Feeder reconfiguration is performed by changing the open/close status of two types of switches: normally open tie switches and normally closed sectionalizing switches. A whole feeder or part of a feeder may be served from another feeder by closing a tie switch linking the two while an appropriate sectionalizing switch must be opened to maintain the radial structure of the system. Feeder reconfiguration is mainly aiming to reduce the system overall power losses and improve voltage profile. In this dissertation, several approaches have been proposed to reconfigure the radial distribution networks including the potential impact of integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DER) into the grid. These approaches provide a Fast-Genetic Algorithm “FGA” in which the size and convergence speed is improved compared to the conventional genetic algorithm. The size of the population matrix is also smaller because of the simple way of constructing the meshed network. Additionally, FGA deals with integer variable instead of a binary one, which makes FGA a unique method. The number of the mesh/loop is based on the number of tie switches in a particular network. The validity of the proposed FGA is investigated by comparing the obtained results with the one obtained from the most recent approaches. The second the approach is the implementation of the Differential Evolution (DE) algorithm. DE is a population-based method using three operators including crossover, mutation, and selection. It differs from GA in that genetic algorithms rely on crossover while DE relies on mutation. Mutation is based on the differences between randomly sampled pairs of solutions in the population. DE has three advantages: the ability to find the global optimal result regardless of the initial values, fast convergence, and requirement of a few control parameters. DE is a well-known and straightforward population-based probabilistic approach for comprehensive optimization. In distribution systems, if a utility company has the right to control the location and size of distributed generations, then the location and size of DGs may be determined based on some optimization methods. This research provides a promising approach to finding the optimal size and location of the planned DER units using the proposed DE algorithm. DGs location is obtained using the sensitivity of power losses with respect to real power injection at each bus. Then the most sensitive bus is selected for installing the DG unit. Because the integration of the DG adds positive real power injections, the optimal location is the one with the most negative sensitivity in order to get the largest power loss reduction. Finally, after the location is specified, the proposed Differential Evolution Algorithm (DEA) is used to obtain the optimal size of the DG unit. Only the feasible solutions that satisfy all the constraints are considered. The objective of installing DG units to the distribution network is to reduce the system losses and enhance the network voltage profile. Nowadays, these renewable DGs are required to equip with reactive power devices (such as static VAR compensators, capacitor banks, etc.), to provide reactive power as well as to control the voltage at their terminal bus. DGs have various technical benefits such as voltage profile improvement, relief in feeder loading, power loss minimization, stability improvement, and voltage deviation mitigation. The distributed generation may not achieve its full potential of benefits if placed at any random location in the system. It is necessary to investigate and determine the optimum location and size of the DG. Most distribution networks are radial in nature with limited short-circuit capacity. Therefore, there is a limit to which power can be injected into the distribution network without compromising the power quality and the system stability. This research is aiming to investigate this by applying DG technologies to the grid and keeping the system voltage within a defined boundary [0.95 - 1.05 p.u]. The requirements specified in IEEE Standard 1547 are considered. This research considers four objectives related to minimization of the system power loss, minimization of the deviations of the nodes voltage, minimization of branch current constraint violation, and minimization of feeder’s currents imbalance. The research formulates the problem as a multi-objective problem. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is demonstrated on different revised IEEE test systems including 16 and 33-bus radial distribution system.

O objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar os parâmetros urbanísticos que influenciam a forma urbana e, consequentemente, maximizam a geração de energia fotovoltaica, no município de São Paulo, tomando por estudo de caso o bairro Belenzinho, em processo de adensamento e verticalização. A avaliação dos parâmetros urbanísticos foi realizada por meio do software de modelagem tridimensional Rhinoceros®, utilizando dois vértices: inicialmente, foi modelada a variação isolada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, utilizando Rhinoceros® associado aos plug-ins Grasshopper® e Diva®, com a finalidade de identificar os valores dos parâmetros urbanísticos que maximizam as respostas da forma urbana em relação à incidência de radiação solar na cobertura das edificações; em seguida, adicionou-se o algoritmo genético Galapagos, identificando-se a melhor combinação dos valores dos parâmetros urbanísticos quanto à maximização da incidência de radiação solar na cobertura das edificações. As análises mostraram que no cenário morfológico atual, 86% da cobertura das edificações existentes recebem entre 1840 e 1879 kWh/m2.ano de incidência de radiação solar, porém, algumas edificações são prejudicadas com sombreamento causada pelas edificações vizinhas. Quando se objetiva otimizar a geração de energia solar fotovoltaica na cobertura de empreendimentos distribuídos no tecido urbano, valores de coeficiente de aproveitamento 3, quando o máximo permitido é 4, ou valores de coeficiente de aproveitamento 2, quando o máximo permitido é 2, associados a taxas de ocupação de 0,70, mostram-se apropriados. A aplicação do Galapagos indica que o ganho da radiação solar incidente por área total de cobertura, através da simulação da variação combinada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, é, em média, 60% maior quando comparado com o pior cenário da variação isolada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, no cenário com empreendimentos distribuídos. Porém, quando se objetiva otimizar a geração de energia solar fotovoltaica na cobertura de empreendimentos concentrados no tecido urbano, valores de coeficiente de aproveitamento 3 e 4, quando o máximo permitido é 4, associados a taxas de ocupação de 0,40, mostram-se apropriados. O uso do Galapagos indica que o ganho da radiação solar incidente por área total de cobertura, através da simulação da variação combinada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, é, em média, 40% maior quando comparado com o pior cenário da variação isolada dos parâmetros urbanísticos, no cenário com empreendimentos concentrados. Assim, a pesquisa indica que a definição de uma política energética municipal para aproveitamento fotovoltaico na cobertura de edificações passa pela análise da viabilidade de soluções de geração concentradas ou distribuídas no território urbano, o que impacta em diferentes formas de apropriação dessa variável na regulação da ocupação do solo, no que tange à definição de intervalos de valores dos parâmetros urbanísticos, gabarito de altura, assim como no uso do solo. / The present study analyses the parameters of the urban form that conditions the PV power generation capacity in a neighbourhood in São Paulo: Belenzinho, which is in verticalization and densification processes. The urban analysis was modeled with Rhinoceros® 3D software, with two vertices. Initially, the case-study area was modeled based on the isolated variation of the urban parameters, with Rhinoceros® software associated with Grasshopper® and Diva® plug-ins, in order to identify the best and worse urban parameter values, considering the solar radiation incidence on the rooftops of isolated buildings. Then, Galapagos genetic algorithm was applied for the purpose of combining the urban parameters, and identified the most suitable values for better exploitation of solar radiation. The analysis showed that in the current morphological scenario, 86% of the existing buildings rooftops have values of solar radiation between 1840 and 1879 kWh/m2.year, withal, some buildings are affected by shading caused by neighboring buildings. When optimizing the generation of photovoltaic solar energy in the rooftops of buildings distributed in area of this case study, values 3 for floor area ratio, when the maximum allowed is 4, or values 2 for floor area ratio, when the maximum allowed is 2, associated to values 0.70 of building coverage ratio to be appropriate. The study indicates that the gain of incident solar radiation by total coverage area through the simulation of the Galapagos genetic algorithm, represents on average 60% more when compared to the worst scenario of the isolated variation of the urban parameters, in isolated buildings. However, when the objective is to optimize the generation of photovoltaic solar energy in the rooftops of concentrated buildings in area of case study, values 3 and 4 for floor area ratio, when the maximum allowed is 4, associated to values 0.40 of building coverage ratio to be appropriate. The study indicates that the gain of incident solar radiation by total coverage area through the simulation of the Galapagos genetic algorithm, represents on average 40% more when compared to the worst scenario of the isolated variation of the urban parameters, in concentrated buildings. Thus, the definition of a municipal energy policy for photovoltaic application on the top of buildings involves the analysis of the feasibility of more concentrated or distributed generation solutions in the urban territory, and its appropriation of this variable in the land use regulation, in relation to the definition of ranges of values of urban planning parameters, building\'s height and land use.

L'objectif de cette thèse est d'obtenir des contraintes observationnelles du mécanisme d'éjection dans des étoiles jeunes de type T Tauri, analogues au jeune soleil, à partir d'observations en spectro-imagerie optique et infrarouge proche couplées à l'optique adaptative, obtenues avec les instruments OASIS/CFHT et SINFONI/VLT. La combinaison unique de résolution spectrale et spatiale offerte par cette instrumentation permet de caractériser la morphologie, la dynamique et les conditions d'excitation dans les régions de lancement des jets et de mener une comparaison aux modèles d'éjection. Une première étude est conduite sur le jet de l'étoile jeune de masse intermédiaire RY Tauri , suspectée binaire, visant à quantifier l'effet de la multiplicité et de la masse de l'étoile centrale sur les propriétés du jet. Je montre que les caractéristiques du jet (collimation, vitesse teminale, efficacité d'éjection) sont similaires à celles de jets issus d'étoiles de plus faible masse, suggérant un mécanisme de lancement peu dépendant de la masse stellaire. Par ailleurs mes observations remettent en cause la binarité de RY Tauri. Une deuxième étude menée dans l'infrarouge proche sur le jet de l'étoile DG Tauri a pour but de clarifier l'origine de l'émission moléculaire H2. Je mets en évidence l'existence d'une cavité moléculaire lente en expansion dont les propriétés sont compatibles avec les prédictions des modèles de vent de disque magnéto-hydrodynamique. Toutefois, l'origine dans une région de photo-dissociation associée à un vent photo-evaporé ne peut être exclue. Je discute de l'implication de ces résultats pour les modèles d'éjection.

Dans [PRID], Pridham a montré que tout n-champs d'Artin M admet une présentation en tant que schéma simplicial X. → M, telle que le schéma simplicial X satisfait à certaines propriétés notées par G.Pn,k de [GROTH]. Dans la présentation (...→ X2 → X1 → X0 → M), le schéma X1 représente une carte pour X0 x MX0. Donc, la lissité de X0 → M est équivalente à la lissité des deux projections ә0,ә1 : X1 → X0. Ce sont les deux premières parties de la condition de Grothendieck-Pridham, notées G.P1,0 et G.P1,1. Dans [BENZ12] nous avons introduit un n-champ d'Artin M des éléments de Maurer-Cartan d'une dg-catégorie. On a construit une carte, et on a déjà fait la preuve des premières conditions de lissité explicitement. Pour tout n et tout 0 ≤ k ≤ n Pridham considère un schéma noté MatchΛkn(X) avec un morphisme Xn → MatchΛkn(X). On construira explicitement le schéma simplicial de Grothendieck-Pridham X, on montrera la lissité formelle de cette carte précédente, ainsi que M est un n-champ géométrique.

Kiribati, a small and low lying island country located on the equator, is vulnerable to impact of Global Warming. In response, Kiribati¡¦s Government continues and remains firm to fight the increase of pollution gases. Rather than just fighting using words, Kiribati seriously takes into consideration issues which promote the use of clean energy in all aspects. .This thesis emphasizes the use of large scale photovoltaic (PV) installation as a clean energy source that may help contribute in the total energy demand for this island. Here, a large photovoltaic generation system as a Distribution Generation (DG) to feed main utility network (i.e. PUB) on the island, assumed to be constructed in the National Main Stadium (NMS) at Betio Town as the DG Interconnection site, is analyzed. This PVGS has been investigated from two different perspectives: 1) Independent Power Producer (IPP) point of view, which is the design of the selling price of PV power generation and 2) Utility point of view, which is the design of saving costs incurred from PVGS contribution. PV power generation is simulated according to the hourly solar irradiation and temperature provided by the Weather Office in Kiribati. The cash flow of annual power generation, the operation and maintenance costs and the capital investment cost of the PVGS are then used to derive the payback time (PBT) and the internal rate of return (IRR) for the PVGS under different selling price of PV power generation. The voltage variation and the system losses of the distribution feeder, which serves the National Stadium, are also evaluated by executing the load flow analysis for the impact analysis of the PVGS. Results indicate that the reduction of voltage variation and system¡¦s losses can be obtained with the PVGS installed to provide the dispersed generation for the local loads. However, the PVGS penetration is limited due to the violation of voltage variation introduced by the large intermittent PV power generation. The selling price of PV generation has to be designed according to the conditions of solar irradiation and temperature so that sufficient incentives can be provided.

In the most of the drilling operations it is obvious that a considerable amount of money is spent for drilling related problems / including stuck pipe, lost circulation, and excessive mud cost. In order to decrease the percentage of non-productive time (NPT) caused by these kind of problems, the aim is to control annular frictional pressure losses especially in the fields where pore pressure and fracture pressure gradient is too close which is called narrow drilling window. If we can solve these problems, the budget spent for drilling the wells will fall, therefore enabling the industry to be able to drill wells that were previously uneconomical. Managed Pressure Drilling (MPD) is a new technology that allows us to overcome these kinds of drilling problems by controlling the annular frictional pressure losses. As the industry remains relatively unaware of the full spectrum of benefits, this thesis involves the techniques used in Managed Pressure Drilling with an emphasis upon revealing several of its lesser known and therefore less appreciated applications.

This thesis presents a parallel-series two-bridge DC/DC converter topology with the ability to operate with ZVS over a wide input and load range. The intended application is power conditioning systems (PCS) of photovoltaic (PV) arrays used in hybrid renewable energy system architectures. The proposed topology provides two degrees of freedom which allows the PV-PCS to regulate the DC-link voltage, while tracking the maximum power point (MPP) of the PV array. This topology distributes the main power into two bridges and the phase-shift between the two bridges and provides another degree of freedom for the PCS to track the MPP. The proposed topology is also able to achieve soft-switching over a wide range. The power conditioning system shows a modular structure to efficiently transfer the power to the load as the main power is divided between two bridges. In addition, the proposed control scheme provides complete decoupling between the input side controller from the output side controller in order to perform MPPT and regulate the the DC-link voltage simultaneously. A 2kW Experimental prototype has been provided to validate the feasibility and performance of the converter. Experimental results prove that the converter is able to regulate the DC-link voltage and track the maximum power extracted from the PV array simultaneously. / Thesis (Master, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2012-04-18 19:51:43.405

Les écoulements en milieu urbain sont complexes et à l'heure actuelle estimés à l'aide d'outils informatiques. Pourtant, le manque de données expérimentales sur des géométries urbaines rend la validation et l'encadrement de l'utilisation de ces derniers difficile. Cette thèse présente les résultats obtenus sur un modèle physique d'un quartier urbain. La distribution des hauteurs d'eau ainsi que la répartition des débits en sortie du quartier expérimental sont mesurées. Leur étude a mis en évidence certains comportements caractéristiques des écoulements. Les données expérimentales ont été comparées aux simulations numériques générées avec un code 3D (Ansys-Fluent®) et un outil de recherche (Neptune 2D) mis au point durant cette thèse. Ce dernier résout les équations de Barré de Saint Venant 2D à l'aide d'un schéma EVR-DG, associé à une modification des solveurs de Riemann qui rend le code de calcul well-balanced.Les écarts observés entre Ansys-Fluent® et l'expérimental sont majoritairement en-dessous de 10%. Le code Neptune 2D apparait quant à lui légèrement moins précis : les écarts peuvent atteindre 20 à 30%. Diverses hypothèses sont avancées pour expliquer ces écarts.

Technologies such as direct broad cast satellite system (DBSS), Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) and Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite communications , global positioning system (GPS), high accuracy airborne navigation system and a large variety of radar systems demand for high level of antenna performance. Similar is the requirement for upcoming land based wireless systems such as cellular and indoor communication systems that is needed some more specific and additional features added to the antenna to compensate for the deficiencies encountered in system's performance. Though metallic antennas are capable enough to fulfil all the operational requirements, however at very high frequencies and under hostile temperature conditions they are constrained to face certain limitations. To avoid these constraints the performance of Dielectric Resonator Antennas (DRAs) is evaluated and their new applications are proposed. In the thesis, two types of antenna applications are sought :-First is for tracking and satellite applications that needs a larger aperture coverage in elevation plane. This coverage is realized with a good CP purity by proposing two ports dual linearly polarized DRA working at X-band. The DRA is excited by two orthogonal H-shaped aperture slots yielding two orthogonal polarizations in the broadside direction. A common impedance bandwidth of 5.9% and input port isolation of -35 dB are obtained. The broadside radiation patterns are found to be highly symmetric and stable with cross polarization levels -15dB or better over the entire matching frequency band. The maximum measured gain is found to be 2.5dBi at 8.4 GHz.- The 2nd type of antenna is a dual pattern diversity antenna to be used in the Body Area Network (BAN) context. This antenna combines a slot loop and DRA yielding broadside and end-fire radiation patterns respectively. Based upon the feeding techniques, the DG antenna is further divided into two categories one with planar feeds and the other with non-planar feeds (slot loop excited by planar CPW but DRA excited by vertical monopole) .Both types are successfully designed and measured upon body when configured into different propagation scenarios. The non-planar feeds antenna allows wider common impedance bandwidths than the planar feeds (4.95% vs 1.5%).In both cases, a maximum value of DG=9.5dB was achieved when diversity performance tests were carried out in rich fading environments. This value is close to the one (10 dB) theoretically reached in a pure Rayleigh environment and was obtained with efficiencies of 70% and 85% for the slot loop and the DRA respectively. Therefore, we conclude that these antennas could be used on the shoulders or the chest of professional clothes (firemen, policemen, soldier) where full planar integration is not a key issue but where the communication must be efficient in harsh environments and for various gestures, positions and scenarios

Universiẗat, Diss.--Marburg, 1999. / Literaturverz. S. 267 - 295.