Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2005. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2006. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.P.H.)--University of South Florida, 2009. / Title from PDF of title page. Document formatted into pages; contains 34 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2010.

Η χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή αποτελεί την πιο αποτελεσματική μέθοδο της βαριατρικής χειρουργικής όσο αφορά την απώλεια του βάρους και την υποχώρηση του σακχαρώδους διαβήτη τύπου 2, συνοδεύεται όμως συχνά από σημαντική έλλειψη θρεπτικών συστατικών. Η επιμήκης γαστρεκτομή είναι μια σχετικά νέα επέμβαση, η οποία σύμφωνα με μελέτες προκαλεί σημαντικού βαθμού απώλεια βάρους και υποχώρηση του σακχαρώδους διαβήτη τύπου 2. Σκοπός: Η προοπτική εκτίμηση και σύγκριση της επίδρασης της χολοπαγκρεατικής εκτροπής μακρών ελίκων και της λαπαροσκοπικής επιμήκους γαστρεκτομής στην υποχώρηση του σακχαρώδους διαβήτη τύπου 2, της υπέρτασης και της δυσλιπιδαιμίας, καθώς επίσης και στα επίπεδα ινσουλίνης, γλυκαγόνης, γκρελίνης, PYY και GLP-1( σε νηστεία αλλά και μετά από τη λήψη γλυκόζης ) σε ασθενείς με κλινικά σοβαρή παχυσαρκία και σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου2. Μέθοδος: Δώδεκα ασθενείς (ΔΜΣ 57.6±9.9 kg/m2) υποβλήθηκαν σε χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή μακρών ελίκων και δώδεκα (ΔΜΣ 43.7±2.1 kg/m2 ) σε λαπαροσκοπική επιμήκη γαστρεκτομή. Όλοι οι ασθενείς παρουσίαζαν σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 και μελετήθηκαν προεγχειρητικά και σε 1, 3 και 12 μήνες μετά το χειρουργείο. Σε όλους τους χρόνους υποβλήθηκαν σε από του στόματος δοκιμασία ανοχής γλυκόζης. Αποτελέσματα: Το σωματικό βάρος σημείωσε σημαντική και αναλόγου μεγέθους μείωση και στις δύο ομάδες (Ρ<0.001). Στους 12 μήνες η ποσοστιαία απώλεια του υπερβάλλοντος σωματικού βάρους ήταν παρόμοια στις δύο ομάδες (Ρ=0.8) και ο σακχαρώδης διαβήτης είχε υποχωρήσει σε όλους τους ασθενείς. Η γλυκόζη, η ινσουλίνη και η αντίσταση στη δράση της παρουσίαζαν σημαντική μείωση έπειτα και από τις δύο επεμβάσεις, όμως η ευαισθησία στην ινσουλίνη ενισχύθηκε περισσότερο έπειτα από τη χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή (Ρ=0.003). Η αρτηριακή πίεση, η ολική και η LDL χοληστερόλη μειώθηκαν σημαντικά έπειτα από τη χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή (Ρ<0.001), όχι όμως και μετά την επιμήκη γαστρεκτομή. Τα τριγλυκερίδια μειώθηκαν σημαντικά και στις δύο ομάδες, ενώ η HDL χοληστερόλη παρουσίασε σημαντική αύξηση μόνο μετά την επιμήκη γαστρεκτομή (Ρ<0.001). Τα επίπεδα γκρελίνης νηστείας δεν μεταβλήθηκαν σημαντικά μετά τη χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή (Ρ=0.2), ενώ σημείωσαν σημαντική μείωση μετά την επιμήκη γαστρεκτομή (Ρ<0.001). Η απόκριση των ΡΥΥ και GLP-1 ενισχύθηκε σημαντικά και στις δύο ομάδες ασθενών (Ρ=0.001). Συμπεράσματα: Η λαπαροσκοπική επιμήκης γαστρεκτομή οδήγησε σε αναλόγου βαθμού απώλεια σωματικού βάρους και υποχώρηση του σακχαρώδη διαβήτη τύπου 2 με τη χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή μακρών ελίκων. Η χολοπαγκρεατική εκτροπή όμως ήταν περισσότερο αποτελεσματική όσο αφορά τη βελτίωση της ευαισθησίας στην ινσουλίνη, της δυσλιπιδαιμίας και της αρτηριακής υπέρτασης. / Biliopancreatic diversion (BPD) is the most effective bariatric procedure in terms of weight loss and remission of diabetes type 2 (DM2) but it is accompanied by nutrient deficiencies. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is a relatively new restrictive operation that has shown promising results concerning DM2 resolution and weight loss. Objective: To evaluate and compare prospectively the effects of BPD long limb (BPDLL) and SG on remission of DM2, hypertension and dyslipidemia and also on fasting, and glucose-stimulated insulin, glucose, glucagon, ghrelin, PYY and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels in morbidly obese patients with DM2. Methods: Twelve patients (BMI 57.6±9.9 kg/m2) underwent BPDLL and 12 (BMI 43.7±2.1 kg/m2) underwent SG. All patients had DM2 and were evaluated before and 1, 3 and 12 months after surgery. Oral glucose tolerance test and blood sampling were carried out after an overnight fast and 30, 60 and 120 minutes after glucose ingestion. Results: Body weight decreased markedly in both groups (P<0.001); excess weight loss was similar in both groups at 12 months (P=0.08) and DM2 resolved in all patients. Glucose, insulin and insulin resistance decreased significantly after both procedures, but the BPDLL group had higher insulin sensitivity than the SG group at 1 year (P=0.003). Blood pressure, total and LDL cholesterol decreased markedly after BPDLL (P<0.001) but not after SG. Triglycerides decreased significantly after both operations but HDL increased significantly after SG only (p<0.001). Fasting ghrelin did not change significantly after BPDLL (P=0.2), but decreased markedly after SG (P<0.001). Fasting GLP-1 and PYY increased significantly after BPDLL only (P=0.01), however GLP-1 and PYY responses to glucose were significantly enhanced in both groups (P=0.001). Conclusion: SG results in weight loss and resolution of DM2 comparable to BPDLL, but BPDLL is more effective in terms of dyslipidemia resolution and blood pressure reduction.

Introdução: A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com síndrome metabólica ou diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Como a disfunção endotelial precede o desenvolvimento da doença cardiovascular, seria desejável identificar e tratar a disfunção endotelial antes que a aterosclerose se desenvolva. Hoje, existe evidência clara para sustentar o efeito protetor do exercício físico regular em pacientes com síndrome metabólica ou diabetes mellitus. O que está menos claro é a relação da intensidade de treinamento e melhora na função endotelial. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de um programa de exercício físico, de alta e baixa intensidade, na função endotelial de pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica ou Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Métodos: Foram estudados 31 pacientes com diabetes melittus tipo 2 ou síndrome metabólica, de idade média (±DP) de 58±6 anos, randomizados para treinamento aeróbio de alta intensidade (AI: 75 a 85% freqüência cardíaca máxima, n = 10), treinamento aeróbio de baixa intensidade (BI: 50 a 60% freqüência cardíaca máxima, n = 10) e controle (n = 11). O treinamento foi realizado por 50 minutos, 4 vezes por semana. Antes e após 6 semanas de treinamento, os sujeitos realizaram teste de esforço e estudo da função endotelial, por ultra-som de alta resolução da artéria braquial, avaliados após hiperemia reativa (dependente do endotélio) e após administração de nitrato (independente do endotélio). Resultados: O programa de treinamento aeróbio de alta intensidade resultou em um maior aumento da capacidade funcional, avaliado pelo tempo máximo tolerado no teste de esforço (AI antes 9,39±1,22 minutos e depois 12,12±1,24 minutos; BI antes 8,84s±1,82 minutos e depois 10,41±1,99 minutos; Controle antes 9,36±.1,21minutos e depois 8,96±.1,35minutos; p < 0,05). A diferença no diâmetro do vaso após hiperemia foi significativamente maior para o grupo de alta intensidade (AI antes 4,28±.0,73mm e depois 5,62±.0,95mm; BI antes 4,24±.0,49mm e depois 5,01±.0,56mm; Controle antes 4,31±.0,37mm e depois 4,23±.0,23mm; p < 0,05). Após nitrato, não houve diferença significativa para nenhum dos grupos (AI antes 5,13±.1,17mm e depois 5,20±.1,10mm; BI antes 4,93±.0,88mm e depois 5,07±.0,70mm; Controle antes 4,96±.0,36mm e depois 4,62±.0,36mm; p = 0,565). Conclusões: Quando comparado ao treinamento aeróbio de baixa intensidade e controle, o treinamento aeróbio de alta intensidade melhorou a capacidade funcional e resposta vasodilatadora dependente do endotélio, em pacientes com síndrome metabólica ou diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Estes achados sugerem que o treinamento físico de alta intensidade possa ser considerado como alternativa preventiva nestes pacientes. / Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with the metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus type 2. As the endothelial dysfunction precedes the development of cardiovascular disease, it would be desirable to identify and treat the endothelial dysfunction before the development of atherosclerosis. There is currently clear evidence to support the protective effect of regular physical exercise on patients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus. What is less clear is the relationship between training intensity and improvement in endothelial function. Objective: Evaluate effect of a physical exercise program, of high and low intensity, on endothelial function of patients with Metabolic Syndrome or Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Methods: Thirty one patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 or metabolic syndrome were studied, with mean age (±SD) of 58±6 years, randomized for high intensity aerobic training (AI: 75-85% of maximum heart rate, n = 10), low intensity aerobic training (BI: 50-60% maximum heart rate, n = 10) and control (n = 11). The training was performed for 50 minutes, four times a week. Before and after 6 weeks of training, subjects performed the exercise testing and had been studied for endothelial function, by high resolution ultrasound of the brachial artery, assessed after reactive hyperemia (endothelium dependent) and after nitrate administration (endothelium independent). Results: The high intensity aerobic training resulted in a higher increase of the functional capacity, assessed by maximum tolerated time on the exercise testing (AI before 9.39±1.22 minutes and after 12.12±1.24 minutes; BI before 8.84s±1.82 minutes and after 10.41±1.99 minutes; Controls before 9.36±.1.21minutes and after 8.96±.1.35minutes; p < 0.05). The diameter difference of the vessel after hyperemia was significantly higher for the high intensity group (AI before 4.28±0.73mm and after 5.62±0.95mm; BI before 4.24±0.49mm and after 5.01±0.56mm; Controls before 4.31±0.37mm and after 4.23±.0.23mm; p < 0.05). After nitrate, there was no significant difference for none of the groups (AI before 5.13±.1.17mm and after 5.20±.1.10mm; BI before 4.93±.0.88mm and after 5.07±.0.70mm; Controls before 4.96±.0.36mm and after 4.62±.0.36mm; p = 0.565). Conclusions: When compared to the low intensity aerobic training and controls, the high intensity aerobic training improved the functional capacity and vasodilator response endothelium-dependent in patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2. These findings suggest that physical training of high intensity might be considered as a preventive alternative in those patients.

Introdução: A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de morbidade e mortalidade em pacientes com síndrome metabólica ou diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Como a disfunção endotelial precede o desenvolvimento da doença cardiovascular, seria desejável identificar e tratar a disfunção endotelial antes que a aterosclerose se desenvolva. Hoje, existe evidência clara para sustentar o efeito protetor do exercício físico regular em pacientes com síndrome metabólica ou diabetes mellitus. O que está menos claro é a relação da intensidade de treinamento e melhora na função endotelial. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de um programa de exercício físico, de alta e baixa intensidade, na função endotelial de pacientes com Síndrome Metabólica ou Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2. Métodos: Foram estudados 31 pacientes com diabetes melittus tipo 2 ou síndrome metabólica, de idade média (±DP) de 58±6 anos, randomizados para treinamento aeróbio de alta intensidade (AI: 75 a 85% freqüência cardíaca máxima, n = 10), treinamento aeróbio de baixa intensidade (BI: 50 a 60% freqüência cardíaca máxima, n = 10) e controle (n = 11). O treinamento foi realizado por 50 minutos, 4 vezes por semana. Antes e após 6 semanas de treinamento, os sujeitos realizaram teste de esforço e estudo da função endotelial, por ultra-som de alta resolução da artéria braquial, avaliados após hiperemia reativa (dependente do endotélio) e após administração de nitrato (independente do endotélio). Resultados: O programa de treinamento aeróbio de alta intensidade resultou em um maior aumento da capacidade funcional, avaliado pelo tempo máximo tolerado no teste de esforço (AI antes 9,39±1,22 minutos e depois 12,12±1,24 minutos; BI antes 8,84s±1,82 minutos e depois 10,41±1,99 minutos; Controle antes 9,36±.1,21minutos e depois 8,96±.1,35minutos; p < 0,05). A diferença no diâmetro do vaso após hiperemia foi significativamente maior para o grupo de alta intensidade (AI antes 4,28±.0,73mm e depois 5,62±.0,95mm; BI antes 4,24±.0,49mm e depois 5,01±.0,56mm; Controle antes 4,31±.0,37mm e depois 4,23±.0,23mm; p < 0,05). Após nitrato, não houve diferença significativa para nenhum dos grupos (AI antes 5,13±.1,17mm e depois 5,20±.1,10mm; BI antes 4,93±.0,88mm e depois 5,07±.0,70mm; Controle antes 4,96±.0,36mm e depois 4,62±.0,36mm; p = 0,565). Conclusões: Quando comparado ao treinamento aeróbio de baixa intensidade e controle, o treinamento aeróbio de alta intensidade melhorou a capacidade funcional e resposta vasodilatadora dependente do endotélio, em pacientes com síndrome metabólica ou diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Estes achados sugerem que o treinamento físico de alta intensidade possa ser considerado como alternativa preventiva nestes pacientes. / Introduction: Cardiovascular disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with the metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus type 2. As the endothelial dysfunction precedes the development of cardiovascular disease, it would be desirable to identify and treat the endothelial dysfunction before the development of atherosclerosis. There is currently clear evidence to support the protective effect of regular physical exercise on patients with metabolic syndrome or diabetes mellitus. What is less clear is the relationship between training intensity and improvement in endothelial function. Objective: Evaluate effect of a physical exercise program, of high and low intensity, on endothelial function of patients with Metabolic Syndrome or Diabetes Mellitus Type 2. Methods: Thirty one patients with Diabetes Mellitus type 2 or metabolic syndrome were studied, with mean age (±SD) of 58±6 years, randomized for high intensity aerobic training (AI: 75-85% of maximum heart rate, n = 10), low intensity aerobic training (BI: 50-60% maximum heart rate, n = 10) and control (n = 11). The training was performed for 50 minutes, four times a week. Before and after 6 weeks of training, subjects performed the exercise testing and had been studied for endothelial function, by high resolution ultrasound of the brachial artery, assessed after reactive hyperemia (endothelium dependent) and after nitrate administration (endothelium independent). Results: The high intensity aerobic training resulted in a higher increase of the functional capacity, assessed by maximum tolerated time on the exercise testing (AI before 9.39±1.22 minutes and after 12.12±1.24 minutes; BI before 8.84s±1.82 minutes and after 10.41±1.99 minutes; Controls before 9.36±.1.21minutes and after 8.96±.1.35minutes; p < 0.05). The diameter difference of the vessel after hyperemia was significantly higher for the high intensity group (AI before 4.28±0.73mm and after 5.62±0.95mm; BI before 4.24±0.49mm and after 5.01±0.56mm; Controls before 4.31±0.37mm and after 4.23±.0.23mm; p < 0.05). After nitrate, there was no significant difference for none of the groups (AI before 5.13±.1.17mm and after 5.20±.1.10mm; BI before 4.93±.0.88mm and after 5.07±.0.70mm; Controls before 4.96±.0.36mm and after 4.62±.0.36mm; p = 0.565). Conclusions: When compared to the low intensity aerobic training and controls, the high intensity aerobic training improved the functional capacity and vasodilator response endothelium-dependent in patients with metabolic syndrome and diabetes mellitus type 2. These findings suggest that physical training of high intensity might be considered as a preventive alternative in those patients.