Thesis (Ph.D. in Immunology) -- University of Colorado, 2005. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 180-202). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Lund, 1994. / "ISRN LUMEDW / MEMM-1037-SE."

Thesis (Ph.D. in Epidemiology) -- University of Colorado, 2006. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 134-160). Free to UCDHSC affiliates. Online version available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations;

Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ. , 2009. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

Ο Σακχαρώδης Διαβήτης τύπου 1 (ΣΔ1) αποτελεί τη συχνότερη μορφή διαβήτη στα παιδιά, συχνά συνοδεύεται από σοβαρές μικρο- και μακρο-αγγειακές επιπλοκές ενώ, η επίπτωσή του εμφανίζει ανησυχητικά αυξητική τάση τις τελευταίες δεκαετίες. Η ενεργοποίηση των μονοκυττάρων, η χημειοταξία τους (κύριος χημειοτακτικός παράγοντας μονοκυττάρων: MCP-1) και η μετατροπή τους σε μακροφάγα (δείκτης μακροφάγων: CD68) θεωρείται πως διαδραματίζουν προεξέχοντα ρόλο στην ανάπτυξη των διαβητικών αγγειακών αλλοιώσεων. Η πλεονάζουσα γλυκόζη που υπάρχει στο διαβήτη, αλληλεπιδρώντας μη ενζυματικά με πλήθος υποστρωμάτων, προκαλεί την παραγωγή των AGEs (τελικά προϊόντα προχωρημένης γλυκοζυλίωσης) τα οποία με τη σειρά τους ασκούν τις βλαπτικές τους δράσεις, είτε αλληλεπιδρώντας άμεσα με τα μόρια της εξωκυττάριας ουσίας ή μέσω σύνδεσης στους κυτταρικούς τους υποδοχείς (κυριότερος εκπρόσωπος: RAGE). Η ενεργοποίηση του RAGE, διαμέσου της ενεργοποίησης του μεταγωγικού μονοπατιού της πρωτεϊνικής κινάσης Β (Akt2/PKB) και του μεταγραφικού παράγοντα NF-κΒ, οδηγεί στην αυξημένη έκφραση προ-φλεγμονωδών [παράγοντας νέκρωσης όγκου-α (TNFα), ιντερλευκίνη-6 (IL-6)] και προ-θρομβωτικών παραγόντων [ιστικού παράγοντα (TF)], συμβάλλοντας κατ’αυτό τον τρόπο στην εμφάνιση ενδοθηλιακής δυσλειτουργίας. Φραγμό στις δράσεις αυτές αποτελεί η διαλυτή μορφή του RAGE, sRAGE, η οποία συνδεόμενη με τα AGEs τα οδηγεί προς αποδόμηση και εμποδίζει την ενδοκυττάρια σηματοδότηση που πυροδοτούν τα AGEs. Σκοπός / μεθοδολογία: Προκειμένου να διερευνήσουμε τον πιθανό ρόλο των διεργασιών της φλεγμονής στην ανάπτυξη των διαβητικών επιπλοκών, σε μονοπύρηνα κύτταρα περιφερικού αίματος 47 προεφηβικών και εφηβικών παιδιών (ηλικίας 4-18 ετών) και 10 νεαρών ενηλίκων (ηλικίας 18-29 ετών) με ΣΔ1 και 39 μη διαβητικών μαρτύρων αντίστοιχης ηλικίας, μελετήσαμε: 1) με RT-PCR τη γονιδιακή έκφραση: του MCP-1, του CD68, της Akt2, του TNF-α, της IL-6 και του RAGE, 2) με ανοσοαποτύπωση κατά Western μετρήσαμε την πρωτεϊνική έκφραση της Akt2, του RAGE και του TF, 3) τα επίπεδα πλάσματος του sRAGE με τη μέθοδο της ELISA. Αποτελέσματα: Η μελέτη έδειξε ότι: (1) Το sRAGE: α) ήταν αυξημένο στους προεφηβικούς μάρτυρες σε σύγκριση με τους εφηβικούς και νεαρούς ενήλικες μάρτυρες, ενώ τα επίπεδα του ήταν μειωμένα στους προεφηβικούς διαβητικούς σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες και β) είχε μία τάση μείωσης με τα αυξανόμενα επίπεδα της HbA1c. (2) Η γονιδιακή έκφραση του RAGE: α) έτεινε να αυξηθεί στους προεφηβικούς διαβητικούς και αυξανόταν σημαντικά στους νεαρούς ενήλικες διαβητικούς σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες και β) σχετιζόταν αρνητικά με την HbA1c στους διαβητικούς ασθενείς >18ετών. (3) Η πρωτεϊνική έκφραση και των δύο ισομορφών του RAGE (46kDa και 80kDa) εμφάνισε μία τάση μείωσης με την εξέλιξη της εφηβείας (προεφηβικοί > εφηβικοί > νεαροί ενήλικες) στους μάρτυρες, μεταβολές που ακολούθησαν και οι διαβητικοί ασθενείς, αν και τα επίπεδα έκφρασης έτειναν να είναι πιο υψηλά. (4) Η 46kDa ισομορφή RAGE: α) ήταν αυξημένη στου νεαρούς ενήλικες διαβητικούς και μειωμένη στους διαβητικούς >13ετών με διάρκεια διαβήτη ≤5 έτη, σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες αλλά και τους αντίστοιχης ηλικίας διαβητικούς με διάρκεια νόσου >5 έτη, β) έτεινε να αυξηθεί με τις τάξεις HbA1c: ≤7%-8% και να μειωθεί με τις τάξεις HbA1c: 8-10% και γ) συσχετίσθηκε θετικά με τη διάρκεια διαβήτη και με τα επίπεδα των τριγλυκεριδιών στο σύνολο των ασθενών. (5) Η 80kDa ισομορφή του RAGE: α) είχε μία τάση αύξησης στους διαβητικούς ασθενείς >13ετών με διάρκεια διαβήτη ≤5 έτη, σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες και τους διαβητικούς αντίστοιχης ηλικίας αλλά διάρκεια νόσου >5έτη, β) συσχετίσθηκε αρνητικά με την HbA1c σε ασθενείς με διάρκεια νόσου ≤5έτη. (6) Το MCP-1: α) έτεινε να αυξηθεί στους διαβητικούς σε σύγκριση με τους μάρτυρες και συγκεκριμένα, η αύξηση ήταν σημαντική στους διαβητικούς με στάδιο εφηβείας ΙΙ και V, β) έτεινε να αυξηθεί με την HbA1c και αυξανόταν σημαντικά στους διαβητικούς με περίμετρο κοιλίας >75%. (7) Το CD68: α) βρέθηκε αυξημένο στα διαβητικά αγόρια >18 ετών σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες, β) έτεινε να μειωθεί στους διαβητικούς >13ετών με διάρκεια διαβήτη >5έτη, σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχης ηλικίας μάρτυρες και γ) έτεινε να μειωθεί με τα αυξανόμενα επίπεδα της HbA1c και στους διαβητικούς με LDL >100 mg/dL. (8) To TNF-α έδειξε: α) σημαντική μείωση στους διαβητικούς ασθενείς σε σχέση με τους μάρτυρες και ιδιαίτερα σε αυτούς που ήταν ≤13ετών με διάρκεια διαβήτη >5 έτη και σε αυτούς με ηλικία >18ετών, β) μία τάση αύξησης με τις τάξεις HbA1c μέχρι του 10%. (9) Η IL-6 έδειξε: α) σημαντική μείωση στους μάρτυρες με την παράλληλη αύξηση της ηλικίας, β) σημαντική αύξηση στους διαβητικούς >18ετών σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες, γ) μία τάση μείωσης στους διαβητικούς ≤13ετών με διάρκεια διαβήτη >5έτη, σε σχέση με τους ηλικιακά αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες και δ) μία σημαντική μείωση στους διαβητικούς με HbA1c >10,1% σε σύγκριση με τις υπόλοιπες τάξεις της HbA1c. (10) Ο TF βρέθηκε: α) σημαντικά αυξημένος στα διαβητικά αγόρια ≤13 ετών και έτεινε να αυξηθεί στα διαβητικά αγόρια >18ετών σε σχέση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες, β) σημαντικά μειωμένος στους διαβητικούς με διάρκεια νόσου >5έτη και έτεινε να μειωθεί στους διαβητικούς με HbA1c >10,1% και σε αυτούς με LDL >100 mg/dL. (11) Η γονιδιακή έκφραση της Akt2 έδειξε: α) σημαντική αύξηση στους προεφηβικούς διαβητικούς, β) σημαντική μείωση στους διαβητικούς με LDL >100mg/dl και σε αυτούς με HbA1c >9%, σε σύγκριση με τους αντίστοιχους μάρτυρες. (12) Η πρωτεϊνική έκφραση της Akt2 έδειξε: α) μία τάση αύξησης στους προεφηβικούς διαβητικούς και στους διαβητικούς που βρίσκονται στις τάξεις HbA1c: 7,1%-9%, ενώ αυξανόταν σημαντικά στους διαβητικούς με διάρκεια διαβήτη >5έτη, β) σημαντική αύξηση στους διαβητικούς με LDL >100mg/dl.l Συμπέρασμα: Στα άτομα με ΣΔ1, φαίνεται να υπάρχει μια ήπια διαδικασία χημειοταξίας και ενεργοποίησης των μονοκυττάρων, ωστόσο η έκφραση των κυτταροκινών και των υπολοίπων μορίων που εμπλέκονται σε αυτή δεν είναι εντυπωσιακά αυξημένη σε σχέση με τους μάρτυρες. Το γεγονός αυτό μπορεί να σχετίζεται αφενός με τον καλό γλυκαιμικό και λιπιδαιμικό έλεγχο των ασθενών και αφετέρου στην τροποποιημένη ανοσολογική απόκριση που εμφανίζουν τα άτομα αυτά. / Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) is one of the most common types of diabetes in children and its prevalence has increased over the past decades. DM1 is usually associated with severe micro- and macro- angiopathic complications. The activation of monocytes, their chemotaxis (major chemotactic factor of monocytes: MCP-1) and their transformation to macrophages (marker of macrophages: CD68) is known to play a central role in the development of those complications. The redundant glucose, that characterizes DM1, reacts non enzymatically with plural substrates and causes the formation of AGEs (Advanced Glycation Endproducts). AGEs can cause tissue damage either by direct interaction with extracellular matrix’s domains or via their receptor (main representative: RAGE). RAGE’s activation, through the activation of the intracellular signaling pathways of protein kinase B (Akt2/PKB) and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), leads to the increased expression of pro-inflammatory [Tissue Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6)] and pro-thrombotic factors [Tissue Factor (TF)], contributing to the development of endothelial dysfunction. As a decoy to these actions of AGEs, the soluble form of RAGE, sRAGE, binds AGEs, leading them to degradation and therefore inhibiting the AGE-induced intracellular signaling. Aim / Material- Methods: In order to investigate the role of the inflammatory procedures in the development of diabetic complications, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 47 pre-pubertal and pubertal children (4-18 years of age) and 10 young adults (18-29 years of age) with DM1 and 39 age-matched controls, we studied: 1) with RT-PCR the gene expression of: MCP-1, CD68, Akt2, IL-6 and RAGE, 2) with Western Immunoblotting the protein expression of Akt2, RAGE and TF, 3) sRAGE plasma levels were determined by ELISA. Results: Our study showed that: (1) sRAGE: a) was increased in pre-pubertal controls in comparison to the pubertal and the young adult controls, while its levels were decreased in pre-pubertal DM1 patients in comparison to their controls and b) tended to decrease with the progressive increase of HbA1c levels in DM1 patients. (2) RAGE gene expression: a) tended to increase in pre-pubertal DM1 patients and was significantly increased in young adults DM1 patients in comparison to their age-matched controls and b) was negatively correlated with HbA1c levels in DM1 patients >18years of age. (3) Protein expression of both RAGE isoforms (46kDa & 80kDa) tended to decrease with the progression of puberty (pre-pubertal > pubertal > young adults) in the control group, changes that were also found in DM1 patients, although the expression was at higher levels. (4) Protein expression of 46 kDa RAGE isoform: a) was increased in DM1 young adults and decreased in DM1 patients >13 years of age and duration of diabetes ≤5years, in comparison to age-matched controls and age-matched DM1 patients with duration of diabetes >5years, b) tended to increase with levels of HbA1c ≤7%-8% and decrease with levels of HbA1c 8-10% and c) was positively correlated with the duration of diabetes and the levels triglycerides in DM1 patients’ group. (5) Protein expression of 80kDa RAGE isoform: a) tended to increase in DM1 patients aged >13 years and with duration of diabetes ≤5 years, in comparison to age-matched controls and age-matched DM1 patients with duration of diabetes >5years, b) negatively correlated with HbA1c levels in DM1 patients with ≤5 years duration of diabetes. (6) MCP-1: tended to increase in DM1 patients in comparison to controls and this increase was significant in DM1 patients with II and V Tanner stage of puberty, b) tended to elevate with the progressive increase of HbA1c and was significantly higher in DM1 patients with waist circumference >75%. (7) CD68: a) was increased in DM1 boys >18 years of age in comparison to the age-matched controls, b) tended to decrease in DM1patients >13 years of age and duration of diabetes >5years, in comparison to the age-matched controls and c) tended to decrease with the increasing levels of HbA1c and also in DM1 patients with LDL >100 mg/dL. (8) TNF-α: a) was significantly decreased in DM1 patients in comparison to controls and especially to those with age ≤13 years and duration of diabetes >5years and them with >18 years of age, b) tended to increase with the increasing levels of HbA1c until 10%. (9) IL-6 showed: a) significant decrease in controls with the parallel increase of the age, b) significant increase in DM1 patients >18 years of age in comparison to the age-matched controls, c) a tendency to decrease in DM1 patients ≤13 years of age and duration of diabetes >5years, in comparison to the age-matched controls and d) significant decrease in DM1 patients with HbA1c levels >10,1%, in comparison to the rest of the determined levels of HbA1c. (10) TF: a) was significant elevated in DM1 boys ≤13 years of age and tended to increase in DM1 boys >18 years of age in comparison to the age-matched controls, b) was significant decreased in DM1 patients with duration of diabetes >5years and tended to decrease in DM1 patients with HbA1c levels >10,1% and them with LDL >100mg/dl. (11) Akt2 gene expression showed: a) significant increase in pre-bubertal DM1 patients, b) significant decrease in DM1 patients with LDL >100mg/dl and them with HbA1c levels >9%, in comparison to their controls. (12) Akt2 protein expression showed: a) a tendency to increase in pre-pubertal DM1 patients and in those with HbA1c levels between 7,1-9%, whereas it was increased significantly in DM1 patients with duration of diabetes >5years, b) a significant increase in DM1 patients with LDL >100mg/dl. Conclusions: In the DM1 patients studied, a low grade procedure of chemotaxis and activation of macrophages is possibly present, although the cytokines’ and inflammatory factors’ expression was not remarkably increased in comparison to the controls. This may reflect the good glycemic and lipidemic control of these patients who at the same time possibly exhibit small modifications in their immunological response.

Orientador: Emmanuel Gomes Ciolac / Banca: Bruno Martinelli / Banca: Silvia Regina Barrile / Resumo: Pesquisas recentes têm mostrado que o treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (TI) é superior ao treinamento contínuo de moderada intensidade (TC) para a melhora da capacidade cardiorrespiratória, bem como de inúmeras variáveis associadas à fisiopatologia do Diabetes Mellitus (DM). A atual prescrição de TI é baseada na resposta da frequência cardíaca (FC) máxima, consumo máximo de oxigênio e/ou limiares ventilatórios durante um teste progressivo de esforço máximo, o que requer equipamentos de alto custo. A percepção subjetiva de esforço (PSE) é uma medida simples e sem custo, sendo opção atrativa para prescrição e automonitoramento do exercício. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre as respostas agudas do TI prescrito e automonitorado por essa ferramenta em indivíduos diabéticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a eficiência da escala de PSE como ferramenta de prescrição e automonitoramento do TI em indivíduos com DM tipo 2 (DM2). Foram estudados 11 indivíduos (2 homens) portadores de DM2 (idade = 52,3±3 anos; tempo de diagnóstico = 9,5±1,6 anos). Foi realizado teste ergométrico em esteira e 4 intervenções em ordem aleatória: TI-PSE, 4 min de aquecimento caminhando no nível 9 de PSE e 21 min de TI alternando 1 min de caminhada/corrida no nível 15-17 com 2 min de caminhada no nível 9-11; TI-FC, 4 min de aquecimento caminhando com FC a 50% da FC de reserva e 21 min de TI alternando 1 min de caminhada/corrida com FC a 85% da FC de reserva com 2 min de caminhada com FC a 50% da FC... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is a time-efficient intervention for preventing and treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Its prescription requires an expensive method (cardiopulmonary exercise testing, CPX) that is not commonly available to general population. Rate of perceived exertion scale (RPE) is a simple and inexpensive tool for prescribing and self-regulating exercise. However, its usefulness for prescribing and self-regulating HIIT in T2DM is unkown. The objective of this study was to analyze the use and efficiency of the 6-20 RPE scale for prescribing and self-regulating HIIT in patients with T2DM. Eleven (two males) T2DM patients (time since diagnosis = 9.5±1.6 yr) aged 52.3±3 yr underwent a symptom-limited CPX on a treadmill to determine their heart rate (HR) response to exercise. Patients were then assigned to perform of HIITRPE (4 min of warm-up and 21 min of jogging/running at 15-17 (1 min) alternating with walking at 9-11 (2 min) on the 6-20 RPE scale), HIIT prescribed and regulated by HR response to CPX (HIITHR, 4 min of warm-up and 21 min of jogging/running at 85% (1 min) alternating with walking at 50% (2 min) of reserve HR), continous moderate exercise (CME) prescribed and self-regulated by RPE (30 min of walking at 11-13 on the 6-20 RPE scale), and control session (CON, sitting in a quiet environment) in a random order (3 to 15 days between intervention). Blood pressure, heart rate, capillary glucose, heart rate variability, endothelial function and carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (PWV) were assessed before, immediately after and 45 min after each intervention. 24-h ambulatory HR and blood pressure (ABP) after each intervention. Exercise HR, distance and speed were not different between HIITRPE and HIITHR. T2DM patients showed similar reductions in capillary glucose after HIITRPE (22.5±3.6%) and HIITHR (23.5±4.7%), wich were... (Complete abstract electronic below) / Mestre

Bakgrund: Diabetes är en kronisk sjukdom som ökat de senaste decennierna och som spås fortsätta öka framöver. Behandlingen grundar sig på förändrade levnadsvanor och ställer krav på patienten att bedriva egenvård. För att sjuksköterskan ska kunna bemöta dessa personer på bästa sätt krävs kunskap om deras upplevelser. Syfte: Syftet med studien var att beskriva vuxna personers upplevelser av att leva med typ 2-diabetes samt att diskutera hur sjuksköterskan kan stödja dessa personer till god egenvård. Metod: Litteraturstudie baserad på 15 originalartiklar med kvalitativ ansats. Resultat: Formulerades i tre områden: Nytt vardagsliv, omgivningens påverkan samt kunskap och vårdrelationer. Personer med typ 2-diabetes kunde uppleva sjukdomen med dess krav på livsstilsförändringar krävande men även som en möjlighet till mer hälsosamma levnadsvanor. Det kunde vara svårt att acceptera sjukdomen och i dess spår beskrevs känslor som chock, ilska, oro och rädsla. Stöd från närstående kunde underlätta vardagen, men ibland upplevdes istället en bristande förståelse. Samtal med andra diabetiker om upplevelser gav kunskap, stöd och inspiration. Utbildning om diabetes värderades högt av många patienter, särskilt vid insjuknandet. Stöd, tydliga regler och information gällande prioritering av egenvårdsåtgärder efterfrågades. Viktigt vid kontakt med sjuksköterskan var ett personcentrerat bemötande med realistiska mål. Tillgänglighet och kontinuitet i vårdmötet ökade känslan av trygghet i egenvården. Slutsats: Litteraturstudien gav en fördjupad förståelse av upplevelserna hos personer med typ 2-diabetes. Med sjukdomen följer krav på egenvård och förändrade levnadsvanor som kunde upplevas utmanande. För att bedriva god egenvård behövde personerna stöd och utbildning från sjuksköterskan. / Background: Diabetes is a chronic disease that has become increasingly common and that is expected to continue increasing. The treatment is based on changes in life style and requires the patient to perform self-care. In order for the nurse to be able to support these people, an understanding of their experiences is vital. Aim: The purpose of this study was to describe adults' experiences of living with type 2 diabetes as well as to discuss how the nurse can support and encourage these people to a good self-care. Method: A literature review based on 15 original papers. Results: Formulated in three areas: New everyday life, impact from social surroundings, knowledge and healthcare relationships. People with type 2-diabetes could experience the disease with its requirements on lifestyle changes demanding, but also as a possibility to adopt healthier habits. It could be difficult for some to accept the disease and patients described feelings of shock, anger, anxiety and fear. Support from family and friends could facilitate everyday life, but not always. Sharing experiences with other diabetics provided knowledge, support and inspiration. Education about diabetes was highly valued, especially in the beginning of the disease. In the contact with the nurse it was important with a person-centred response and realistic goals. Patients wanted support, clear rules and information regarding the prioritization of self-care measures. Availability and continuity from the healthcare increased the patients sense of confidence in self-care. Conclusion: This literature study gave a deeper understanding of how people with type 2-diabetes experienced life with diabetes. The requirements of self-care and change of life style that comes with the disease could be challenging. In order to perform self-care, the patients needed support and education from the nurse.

Bakgrund Diabetes mellitus typ 1 är en livslång autoimmun sjukdom med stort egenvårdsbehov. I yrket som sjuksköterska är det viktigt att ha kunskaper om erfarenheter kring hur det är att leva med sjukdomen för att ge rätt stöd, råd och information. Vald teoretisk referensram är Dorothea Orems’ egenvårdsteori.  Syfte Att belysa vuxna individers erfarenheter av att leva med diabetes mellitus typ 1.  Metod Metoden utgjordes av en litteraturstudie. Studien byggde på databassökningar i PsycINFO, PubMed och Cinahl. Efter kvalitetsgranskning valdes tio artiklar ut för analys.  Resultat Resultatet presenterades genom tre kategorier med sju underkategorier. De tre kategorierna var: att inte visa sjukdomendär erfarenheter av att dölja eller åsidosätta sjukdomen beskrevs, att låta sjukdomen vara en del av livet där prioritering och planering, begränsningar och att ha en positiv inställning dominerade och att lära känna sjukdomen tillsammans med andra där vikten av stöd och självkännedom beskrevs.  Slutsats För sjuksköterskor som möter individer med diabetes mellitus typ 1 är det viktigt att känna till de olika aspekterna av att leva med sjukdomen för att kunna ta hänsyn till dessa i den individualiserade vården som borde bedrivas. Genom denna studie kan författarna dra slutsatsen att det fanns ett stort behov av stöd och acceptans från omgivningen kring individer med diabetes mellitus typ 1.

Introdução: A educação faz parte do tratamento dos pacientes diabéticos juntamente com a dieta, os exercícios físicos e o uso de medicamentos. É um processo contínuo que, através da aprendizagem, traduz conhecimentos em ações para o autocuidado. O impacto da educação em diabetes sobre o controle metabólico foi relativamente pouco estudado. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito de intervenção educativa estruturada de abordagem grupal sobre o controle metabólico em pacientes portadores de Diabetes Mellitus (DM) tipo 2. Métodos: Ensaio clínico randomizado, com duração de 1 ano, em um hospital universitário público. Foram incluídos pacientes ambulatórias com DM tipo 2, não usuários de insulina, alfabetizados. Os pacientes foram subdivididos, de forma randomizada, em 2 grandes grupos: grupo controle (tratamento convencional, com visitas ambulatoriais rotineiras ao médico assistente e à enfermeira) e grupo de intervenção (visitas rotineiras mais intervenção educacional). A intervenção foi um processo educacional estruturado, com 4 sessões semanais, consecutivas, teórico-práticas, em grupos (8- 10 pacientes cada), com 120 minutos de duração cada uma. Foram ministradas por uma enfermeira educadora especialmente treinada, em forma de aulas (nutrição, automonitoramento da glicosúria, exercício, cuidado com os pés e outros tópicos de autocuidado). O tempo de contato com o educador foi de 14 horas no grupo de intervenção durante o ano do estudo. O conhecimento sobre diabetes foi avaliado, através de um questionário, na entrada e após 30 dias (1 mês corrido para os controles e ao final do curso para o grupo de intervenção). No recrutamento e aos 4, 8 e 12 meses, foram avaliados a hemoglobina glicada (teste A1c), peso corporal, a pressão arterial e o perfil lipídico. Resultados: Foram incluídos 104 pacientes, com idade de 59 ± 9,5 anos (31-74), duração conhecida do DM de 10,5 ± 6,70 anos (3- 38), Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) 29,1 ± 4,4kg/m², relação cintura/quadril (C/Q) de 0,94 ± 0,08 cm e A1C de 6,8 ±1,4 mg / dL. No grupo de intervenção, a A1c foi significativamente mais baixa do que no basal, aos 4 (P = 0,007), 8 (P = 0,009) e 12 meses de acompanhamento (P = 0,04). O grupo controle apresentou um aumento progressivo da A1c até o 8º mês, mantendo-se estável até o fim do estudo. Os valores de A1c, no grupo de intervenção, aos 8 e 12 meses correlacionaram-se significativamente com o número de acertos no teste aplicado aos 30 dias (r = 0,22; P = 0,022 aos 8 e r = 0,23; P = 0,023 aos 12 meses, respectivamente). Ao longo do estudo, em ambos os grupos houve melhora semelhante, significativa, no peso, nos níveis pressóricos, nos níveis de colesterol total e High Density Lipoprotein (HDLColesterol). Conclusão: Em pacientes ambulatoriais com DM tipo 2, participar de um programa estruturado de educação em diabetes, com aulas em grupo, associa-se significativamente com redução dos níveis de A1c a partir de 4 meses, efeito que se mantém significativo até os 12 meses. / Introduction: Education is part of the management of diabetes mellitus, along with diet, physical activity and medications. It is a continuous process in which knowledge is translated into actions for self-care. The impact of diabetes education on metabolic control has not been sufficiently studied. Objective: To evaluate the effect of a structured educational group intervention on the metabolic control of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). Methods: A randomized, controlled, clinical trial, lasting 12 months in a public University hospital outpatient clinic. The patients had T2DM (WHO), were not using insulin, and were literate. They were randomly subdivided into 2 groups: the control group (conventional treatment, with routine outpatient physician and nurse appointments) and the intervention group (conventional treatment plus the structured educational intervention). The intervention was a structured educational process, consisting of 4 consecutive, group (8-10 participants), weekly, theoretical-practical sessions, and each one lasting up to 120 minutes. These sessions were conducted by a diabetes educator nurse, specially trained, in the form of classes (nutrition, home blood glucose monitoring, exercise, foot care and other aspects of self-care). During the study, the patients in the intervention group spent a total 14 hours with the nurse educator. Knowledge about diabetes was evaluated on entry and at 30 days through a questionnaire (after 1 full month for the control group and after the completion of the course for the intervention group). At baseline and after 4, 8 and 12 months, glycated haemoglobin (A1c), body weight, blood pressure and lipid profile were measured. Results: 104 patients were included, ages 59 ± 9.5 years, known duration of T2DM 10.5 ± 6.7 years, BMI 29.1±4.4kg/m²,waist/hip ratio 0.94 ± 0.08 cm and A1C 6.8 ±1.4 mg / dL. In the intervention group, A1c was significantly lower than at baseline at 4 (P = 0.007), 8 (P = 0.009) and 12 months of follow-up (P = 0.04). The control group had a progressive rise of A1c until the 8th month, keeping stable until the completion of the study. The values of A1c at 8 and 12 months in the intervention group were significantly correlated with the number of correct answers in the test applied at 30 days (r = 0.22; P = 0.022 at 8, r = 0.23; P = 0.023 at 12 months, respectively). Along the study, both groups showed similar, significant, improvement in BMI, blood pressure, total cholesterol and HDL. Conclusion: In T2DM outpatients, participating in a structured diabetes education programme, with group classes, is significantly associated with a reduction in A1c, that is observable at 4 months and remains significant for up to 12 months.

Bakgrund: Diabetes är en sjukdom som ökar kraftigt över hela världen, 80-90 procent har diabetes mellitus typ 2 som är den vanligaste sorten. Egenvård är en viktig del av behandlingen som kan förebygga och fördröja att följdsjukdomar och komplikationer uppkommer. Syfte: Att beskriva upplevelser av sjukdom och egenvård hos personer med diabetes mellitus typ 2, samt att beskriva hur datainsamlingsmetoden gått till i de granskade artiklarna. Metod: En litteraturstudie med beskrivande design. Resultat: Personer upplevde det ofta svårt att leva med nya rutiner men med strategier blev det lättare att behålla följsamheten vid egenvården. Personerna upplevde rädsla och ångest över risken att drabbas av följdsjukdomar och komplikationer. Med stöd och information kunde motivationen till livsstilsförändringar öka. En del kände stort stöd av familj och vänner medan andra tyckte att det var jobbigt med pekpinnar eller kände stor besvikelse då hjälpen inte fanns. Sjukvården hade en stor påverkan på egenvården. Majoriteten av de granskade artiklarnas datainsamlingsmetod använde sig av individuella intervjuer. Slutsats: Med goda kunskaper om diabetes mellitus typ 2 och vikten av egenvård hos sjukvårdspersonal, kan det bidra till att på ett bra sätt ge information till personer med sjukdomen. Individanpassad vård är avgörande för att personer själv ska kunna påverka sin egenvård vilket gör att risken för komplikationer och följdsjukdomar minskar. / Background: Diabetes is a disease that is increasing strongly worldwide, 80-90 percent have type 2 diabetes mellitus which is the most common type. Self-care is an important part of treatment that can prevent and delay the occurrence of sequelae and complications. Aim: To describe experiences of the disease and self-care in people with diabetes mellitus type 2, as well as describe how the data collection method was used in the reviewed articles. Method: A literature study with descriptive design. Results: People often found it difficult to live with new routines, but with strategies it became easier to maintain compliance with self-care. The individuals experienced fear and anxiety over the risk to develop complications and sequelae. With support and information, the motivation for lifestyle changes could increase. Some felt great support from family and friends, while others felt it was difficult with pointers or felt disappointing when the help was not available. The health care had a major impact on self-care. The majority of the collected articles' data collection method used individual interviews. Conclusion: With good knowledge of diabetes mellitus type 2 and the importance of self-care in healthcare professionals, it can help to provide information to people with the disease. Individualized care is crucial for individuals to be able to influence their self-care, which reduces the risk for complications and sequelae.