La présente étude a pour objet l’analyse de l’appréhension des conditions de détention en établissements pénitentiaires par le mécanisme européen à travers la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Plus précisément, il s’agit d’étudier de quelle manière la Convention internationale contribue à protéger les droits fondamentaux des personnes privées de liberté et si son action est réellement efficiente. Cette recherche doit s’ordonner autour de deux axes principaux. En effet, il conviendra tout d’abord de démontrer la réelle efficacité du mécanisme européen de prévention des conditions de détention en s’interrogeant sur le degré d’effectivité de l’engagement des Etats membres du Conseil de l’Europe. Il est dans ce sens important d’observer avec attention la qualité de la promotion des droits fondamentaux des détenus sur la scène internationale. De même, il sera nécessaire d’étudier les différentes stratégies européennes afin d’assurer une prévention opérante des conditions de détention. A cet égard, l’on constatera la parfaite prévention relative aux conditions de vie des détenus qu’a constitué le Conseil de l’Europe. Par ailleurs, il sera également nécessaire de constater la relative efficacité du mécanisme européen de sanction des conditions de détention en constatant les carences qui subsistent et les sanctions qui restent aujourd’hui insuffisantes. A cet égard, il est essentiel de s’interroger sur l’influence de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme sur les ordres juridiques internes relatifs aux conditions de détention à travers la jurisprudence de Strasbourg. En effet, c’est précisément ce raisonnement qui va démontrer le degré d’efficacité du mécanisme juridictionnel strasbourgeois. Il est dans ce sens primordial d’étudier minutieusement la réalité des conditions de vie des personnes privées de liberté afin de comprendre les raisons de l’insuffisance du mécanisme de sanction des conditions de détention. / The present study has an aim the analysis of the apprehension of the detention conditions in penal institutions by the European mechanism throught the European Convention of the human rights. More precisely, it is a question of studying International convention how contributes to protect the basic rights from the individuals of freedom and if its action is really efficient. This research must be ordered around two main axes. Indeed, it will first of all be advisable to show the real effectiveness of the European mechanism of prevention of the detention conditions while wondering about the degree of effectiveness of the commitment of the Member States of the Council of Europe. It is in this direction important to observe with attention the quality of the promotion of the basic rights of the prisoners on the international scene. In the same way, it will be necessary to study the various European strategies in order to ensure an operative prevention of the detention conditions. In this respect, one will note the perfect prevention relating to the living conditions of the prisoners whom the Council of Europe constituted. In addition, it will be also necessary to note the relative effectiveness of the European mechanism of sanction of the detention conditions by noting the deficiencies which remain and the sanctions which remain insufficient today. In this respect, it is essential to wonder about the influence of the European Convention of the human rights on the internal legal orders relating to the detention conditions through jurisprudence of Strasbourg. Indeed, it is precisely this reasoning which will show the degree of effectiveness of the jurisdictional mechanism of Strasbourg. It is in this direction paramount to thoroughly study the reality of the living conditions of the individuals of freedom in order to understand the reasons of the insufficiency of the mechanism of sanction of the detention conditions.

The dissertation thesis The position of security detention in the system of criminal sanctions has a theoretical character with the aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the development, implementation and the up to date application of security detention. In connection with the study and factual analysis of the issue, the thesis was divided in several chapters. The content and meaning of some basic terms is defined in the first chapter. The second chapter reflects the development of security detention from the perspective of a broader legal comparison and the legislative process of the Act on Security detention execution. The chapter is focuses on pointing out the complexity and pitfalls of security detention development. The third chapter is devoted to the legal regulation of security detention in the current legal system and is divided into subchapters to interpret the individual legal regulations. The fourth chapter is dedicated to the personality of the offender and basic criminal liability. The fifth chapter is designed to point out the category of offenders from a medical perspective. Chapter six then deals with the application of security detention itself and the constitution in the Czech Republic describing the quality of life of inmates. The last chapter of the thesis focuses on the post-detention care itself. The interpretative analysis of primary and secondary sources showed that security detention is an inevitable part of protective measures in terms of increasing the usability of this measure and simultaneously fulfilling the capacity of security detention institutes in the Czech Republic.

Abstract: This study examines the laws and practices relating to immigration detention in South Africa. It provides an in-depth examination of the legislation, with reference to known state practices and cases where migrants have been subjected to prolonged and repeated periods of immigration detention. The study highlights gaps in South African law that contribute to certain categories of migrants being especially vulnerable to immigration detention. Four categories are identified: (1) asylum seekers; (2) persons with difficulty obtaining travel documents; (3) stateless person; and (4) persons subject to other prohibitions against refoulement. The study offers recommendations for legislative reforms to fill the gaps in the law that contribute to these migrants’ vulnerability to immigration detention

Diversos são os transtornos causados pelas inundações dentre os quais se destacam problemas ambientais, sanitários, de perdas materiais e humanas. Os maiores agentes destas inundações são o crescimento urbano não planejado, que ocasiona a impermeabilização indiscriminada das áreas urbanas gerando maior volume escoado, e a ocupação de várzeas. As bacias de detenção são caracterizadas por sua destinação ao amortecimento dos picos de cheias por meio da contenção de parte do volume escoado superficialmente. No presente trabalho fez-se uma proposta de pré-dimensionamento de bacias de detenção, fundamentada no método racional e associada a relações IDF, que permite o cálculo dos volumes de detenção. A viabilidade e segurança do modelo foram verificadas comparando a proposta desenvolvida com metodologias consagradas entre projetistas, sendo utilizado como referência o procedimento desenvolvido por Porto (2002). De modo a permitir uma melhor avaliação dos métodos estudados foram analisadas interferências relativas às mudanças no tempo de concentração da bacia e na duração dos eventos chuvosos. O processo proposto apresentou resultados satisfatórios quando aplicado à bacia do córrego do Andrezinho na cidade de Pirassununga, São Paulo, assegurando em seus melhores ajustes diferenças máximas da ordem de 5% do volume estimado como ideal. / Several disorders are occurred by the floods of which are highlighted environmental issues, sanitary, of human and material losses. The main agent of these floods is the unplanned urban growth which causes sealing of urban areas generating higher volumes disposed. The detention ponds are characterized by their allocation to the dampening of flood peaks through retention of part of surface runoff. The present work proposes the pre-sizing of detention basins, based on rational method and associated with IDF relations which allows the calculation of the volumes of detention. The feasibility and safety of the model were verified by comparing the proposal with methods traditionally developed between designers, being used as reference the procedure developed by Porto (2002). In order to allow a better evaluation of the methods studied were analyzed interferences related to changes in the watershed concentration time and duration of rainfall events. The proposed method showed good results when applied to the basin of the Andrezinho stream in the city of Pirassununga, Sao Paulo, ensuring in their optimum settings with maximum differences about 5% of the volume estimated as ideal.

Thesis advisor: Shep Melnick / Most of the literature on the separation of powers in the war on terror vastly overstates the power of the presidency and pays little attention to the respective roles of Congress, the courts, and the bureaucracy in prosecuting that conflict. Scholars – especially those in the legal academy – have consistently failed to appreciate the ways in which the president has been, and continues to be, checked and constrained by a variety of forces. In my dissertation, I engage in highly detailed case studies of U.S. law and policy with respect to detention and military commissions in the war on terror. I pay special attention to the complex interactions that occurred within and between our governing institutions in these policy areas. There are two central arguments that come out of my research and run through my case studies. First, the political scientist Robert Kagan’s work on “adversarial legalism” is no longer simply applicable to the domestic policy realm. The proliferation of legal rules and extensive litigation has increasingly come to characterize foreign affairs as well, with important consequences for how the U.S. implements its national security policies and fights its armed conflicts. In short, adversarial legalism has gone to war. Second, loose talk about the “unitary” nature of the executive branch is misleading. The executive branch is a sprawling bureaucracy made up of diverse actors with different perspectives, preferences, and norms, and that bureaucracy has interacted with Congress and the courts in surprising ways to constrain the presidency in the war on terror. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2016. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Political Science.

Novas medidas de controle das vazões excedentes surgiram nos últimos anos e buscam contornar as mudanças nos ciclos hidrológicos, imitando e mantendo as condições naturais existentes antes dos processos de urbanização. Uma dessas alternativas, conhecida genericamente pelo nome de reservatório de armazenamento, procura reter parte do escoamento superficial gerado durante as precipitações, para depois fazer sua devolução de forma lenta e gradual aos leitos dos córregos e rios, atenuando o pico dos hidrogramas e redistribuindo as vazões ao longo do tempo. Uma das variáveis desse reservatório de armazenamento, que permanece seco entre eventos chuvosos, é denominado de reservatório de detenção e constitui-se o objeto deste trabalho. Sua implantação e utilização são discutidas por meio das experiências da CDHU, através de estudos de casos reais, onde prova-se que a incorporação desse novo dispositivo de drenagem urbana é ainda um assunto polêmico, para o qual técnicos, governantes e população estão despreparados. É legítimo o anseio da sociedade por medidas sustentáveis e ambientalmente corretas, na qual os reservatórios de detenção se enquadram, porém sua implementação por força de medidas legais, muitas vezes, tem sido realizada de forma pouco conseqüente, sem planejamento e ponderação quanto às dificuldades e implicações dessa atitude. Denota-se também, a necessidade de avaliação da eficiência destes dispositivos e de normatização das formas de aplicação, dimensionamento, operação e manutenção. Além disso, é necessário a sensibilização, a conscientização e a educação em todos os níveis, pois existem paradigmas a serem quebrados e obstáculos a serem vencidos. Ao final do trabalho, sugere-se um pequeno roteiro com diretrizes gerais para incorporação dos reservatórios de detenção em novos empreendimentos, com o intuito de orientar e facilitar a utilização desses dispositivos, melhorando sua aceitação pela sociedade. / New stormwater control techniques have emerged during last years, trying to mimic and keep the natural conditions of hydrologic cycle. One of these measures, known as storage facility, detains part of the rainfall runoff to release it at controlled rates downstream, attenuating the hydrograph peak and redistributing the volume over a certain period of time. The focus of this report is the detention basin, a storage facility designed to empty out between runoff occurrences. Its insertion and use are discussed through CDHU experiences, based on real cases, where the results show that this new urban drainage control system is still a polemic issue, for what technicians, governments and population are unprepared. Society’s concerns about sustainable and environmentally correct measures, inside which detention pond is placed, are rightful, however its implementation in the course of legal procedures has been made carelessly, unplanned and without considerations of difficulties and impacts. In addition, evaluation of its performance along with regulation of using forms, dimensioning, operation and maintenance are also required. Moreover, sensitiveness, consciousness and education related to detention basin should be improved, since there are paradigms to be broken and obstacles to win. At the end of this report, it is suggested some guidelines to incorporate detention basins in new land development, not only to facilitate and instruct the use of this structure, but also to improve society’s acceptance.

Protective Treatment and Security Detention Abstract This diploma thesis summarizes information about the institutes of involuntary commitment, especially involuntary treatment and security detention. A goal is to describe their development, imposition and their program. The next goal is to examine the influence of physical activity on patients and perpetrators who had been subjected to involuntary treatment or security detention. And finally to describe the opportunities for physical activity in psychiatric hospitals and detention institutes. This diploma thesis also surveys the opinions of the staff working in these facilities on the above stated issues. The first part introduces basic information concerning this topic. Next comes a part describing types of punishments and preventive measures. In the subsequent part, I describe measures imposed on juveniles and children under the age of 15 with an emphasis on protective education. Next, I explain important concepts and terms connected with this topic. I pay attention primarily to insanity, diminished sanity, mental illnesses and abuse of addictive substances. The thesis describes protective treatment in general as well as the types of protective treatments and the way they are carried out. The imposition of protective treatment is the topic of the next...

Detention without trial can be a formidable government weapon against political opponents. In South Africa this weapon has been fashioned into a multiple warhead. There are currently seven security law detention provisions on the statute book, of which one is dormant but can be activated by the State President. Non security law detention, for example detention under drug laws, will not be discussed in this paper. While the seven detention laws are of varying severity and serve different purposes, they are best classified and explained under two main categories or groups - preventive detention and pre-trial detention.

L’étude s’apprête à expliquer le droit de correction sur l’enfant d’après la perspective de la coopération entre la famille et l’État pour la prévention de crimes, et ainsi apporter une contribution au débat en droit actuel sur l’abolition des châtiments corporels domestiques. Eclipsé dans la codification napoléonienne, qui organise cette coopération par le biais de la détention, le châtiment corporel y réapparaît au tournant du XIXe siècle. Pour rendre compte de ce changement de manière optimale, il importait d’étudier la période d’essor de la détention correctionnelle, de 1804 jusqu’à la Troisième République, et connaître ensuite sa période de crise puis de décadence jusqu’à sa stagnation dans la législation. Vers 1880 le paysage juridique des rapports entre la famille et l’État change considérablement, et la coopération autour de la détention correctionnelle se dégrade, moment où on assiste l'émergence de l’apologie à la correction manuelle. / The purpose of the study is to explain the discipline punishment on the child from the perspective of cooperation between family and State for the prevention of crimes, and thus to contribute to the debate by current law on the eradication of corporal punishment. Eclipsed in the Napoleonic codification, which organizes this cooperation through the detention of children, corporal punishment will reappear at the turn of the nineteenth century. To realize this change optimally, it was considered important to study the boom period of the correctional detention, from 1804 until the Third Republic, and then to know its period of crisis and decay to its stagnation in the legislation. Around 1880, the legal landscape of the relationship between family and State changes considerably, and cooperation around the correctional detention deteriorates, when one witnesses the emergence of apology for domestic manual correction.

Thesis. 1975. B.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Urban Studies and Planning. / Bibliography: leaves 107-108. / by Beth L. Karpf. / B.S.