Novas medidas de controle das vazões excedentes surgiram nos últimos anos e buscam contornar as mudanças nos ciclos hidrológicos, imitando e mantendo as condições naturais existentes antes dos processos de urbanização. Uma dessas alternativas, conhecida genericamente pelo nome de reservatório de armazenamento, procura reter parte do escoamento superficial gerado durante as precipitações, para depois fazer sua devolução de forma lenta e gradual aos leitos dos córregos e rios, atenuando o pico dos hidrogramas e redistribuindo as vazões ao longo do tempo. Uma das variáveis desse reservatório de armazenamento, que permanece seco entre eventos chuvosos, é denominado de reservatório de detenção e constitui-se o objeto deste trabalho. Sua implantação e utilização são discutidas por meio das experiências da CDHU, através de estudos de casos reais, onde prova-se que a incorporação desse novo dispositivo de drenagem urbana é ainda um assunto polêmico, para o qual técnicos, governantes e população estão despreparados. É legítimo o anseio da sociedade por medidas sustentáveis e ambientalmente corretas, na qual os reservatórios de detenção se enquadram, porém sua implementação por força de medidas legais, muitas vezes, tem sido realizada de forma pouco conseqüente, sem planejamento e ponderação quanto às dificuldades e implicações dessa atitude. Denota-se também, a necessidade de avaliação da eficiência destes dispositivos e de normatização das formas de aplicação, dimensionamento, operação e manutenção. Além disso, é necessário a sensibilização, a conscientização e a educação em todos os níveis, pois existem paradigmas a serem quebrados e obstáculos a serem vencidos. Ao final do trabalho, sugere-se um pequeno roteiro com diretrizes gerais para incorporação dos reservatórios de detenção em novos empreendimentos, com o intuito de orientar e facilitar a utilização desses dispositivos, melhorando sua aceitação pela sociedade. / New stormwater control techniques have emerged during last years, trying to mimic and keep the natural conditions of hydrologic cycle. One of these measures, known as storage facility, detains part of the rainfall runoff to release it at controlled rates downstream, attenuating the hydrograph peak and redistributing the volume over a certain period of time. The focus of this report is the detention basin, a storage facility designed to empty out between runoff occurrences. Its insertion and use are discussed through CDHU experiences, based on real cases, where the results show that this new urban drainage control system is still a polemic issue, for what technicians, governments and population are unprepared. Society’s concerns about sustainable and environmentally correct measures, inside which detention pond is placed, are rightful, however its implementation in the course of legal procedures has been made carelessly, unplanned and without considerations of difficulties and impacts. In addition, evaluation of its performance along with regulation of using forms, dimensioning, operation and maintenance are also required. Moreover, sensitiveness, consciousness and education related to detention basin should be improved, since there are paradigms to be broken and obstacles to win. At the end of this report, it is suggested some guidelines to incorporate detention basins in new land development, not only to facilitate and instruct the use of this structure, but also to improve society’s acceptance.

Este trabalho investigou o comportamento dos resíduos sólidos ao longo de soleiras laterais de reservatórios de detenção urbanos (piscinões). Esses reservatórios foram projetados segundo uma abordagem puramente hidráulica, que consiste no armazenamento de água de chuva, resultando em amortecimento de pico de cheias e minimizando a questão das inundações, porém um impacto não considerado é o grande acúmulo de resíduos sólidos no interior dessas estruturas. Para estudar o fenômeno e na tentativa de quantificação do montante que se acumula nos reservatórios em relação aos resíduos veiculados pelos rios, foi construído um modelo físico representativo de um córrego urbano, provido de um vertedor lateral que dá acesso a um piscinão. Realizaram-se simulações, que consistiram no lançamento de resíduos no canal e na observação do seu comportamento na passagem pela soleira lateral. Algumas alternativas de direcionamento dos resíduos também foram testadas, através da implantação de vigas defletoras, cujos resultados comprovaram a sua eficiência no direcionamento dos resíduos para o piscinão ou canal. Por fim, as investigações realizadas resultaram em contribuições importantes para a gestão dos sistemas de contenção de cheias das grandes cidades. / The present research investigates the mechanisms of silting in detention reservoirs use for control of urban flooding caused by garbage, debris and rejects transported by urban runoff. Unfortunately the design of this reservoirs was based in hydraulics only, and the transport of siltation material by rivers was not considered. To study the phenomenon and in order to quantify the amount of accumulated waste according to total waste carried by rivers, a representative pilot scale model was built, provided with a lateral channel-shaped spillway that access the detention reservoir. Simulations have been ran, and the analysis method was to obtain a correlation between the waste entrainment rate from the side weir and the hydraulics variables. Some alternatives regarding the aiming of the waste were also tested by the implantation of deflector beams, whose efficiency in the aiming of waste to the reservoir or canal was proved. Finally, the inquires generated in the present research resulted in important contributions regarding the management of flood containment systems in big cities.

Uma das principais preocupações da sociedade é a recorrência de eventos extremos, como, por exemplo, a precipitação intensa, que causa um forte impacto na população atingindo habitações, atividades industriais, comerciais e serviços públicos e privados, além do transporte urbano e rodoviário ocasionando altos custos monetários e, em muitos casos, perdas humanas. Com o intuito de aprimorar as medidas de controle das inundações e a gestão dos sistemas de recursos hídricos visando à redução dos problemas provocados pela inundação, o presente estudo propõe uma metodologia que avaliará o impacto da distribuição espacial da precipitação conjuntamente com a geomorfologia da bacia. / One of the main concern of society is the recurrence of extreme events, such as intense rainfall, which strongly impacts population, affecting houses, industrial and trading activities, public and private services, besides urban and road trasport, causing high monetary costs and in many cases, human losses. In order to improve the structures of flood control and water management resources to reduce problems caused by flooding, this study proposes a metholodogy to assess the impact of the spatial rainfall distribution combined with the basin geomorphology.

Detention centres are a rather new phenomena in the Swedish institutional setup. However, due to the migration inflow of 2015 it is now rapidly expanding all over Sweden. So far, it has been only scarcely monitored and researched and mostly with a focus on the perspective of the detainee’s health or the employee’s experiences at the detention centres. Little is known about the role of the NGOs and how they collaborate with the Migration Agency to secure the rights for those who are detained. This study is a qualitative case study on one of the five detention centres in Sweden, namely Åstorp detention centre which is located in Skåne 20km from Helsingborg. Four interviews have been made with the Migration Agency and with the NGOs that are continuously visiting the detainees in Åstorp. By using data triangulation, the validity of the study has increased and principles from the rights-based approach have been used to highlight important aspects of the collaboration. One significant finding in this research is that the Migration Agency is willingly increasing the transparency by inviting an unlimited number of NGOs to monitor and secure the rights for the detainees, which in turn has led to Sweden's detention centres being referred to as a successful model for the rest of the world. This study has also showed a successful and mutual collaboration between the Migration Agency and the NGOs and even if their roles at the detention centres are different, all participants are working towards a common goal, to improve the conditions for those who are detained. Notwithstanding the relatively limited sample by including one out of five detention centres, this study contributes also, in a small way, to new insights of the situation in Sweden's detention centres and the importance of a successful collaboration between the Migration Agency and NGOs for the detainee’s rights.

Esta dissertação coloca em foco o jovem em conflito com a lei em medida socioeducativa de internação, sendo, essa medida, a resposta estatal mais severa ao cometimento de ato infracional. O recorte é o estado do Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa, de cunho qualitativo, foi cartografada entrelaçando e analisando intensidades: as vivenciadas, recordadas por registros fotográficos, da pesquisadora, em uma unidade de atendimento socioeducativo; as que se apresentam nas legislações, através de um panorama histórico mostrando a transição da Doutrina da Situação Irregular para a Doutrina da Proteção Integral, com seus respectivos ordenamentos normativos: os códigos de menores de 1927 e o de 1979, o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA, lei Federal nº 8.069/1990) e a instituição do Sistema Nacional de Atendimento Socioeducativo (SINASE, Lei 12.594, de 18 de janeiro de 2012). Na análise do que é dito, anunciado, escrito se tratando do jovem em conflito com a lei, entrelaçou-se ainda, a necessidade pela busca de como esse jovem é escrito, anunciado, de forma acessível para a população em geral: mapearam-se, assim, as notícias do periódico de maior circulação do estado, em seu formato on-line, acrescidas, então, à pesquisa. A base teórica se aproxima das perspectivas de Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze e Felix Guattari, dialogando com autores diversos, tais quais: José Machado Pais, Deisemer Gorczevski, João Batista Costa Saraiva, Carmem Craidy, Gislei Lazzaroto, dentre outros Nesta pesquisa, percebem-se diferenças ao que se propõe em lei, à realidade encontrada e, também, ao que se apresenta no dizer social e midiático quanto aos jovens e as medidas socioeducativas de internação. Ao focalizar os modos como os sujeitos são referidos, nomeados, descritos, vê-se significativos avanços nas proposições legais, enquanto, nas notícias do dispositivo analisado, encontra-se indícios da infâmia e a tendência de uma visão pautada no menorismo. Frente a tantas distâncias encontradas, ressalta-se a necessidade de distanciar esses sujeitos do lugar de infame e, por fim, reforça-se a importância de vê-los como jovens, compreendendo as pluralidades, e, empreendendo a eles, suas singularidades, perfomidades, culturas, histórias, vidas. Nesse sentido, destaca-se: embora esses jovens sejam autores de infrações e são sentenciados por isso, também são atores principais de uma família, sendo filho, irmão, mãe, pai, muitas vezes. Tornando-se indispensável, principalmente, vê-los como sujeitos. Sujeitos de direito. Para além das normativas e das notícias infames de suas histórias, mas em sua rede social, de saúde e educação. / This dissertation focuses on the young person in conflict with the law under the socio-educative measure of detention, as this is the most severe state response to an infraction. The profile is the state of Rio Grande Do Sul. The qualitative research was mapped by interweaving and analyzing intensities: those experienced, remembered by photographic records, of the researcher, in a socioeducative care unit; the those that are presented in legislation, through a historical panorama showing the transition from the Doctrine of Irregular Situation to the Doctrine of Integral Protection, with its respective normative ordinances: the juvenile codes from 1927 and 1979, the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA, Federal Law no. 8,069/1990), and the institution of the National Socio-Educational Service System (SINASE, Law no. 12,594, from January 18, 2012). In the analysis of what is said, announced, and written about the young person in conflict with the law, the need for the search of how this young person is written, announced, in an accessible way to the general population: this is how the news from the biggest newspaper in the state was mapped, from its online format, and then added to the research The theoretical basis approaches the perspectives of Michel Foucault, Gilles Deleuze, and Felix Guattari, dialoguing with diverse authors, such as José Machado Pais, Deisemer Gorczevski, João Batista Costa Saraiva, Carmem Craidy, Gislei Lazzaroto, amongst others. In this research, differences are perceived in what is proposed in the law, and to the reality, and also, in what it is presented in the social and mediatic saying about the youngsters and the socio-educative measures of internment. By focusing on how subjects are referred to, named, described, significant advances are made in legal propositions, while in the news of the analyzed device there are signs of infamy and the tendency of a view based on minorism. Faced with so many distances found, the need to distance these subjects from the place of infamy is emphasized and, finally, the importance of seeing them as young people, understanding the pluralities, and, by undertaking their singularities, perfomities, cultures, stories, and lives. In this sense, it is noteworthy: although these young people are perpetrators of offenses and sentenced for them, they are also main actors of a family, being sons, brothers, mothers, or fathers. It is mainly indispensable to see them as subjects. Subjects of right, in addition to the regulations and the infamous news stories, but in their social, health and education networks.

Les établissements pour personnes âgées, les centres pénitentiaires et les monastères, trois univers à priori très différents. Et pourtant, nous y avons constaté des similarités qui nous ont amenés à réfléchir sur la problématique suivante : Quelles dynamiques psychiques interagissent dans une institution totale (Goffman, 1968) qui accueille des personnes sur le long terme, d’une part selon que le mode d’entrée principal y soit choisi, contraint ou forcé, et d’autre part selon que le sujet ait la capacité de quitter librement l’institution ou non ? Cette question nous permet de penser les liens mouvants et interdépendants entre le sujet, l’institution et la société. Dans cette étude, c’est à la rencontre de l’humain que nous allons, qu’il soit âgé et dépendant, prisonnier, soignant, surveillant ou moine. Leurs témoignages nous amènent à repenser lesquestions de l’ego, de la paix, de la liberté et de l’amou / Retirement homes, detention centers and monasteries : at first sight, these three institutions seem to be very different. Nevertheless, we noticed similarities which led us to ask ourselves the following question: What are the psychic dynamics involved in a total institution (GOFFMAN, 1968) which receives persons on a long-term basis, depending on whether the main admission mode is chosen, constrained or forced, or whether the subject has the ability to leave the institution freely or not ? This question allow us to think about the shifting and independent links between people, institution and society. This study is about meeting differents humans whether they are old and dependant, prisoner, nurse, prison warder or monks. Their testimonies invite us to reconsider the question of ego, peace, freedom and love.

Este trabalho investigou o comportamento dos resíduos sólidos ao longo de soleiras laterais de reservatórios de detenção urbanos (piscinões). Esses reservatórios foram projetados segundo uma abordagem puramente hidráulica, que consiste no armazenamento de água de chuva, resultando em amortecimento de pico de cheias e minimizando a questão das inundações, porém um impacto não considerado é o grande acúmulo de resíduos sólidos no interior dessas estruturas. Para estudar o fenômeno e na tentativa de quantificação do montante que se acumula nos reservatórios em relação aos resíduos veiculados pelos rios, foi construído um modelo físico representativo de um córrego urbano, provido de um vertedor lateral que dá acesso a um piscinão. Realizaram-se simulações, que consistiram no lançamento de resíduos no canal e na observação do seu comportamento na passagem pela soleira lateral. Algumas alternativas de direcionamento dos resíduos também foram testadas, através da implantação de vigas defletoras, cujos resultados comprovaram a sua eficiência no direcionamento dos resíduos para o piscinão ou canal. Por fim, as investigações realizadas resultaram em contribuições importantes para a gestão dos sistemas de contenção de cheias das grandes cidades. / The present research investigates the mechanisms of silting in detention reservoirs use for control of urban flooding caused by garbage, debris and rejects transported by urban runoff. Unfortunately the design of this reservoirs was based in hydraulics only, and the transport of siltation material by rivers was not considered. To study the phenomenon and in order to quantify the amount of accumulated waste according to total waste carried by rivers, a representative pilot scale model was built, provided with a lateral channel-shaped spillway that access the detention reservoir. Simulations have been ran, and the analysis method was to obtain a correlation between the waste entrainment rate from the side weir and the hydraulics variables. Some alternatives regarding the aiming of the waste were also tested by the implantation of deflector beams, whose efficiency in the aiming of waste to the reservoir or canal was proved. Finally, the inquires generated in the present research resulted in important contributions regarding the management of flood containment systems in big cities.

Uma das principais preocupações da sociedade é a recorrência de eventos extremos, como, por exemplo, a precipitação intensa, que causa um forte impacto na população atingindo habitações, atividades industriais, comerciais e serviços públicos e privados, além do transporte urbano e rodoviário ocasionando altos custos monetários e, em muitos casos, perdas humanas. Com o intuito de aprimorar as medidas de controle das inundações e a gestão dos sistemas de recursos hídricos visando à redução dos problemas provocados pela inundação, o presente estudo propõe uma metodologia que avaliará o impacto da distribuição espacial da precipitação conjuntamente com a geomorfologia da bacia. / One of the main concern of society is the recurrence of extreme events, such as intense rainfall, which strongly impacts population, affecting houses, industrial and trading activities, public and private services, besides urban and road trasport, causing high monetary costs and in many cases, human losses. In order to improve the structures of flood control and water management resources to reduce problems caused by flooding, this study proposes a metholodogy to assess the impact of the spatial rainfall distribution combined with the basin geomorphology.

The use of a system of detention reservoirs distributed across a region has been gaining interest as an innovative way to manage riverine flooding. An open problem is the role played by the spatial configuration of detention projects in regulating the flow. Possible locations for reservoirs within a watershed are numerous, however methods used in literature to place reservoirs on real watersheds and couple them with realistic values of storage are not very detailed. This thesis presents a methodology for modeling dams and related reservoirs at high density, based on the analysis of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of the terrain, and extracting their geometric characteristics. Four indicators, based on the morphology of reservoirs and their position in the network, are proposed to classify them and identify which locations are more suitable for a detention project. These are the Horton order, the ratio between volume and extent of the reservoir, the ratio between volume and the expected inflow volume, and the volume itself. The study area of the analysis is the Turkey River watershed, in northeastern Iowa. The algorithm analyzed over 100,000 locations and successfully modeled more than 60%. Most of the failed attempts occurred in a region of the watershed where the terrain is generally flat and reservoirs, when feasible, tend to store water inundating a large area. Regional patterns of ratios are highlighted at the scale of the watershed, but no clear, recurring pattern is identified at the subwatershed level. The considered indicators have the purpose of narrowing down locations to a manageable number of candidates. Further criteria can also be adopted, based on land use and social and economic considerations. Selected reservoirs can be variously combined and entered, together with their geometric characteristics, in hydrological models and optimization processes to determine the best spatial configuration possible.

Interruptions to juvenile detainees' education often delay their progress toward high school completion. Implementing an individualized learning plan (ILP) has been suggested as a solution to this problem. The purpose of this case study was to explore how ILPs facilitate attainment of graduation among incarcerated youth. The study was guided by the Washington State legislative framework for individualized learning plans and the efforts of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency to increase educational opportunities. Three research questions were formulated to explore perceptions of local juvenile detention center educators and administrators regarding their experiences in the development, implementation, and effectiveness of ILPs. Qualitative data were collected from interviews with 5 detention center educators, field observations, and document reviews. The examination of the data through the coding process using a matrix enabled descriptions and themes to emerge. Results indicated that ILPs are collaboratively developed and implemented in the detention center, there is a need for professional development related to ILPs, and ILPs have impacted students' education completion. Results from this study may influence social change by supporting development of ILPs which can result in a higher graduation rate and a reduction in recidivism among the incarcerated youth population.