behaviour, however those that do require more effective solutions to their problems. There is ample literature regarding non-Native girls and their experiences with self-destructive behaviour. This is not the case with Native girls, and this study is an attempt to fill the literature gap, and at the same time provide insight into counselling practice. Many factors may contribute to the experience of self-destructive behaviour in First Nations adolescent girls (e.g., gender, developmental stages, parenting, cultural norms and values, and discrimination). The combination of these issues compounds each other and creates the context for the experience of self-destructive behaviour specific to Native girls. This reality puts them at risk for truancy, juvenile delinquency, teen pregnancy, drug and alcohol abuse, depression, anxiety, eating disorders, self-harming, and ultimately suicide. In order to understand the circumstances or events that lead to a young Native woman's experience with self-destructive behaviour I interviewed three women using in-depth, semi structured interviews. When answering the open-ended questions I asked, the interviewees revealed a story with a beginning, middle, and end. This story reflected the different stages in their lives, childhood, adolescence, and eventually young adulthood. Analysis of the interviews through theme identification revealed common threads through each woman's life. Although each woman had unique experiences, their stories revealed many commonalties. These common themes reflect factors that counsellors should consider when counselling First Nations girls who are experiencing self-destructive behaviour. The results of the study suggest that counsellors should not isolate factors that lead to self-destructive behaviour. For example, First Nations girls experience not just racism or neglectful parenting — they experience both of the factors. The contributing factors begin early in life and compound one another as the girl's life progresses. Hopefully, this study contributes to the betterment of individual Native girls, also to the betterment of the families' and communities' health. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

Bakgrund: Psykisk ohälsa och självskadebeteenden ökar i samhället och är ett oroväckande folkhälsoproblem. Självskadebeteende utgörs av allt från ett icke-suicidalt självskadebeteende till avsiktliga självskador som kan resultera i suicid. Självskadebeteenden kan vara en följd av psykiskt och känslomässigt lidande. Akutsjuksköterskan har en central och betydelsefull roll i mötet, när patienter med självskadebeteenden söker vård på somatisk akutmottagning. Syftetvar att beskriva faktorer som påverkar akutsjuksköterskors möte av patienter med självskadebeteenden på somatisk akutmottagning. Metod: Studien utgörs av en litteraturstudiemed systematisk metod. Föreliggande studie resulterade i 17 vetenskapliga artiklar och bearbetades utifrån en integrerad analys. Resultat: I resultatet framkom två huvudkategoriersom beskrev positiva och negativa faktorer som påverkade mötet av patienter med självskadebeteenden. De underkategorier som visades ha den främsta påverkan i akutsjuksköterskans möte med patienter med ett självskadebeteende var utbildning, erfarenhet och personcentrad vård. Akutsjuksköterskor som hade erfarenhet, kunskap och utbildninghade en större acceptans och helhetsperspektiv i mötet, vilket minskade negativa attityder till patienter med självskadebeteenden. Slutsats: En förutsättning för att se patienten bakom ett självskadebeteende på en somatisk akutmottagning och utifrån det kunna arbeta personcentrerat var att specialistsjuksköterskor inom akutsjukvård får utbildning kring självskadebeteenden. Specialistsjuksköterskan bör ha ett helhetsperspektiv i bemötandet och omvårdnaden av patienten för att främja hälsa och minska lidande hos denna sårbara patientgrupp. / Background: Mental illness and self-harm are increasing in society and are a worrying public health problem. Self-harm ranges from non-suicidal self-harm to intentional self-harm that can result in suicide. Self-harm can be a consequence of psychological and emotional suffering. The emergency nurse has a central and important role in the meeting when patients with self-harm seek treatment in a somatic emergency department. The aim was to describe factors that affect the meeting of patients with self-harm in somatic emergency departments.Method: The study consists of a literature study with a systematic method. The present study resulted in 17 scientific articles and was processed based on an integrated analysis. Results: The results revealed two main categories that described positive and negative factors that influenced the meeting of patients with self-harm behaviors. The subcategories that were shown to have the main impact in the emergency nurse's encounter with patients with selfharm were education, experience, and person-centered care. Emergency nurses who had experience, knowledge and training had a greater acceptance and holistic perspective in the meeting, which reduced negative attitudes towards patients with self-harm behaviors. Conclusion: A prerequisite for seeing the patient behind self-harm in a somatic emergency department and from that being able to work person-centered was that specialist nurses in emergency care receive training on self-harm behaviors. The specialist nurse should have a holistic approach to the treatment and care of the patient in order to promote health and reduce the suffering of this vulnerable patient group.

IntroductionSelf-destructive behavior is categorized as mental illness and refers to when a person injureshimself without suicidal motives. Mental illness is a widespread public health disease that isoften hidden and taboo. There is a general increase in self-destructive behavior among theSwedish population. Nurses describe their experienced lack of knowledge about meeting andcaring for these people. Nurses and other healthcare staff are responsible for giving people theopportunity to improve, maintain or regain good health and alleviate suffering. AimThe aim was to describe how people with self-destructive behavior experience the treatmentwhen in contact with healthcare. MethodA literature study with descriptive design and qualitative approach. Quality review wascarried out based on SBU's template. The result analysis of ten qualitative articles was carriedout according to Friberg's analysis model. ResultsThe results showed that when people with self-destructive behavior sought care, they felt thatthey were deprived of their autonomy and met with a negative attitude from the care staff.Lack of time was considered a contributing factor to the experience. The care staff'sknowledge and competence regarding the behavior was perceived to be lacking and that thecare was rarely individually adapted. Some felt they were treated with care and participation.When the people shared what they believed would promote good treatment, openness,understanding, commitment and empathy were desired. The work resulted in five categories;experiences of feeling diminished, the importance of specialized care and the importance oftime constraints, experiences of feeling important, the staff's knowledge and competence, andthe conditions for a good care meeting. ConclusionPeople with self-destructive behavior experienced that healthcare professionals treated themwith a negative attitude. They felt minimized and not taken seriously. The experience was alack of knowledge and competence on the part of the nursing staff. There were experiences ofpositive treatment, but the negative treatment was predominant. Further education of healthcare is suggested for the development of treatment and nursing. / IntroduktionSjälvdestruktivt beteendet kategoriseras som psykisk ohälsa och avser när en person skadarsig själv utan självmordsmotiv. Psykisk ohälsa är en omfattande folkhälsosjukdom som oftadöljs och tabubeläggs. Det ses en generell ökning av självdestruktivt beteende bland Sverigesbefolkning. Sjuksköterskor beskriver att de upplevt brist i sin kunskap kring att bemöta ochvårda dessa personer. Sjuksköterskor och övrig vårdpersonal ansvarar för att ge människormöjlighet att förbättra, behålla eller återfå god hälsa samt lindra lidande. SyfteSyftet var att beskriva hur personer med självdestruktivt beteende upplever bemötandet vidkontakt med vården. MetodEn litteraturstudie med beskrivande design och kvalitativ ansats. Kvalitetsgranskning utfördesutifrån SBU:s mall. Resultatanalysen av tio kvalitativa artiklar genomfördes enligt Fribergsanalysmodell. ResultatResultatet visade att när personer med självdestruktivt beteende sökt vård upplevde de sigfråntagna sin autonomi och att de bemöttes med negativ attityd från vårdpersonalen. Tidsbristansågs vara en bidragande faktor till upplevelsen. Vårdpersonalens kunskap och kompetenskring beteendet upplevdes vara bristande samt att vården sällan var individanpassad. En delupplevde sig bli bemötta med omsorg och delaktighet. När personerna delgav vad de ansågskulle främja ett gott bemötande önskades öppenhet, förståelse, engagemang och empati.Arbetet resulterade slutligen i fem kategorier; upplevelser av att känna sig förminskad, viktenav specialiserad vård och tidsbristens betydelse, upplevelser av att känna sig betydelsefull,personalens kunskap och kompetens samt förutsättningar för ett gott vårdmöte. SlutsatsPersoner med självdestruktivt beteende upplevde att vårdpersonal bemötte dem med negativattityd. De upplevde sig bli förminskade och inte tas på allvar. Upplevelsen var en bristgällande kunskap och kompetens hos vårdpersonalen. Det fanns upplevelser av positivtbemötande men det negativa bemötandet var övervägande. Vidare utbildning av personalföreslås för utveckling av bemötandet och omvårdnaden.

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The purpose of this project was to examine the predictors of risky sexual behaviors and poor eating behaviors for women who experienced childhood sexual abuse, including family hardiness, and depression in a structural equation model. A second group of those who had not been sexually abused as children was also tested using the same structural equation model.