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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Heterose e capacidade de combinação em cruzamentos dialélicos parciais de pimentão. / Heterosis and combining ability in partial diallel crosses of pepper.

Silva, Lafayete Luiz da 24 January 2003 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a natureza e a magnitude dos parâmetros genéticos, principalmente a heterose dos híbridos F1 e as capacidades geral e específica de combinação em cruzamentos dialélicos parciais de pimentão (Capsicum annuum). Os genitores incluíram dois diferentes grupos de linhagens. O primeiro tem quatro linhagens resistentes ao PVY (AF3267, AF3269, AF3270 e AF3278) e o segundo grupo seis linhagens suscetíveis a esta virose (AF3248, AF3249, AF3252, AF3254, AF3255 e AF3256). Os 24 híbridos obtidos, os dez genitores e o híbrido-padrão Magali-R foram testados em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em campo aberto, na Estação Experimental da Sakata Seed Sudamérica Ltda, localizada em Bragança Paulista-SP, no período de 18/10/99 a 17/03/00. Cada parcela experimental teve dez plantas totais e cinco plantas úteis. O espaçamento utilizado foi o de 0,50m entre plantas dentro das parcelas e de 1,40m entre as parcelas. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres: altura de planta na maturidade (APM), número de dias para o florescimento (NDF), número de dias para a maturidade (NDM), produção de frutos por planta (PFP), número de frutos por planta (NFP), peso médio de fruto (PMF), comprimento de fruto (CF), diâmetro de fruto (DF), espessura de pericarpo de fruto (EP) e número de lóculos por fruto (NL). As análises estatístico-genéticas foram feitas utilizando-se a metodologia de análise dialélica de Gardner & Eberhart (1966) adaptada por Miranda Filho & Geraldi (1984). Os principais resultados foram: 1)Valores significativos de heterose em relação à média dos genitores foram encontrados para os caracteres: altura de planta na maturidade (-13,61 a 7,15%), produção de frutos por planta (até 18,11%), número de frutos por planta (14,22%), peso médio de fruto (até 18,06%), comprimento de fruto (-12,52 a 19,53%), diâmetro de fruto (5,79%), espessura de pericarpo de fruto (até 9,38%) e número de lóculos por fruto (6,11%); 2) Foram obtidos valores significativos de heterose em relação ao genitor resistente ao PVY para os caracteres altura de planta na maturidade (-16,03 a 35,84%), produção de frutos por planta (até 60,21%), número de frutos por planta (até 47,39%) e espessura de pericarpo de fruto (até 18,38%); 3) Ocorreram valores significativos de heterobeltiose para os caracteres peso médio de fruto (até 10,37%), comprimento de fruto (até 15,74%) e diâmetro de fruto (5,60%); 4) Houveram valores significativos de heterose em relação ao híbrido-padrão Magali-R para os caracteres produção de frutos por planta (29,27%), peso médio de fruto (até 25,73%), comprimento de fruto (até -25,28%), diâmetro de fruto (até 23,58%), espessura de pericarpo de fruto (até 32,97%) e número de lóculos por fruto (13,35%); 5) Houve maior predominância dos efeitos gênicos aditivos para os caracteres altura de planta na maturidade, número de dias para o florescimento, produção de frutos por planta, número de frutos por planta, espessura de pericarpo de fruto e número de lóculos por fruto. Os efeitos gênicos não-aditivos foram mais importantes para os caracteres : número de dias para a maturidade; peso médio, comprimento e diâmetro de fruto; 6) Valores significativos das heteroses média, do grupo 2 e específica foram observados para os caracteres : altura de planta na maturidade, peso médio e comprimento de fruto, indicando a contribuição de ambas capacidade geral e específica de combinação. / This research aimed to estimate the nature and magnitude of genetic parameters, mainly the heterosis of F1 hybrids and both general and specific combining ability in a partial diallel crossing system of pepper (Capsicum annuum). The parents included two different groups of lines : the first one has four PVY resistant lines (AF3267, AF3269, AF3270 and AF3278), and the second group of parents has six susceptible lines for this virosis (AF3248, AF3249, AF3252, AF3254, AF3255 and AF3256). The 24 obtained hybrids, the ten parental lines and the check cultivar Magali-R were tested in a randomized block design, with four replications, under field conditions, at Sakata Seed Sudamérica Ltda Research Station, located in Bragança Paulista, state of São Paulo, during the 10/18/99 to 03/17/00 period. Each experimental plot had ten total plants and five useful plants. The spacing used was 0.50m between plants inside the plot and 1.40m between plots. The following characters were evaluated : plant height at maturity (APM), number of days to flowering (NDF), number of days to maturity (NDM), fruit yield per plant (PFP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), average fruit weight (PMF), fruit length (CF), fruit diameter (DF), fruit pericarp thickness (EP) and number of locules per fruit (NL). The statistic-genetical analysis were done by using the methodology of diallel system of Gardner & Eberhart (1966) adapted by Miranda Filho & Geraldi (1984). The main result were: 1) Significant values of heterosis in relation to mid parent values were found out to the characters: plant height at maturity (-13.61 to 7.15%), fruit yield production (up to 18.11%), number of fruits per plant (14.22%), average fruit weight (up to 18.06%), fruit length (-12.52 to 19.53%), fruit diameter (5.79%), fruit pericarp thickness (up to 9.38%) and number of locules per fruit (6.11%); 2) They were obtained significant values of heterosis in relation to PVY resistant parent to the characters plant height at maturity (-16.03 to 35.84%), fruit yield per plant (up to 60.21%), number of fruit per plant (up to 47.39%) and fruit pericarp thickness (up to 18.38%); 3) Significant values of heterobeltiosis occurred to the characters fruit length (up to 15.74%), average fruit weight (up to 10.37%) and fruit diameter (5.60%); 4) There were significant values of heterosis in relation to the standard Magali-R to the characters fruit yield per plant (29.27%), average fruit weight (up to 25.73%), fruit length (up to -25.28%), fruit diameter (up to 23.58%), fruit pericarp thickness (up to 32.97%) and number of locules per fruit (13.35%); 5) There was higher predominance of additive genetic effects to the characters plant height, number of days to flowering, fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit pericarp thickness and number of locules per fruit. The non-additive genetic effects were more important to the characters: number of days to maturity, average weight, length and diameter of fruit; Significant values of medium, from group 2 and specific heterosis were observed to the characters: plant height at maturity, average weight and length of fruit, indicating the contribution of both general and specific combining ability.
2

Stock improvement of giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) in Vietnam: Experimental evaluations of crossbreeding,the impact of domestication on genetic diversity and candidate genes

Thanh Nguyen Unknown Date (has links)
Aquaculture plays an important role in economic development and food security in many countries in the world. World aquaculture production in 2006 was 51.7 million tonnes with an estimated value of US$ 78.8 billion (FAO, 2009). World production will need to increase however by 30-40 million tonnes from its current production level by 2030 to meet growing global demand for fish. In this context, aquaculture in Vietnam has developed rapidly over the past decade and the fisheries sector ranked fourth in terms of export value in 2008 (Vietnamnet, 2008). Total fisheries production in Vietnam in 2007 was 4.149 million tonnes, of which fisheries production from catch and aquaculture were 2.064 and 2.085 million tonnes, respectively. A variety of aquatic species are cultured in Vietnam, but shrimps (mainly Black Tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon, and Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei) and ‘tra’ or ‘basa’ catfish are the most common species used in aquaculture. The giant freshwater prawn (GFP), Macrobrachium rosenbergii, is one of the most important crustacean species in inland aquaculture in many countries across the world where this species is either native or exotic. GFP is suitable for culture in a variety of farming systems, including monoculture or polyculture in ponds, pens, and integrated or rotational rice-prawn culture models. The GFP industry worldwide relies totally on wild or unimproved stocks, a practice that threatens the long-term sustainability of GFP farming due to low productivity and vulnerability of farmed stocks to disease. The current status of GFP aquaculture highlights the need for initiation of a systematic stock improvement program for the species to improve economically important traits. Large-scale selective breeding programs have been instigated for some finfish, salmonids and GIFT tilapia for example, and some selective breeding trials have been conducted on crustacean species, namely marine penaeid shrimp and freshwater crayfish. Examples of selective breeding programs on aquatic species have demonstrated that significant genetic gains can be achieved for growth rates with gains of around 10-20% per generation. While a selective breeding program is an option for GFP stock improvement, an alternative approach to improving GFP productivity, potentially with more immediate effect and one that is less expensive, is crossbreeding which may produce heterosis or hybrid vigour in crossbred offspring. Therefore, a crossbreeding strategy was trialed in the current study as a starting point for a stock improvement program for the GFP industry in Vietnam. The current study assessed the growth performance of three GFP strains (two wild Vietnamese strains from the Dong Nai and Mekong rivers, and a single domesticated Hawaiian strain) and their reciprocal crosses in a complete 3x3 diallel cross, i.e. three purebred and six crossbred strains. The diallel cross was carried out over two consecutive generations (G1 and G2). Juveniles for the experiments were produced using single-pair matings. Juveniles from each strain combination were stocked into three replicate hapas for 15 weeks. Growth data (body weight, carapace length, standard length) from the G1 and G2 were pooled for all subsequent analyses as there was no effect of generation on growth traits. Results showed that the Hawaiian strain performed best among purebred strains, and crosses with the Dong Nai or Mekong strains as dams and the Hawaiian strain as sires grew significantly faster than did the purebred Dong Nai or Mekong strains. These results suggest potential for heterosis among some crosses. Growth data were analyzed in depth by partitioning the strain combination (cross) effect into three components: strain additive genetic effects, heterotic effects, and strain reciprocal effects. Strain additive genetic and reciprocal effects were significant sources of variation for all growth traits measured. Strain additive genetic effects were highest for the Hawaiian strain and lowest for the Mekong strain for all growth traits. Reciprocal effects influenced negatively on growth rate of crosses with the Hawaiian (H) strain as dams and the Dong Nai (D) or Mekong (M) as sires compared with their reciprocal crosses (DH and MH). Heterotic effects for all growth traits were small and not significantly different from zero (P > 0.05). These results indicate that a crossbreeding approach based on the strains evaluated here provides only limited potential for improving growth rates based simply on heterotic outcomes and that a likely more productive option would be to trial artificial selection on a diverse synthetic stock. The current study also employed genetic markers (microsatellites) to characterize levels and patterns of genetic diversity in three purebred strains of GFP that originated from the diallel cross above. All three purebred strains showed relative high levels of genetic diversity in terms of allele number and individual heterozygosity across the six marker loci screened. Levels of genetic diversity present in the three purebred strains combined into a single stock were compared with that from a combination of three wild river stocks to assess the impact of domestication on genetic diversity of a ‘synthetic’ population. Results demonstrated that there was no significant loss of genetic diversity in the three purebred strains combined compared with a reference set containing the three wild populations. Therefore, a synthetic population formed from these purebred strains successfully captured the majority of genetic variation present in the wild broodstock. This synthetic population provides a potential stock for a future selective breeding program for GFP in Vietnam. The current study was also the first attempt to identify single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key growth genes in GFP. Two key candidate genes were targeted, actin and crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH), that are potentially linked to growth performance in GFP. The study screened SNPs in GFP females only, because growth performance of GFP males is influenced strongly by social rank. The study identified four SNPs in intron 3 of the CHH gene that were significantly correlated with individual body weight at harvest, while no SNPs detected in the actin gene were associated with growth traits in GFP. This finding however, needs to be confirmed using larger sample sizes and other GFP lines. The current study has produced important basic knowledge relevant to implementation of an effective stock improvement program for GFP in Vietnam. Results indicate that a selective breeding strategy rather than a crossbreeding approach is likely to be the best strategy for improving GFP culture stocks in Vietnam. In addition, the study demonstrates that application of modern molecular genetic technologies can be efficient in developing a genetically diverse, synthetic population for stock improvement and for identifying potential markers correlated with important commercial traits in GFP. Integration of DNA techniques with traditional breeding practices can facilitate GFP stock improvement in Vietnam and accelerate the industry development when improved lines are available. Some limitations of the current study and recommendations for further work are discussed.
3

Heterose e capacidade combinatória de genótipos da coleção nuclear de arroz da Embrapa / Heterosis and combining ability of genotypes of rice core collection of Embrapa

Ramos, Mariana Rodrigues Feitosa 15 September 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T13:45:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Rodrigues Feitosa Ramos - 2015.pdf: 5145646 bytes, checksum: 488fb72c7846f0fe96bae9cbfed74b2a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-15T13:46:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Rodrigues Feitosa Ramos - 2015.pdf: 5145646 bytes, checksum: 488fb72c7846f0fe96bae9cbfed74b2a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-15T13:46:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Mariana Rodrigues Feitosa Ramos - 2015.pdf: 5145646 bytes, checksum: 488fb72c7846f0fe96bae9cbfed74b2a (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-15 / The success of plant breeding programs depends on the choice of progenitors capable of producing progeny with desired characteristics, which are the raw material for the genetic selection. This study aimed to evaluate the combining ability of two groups of genitors, composed of 12 genotypes of rice, selected based on the high grain yield performance in each location (Goiania and Boa Vista), and their respective crosses, through complete diallel cross scheme without reciprocals, in two generations (F2 and F7). The experimental design was a randomized blocks, and it were evaluated the traits grain yield (PG) and days to flowering (DF), and estimated the varietal effect ( ̂), the average heterosis, varietal heterosis ( ̂ ) and specific heterosis ( ̂ in every generation, and for each group, the general combining ability ( ̂ ) of the parents. Significant differences were detected among the parents of both groups, for both traits, and were considered the most promising for the selection of new inbred lines, the combinations involving genitors with the highest values and positive effects of ̂ For PG trait in Goiânia, it were identified Canela Curta, Maninjau, Epagri 108 and Diamante, and in Boa Vista, the best genotypes were BRS Jaburu, BG90-2, Mearim, BRS Biguá and Chililica. For the DF trait in Goiânia, the genitors showing a decrease in the number of days to flowering and increased ̂ were Araguaia, CT11632, IRAT 122, Pratinha Branco and TOx 503, while for Boa Vista it were TOx 514, BRS Jaburu, Itaqui , BG90-2, BRS Biguá and IR54R. The use of SSR markers to infer the potential success of a certain hybrid combination, both in F2 and F7 generation, has not been indicated for the group of genitors evaluated. / O sucesso de programas de melhoramento de plantas autógamas depende da escolha de genitores capazes de produzir progênies com características desejadas. Dessa forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o potencial de dois grupos, de Goiânia e Boa Vista, com 12 genitores de arroz, e seus respectivos cruzamentos, por meio de cruzamentos dialélico completo sem os recíprocos, em duas gerações (F2 e F7), quanto às características agronômicas, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso. Para a os caracteres produção de grãos (PG) e dias até o florescimento (DF), foram avaliados: o efeito varietal ( ̂), a heterose média, a heterose varietal ( ̂ ) e a heterose específica ( ̂ em cada geração, e para cada grupo, obteve a estimativa da capacidade geral de combinação (gi) dos genitores. Foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os genitores, de ambos os grupos, quanto às características agronômicas avaliadas, e foram consideradas mais promissoras, para a seleção de novas linhagens, as combinações envolvendo os genitores com as maiores magnitudes e efeitos positivos de ̂ para o caráter PG, em Goiânia foram Canela Curta, Maninjau, Epagri 108 e Diamante, além de serem os genitores mais produtivos. Para o caráter DF, os genitores que apresentaram as estimativas no sentido de diminuir o caráter, isto é, os mais precoces foram Araguaia, CT11632, IRAT 122, Pratinha Branco e TOx 503. Para o dialelo de Boa Vista teve como destaque os genitores BRS Jaburu, BG90-2, Mearim, BRS Biguá e Chililica, os quais apresentaram maiores magnitudes ̂ e efeitos positivos para o caráter PG. Quanto ao efeito ̂ para o caráter DF, os genitores TOx 514, BRS Jaburu, Itaqui, BG90-2, BRS Biguá e IR54R apresentaram efeitos negativos, reduzindo o caráter
4

Heterose e capacidade de combinação em cruzamentos dialélicos parciais de pimentão. / Heterosis and combining ability in partial diallel crosses of pepper.

Lafayete Luiz da Silva 24 January 2003 (has links)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar a natureza e a magnitude dos parâmetros genéticos, principalmente a heterose dos híbridos F1 e as capacidades geral e específica de combinação em cruzamentos dialélicos parciais de pimentão (Capsicum annuum). Os genitores incluíram dois diferentes grupos de linhagens. O primeiro tem quatro linhagens resistentes ao PVY (AF3267, AF3269, AF3270 e AF3278) e o segundo grupo seis linhagens suscetíveis a esta virose (AF3248, AF3249, AF3252, AF3254, AF3255 e AF3256). Os 24 híbridos obtidos, os dez genitores e o híbrido-padrão Magali-R foram testados em um delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições, em campo aberto, na Estação Experimental da Sakata Seed Sudamérica Ltda, localizada em Bragança Paulista-SP, no período de 18/10/99 a 17/03/00. Cada parcela experimental teve dez plantas totais e cinco plantas úteis. O espaçamento utilizado foi o de 0,50m entre plantas dentro das parcelas e de 1,40m entre as parcelas. Foram avaliados os seguintes caracteres: altura de planta na maturidade (APM), número de dias para o florescimento (NDF), número de dias para a maturidade (NDM), produção de frutos por planta (PFP), número de frutos por planta (NFP), peso médio de fruto (PMF), comprimento de fruto (CF), diâmetro de fruto (DF), espessura de pericarpo de fruto (EP) e número de lóculos por fruto (NL). As análises estatístico-genéticas foram feitas utilizando-se a metodologia de análise dialélica de Gardner & Eberhart (1966) adaptada por Miranda Filho & Geraldi (1984). Os principais resultados foram: 1)Valores significativos de heterose em relação à média dos genitores foram encontrados para os caracteres: altura de planta na maturidade (-13,61 a 7,15%), produção de frutos por planta (até 18,11%), número de frutos por planta (14,22%), peso médio de fruto (até 18,06%), comprimento de fruto (-12,52 a 19,53%), diâmetro de fruto (5,79%), espessura de pericarpo de fruto (até 9,38%) e número de lóculos por fruto (6,11%); 2) Foram obtidos valores significativos de heterose em relação ao genitor resistente ao PVY para os caracteres altura de planta na maturidade (-16,03 a 35,84%), produção de frutos por planta (até 60,21%), número de frutos por planta (até 47,39%) e espessura de pericarpo de fruto (até 18,38%); 3) Ocorreram valores significativos de heterobeltiose para os caracteres peso médio de fruto (até 10,37%), comprimento de fruto (até 15,74%) e diâmetro de fruto (5,60%); 4) Houveram valores significativos de heterose em relação ao híbrido-padrão Magali-R para os caracteres produção de frutos por planta (29,27%), peso médio de fruto (até 25,73%), comprimento de fruto (até -25,28%), diâmetro de fruto (até 23,58%), espessura de pericarpo de fruto (até 32,97%) e número de lóculos por fruto (13,35%); 5) Houve maior predominância dos efeitos gênicos aditivos para os caracteres altura de planta na maturidade, número de dias para o florescimento, produção de frutos por planta, número de frutos por planta, espessura de pericarpo de fruto e número de lóculos por fruto. Os efeitos gênicos não-aditivos foram mais importantes para os caracteres : número de dias para a maturidade; peso médio, comprimento e diâmetro de fruto; 6) Valores significativos das heteroses média, do grupo 2 e específica foram observados para os caracteres : altura de planta na maturidade, peso médio e comprimento de fruto, indicando a contribuição de ambas capacidade geral e específica de combinação. / This research aimed to estimate the nature and magnitude of genetic parameters, mainly the heterosis of F1 hybrids and both general and specific combining ability in a partial diallel crossing system of pepper (Capsicum annuum). The parents included two different groups of lines : the first one has four PVY resistant lines (AF3267, AF3269, AF3270 and AF3278), and the second group of parents has six susceptible lines for this virosis (AF3248, AF3249, AF3252, AF3254, AF3255 and AF3256). The 24 obtained hybrids, the ten parental lines and the check cultivar Magali-R were tested in a randomized block design, with four replications, under field conditions, at Sakata Seed Sudamérica Ltda Research Station, located in Bragança Paulista, state of São Paulo, during the 10/18/99 to 03/17/00 period. Each experimental plot had ten total plants and five useful plants. The spacing used was 0.50m between plants inside the plot and 1.40m between plots. The following characters were evaluated : plant height at maturity (APM), number of days to flowering (NDF), number of days to maturity (NDM), fruit yield per plant (PFP), number of fruits per plant (NFP), average fruit weight (PMF), fruit length (CF), fruit diameter (DF), fruit pericarp thickness (EP) and number of locules per fruit (NL). The statistic-genetical analysis were done by using the methodology of diallel system of Gardner & Eberhart (1966) adapted by Miranda Filho & Geraldi (1984). The main result were: 1) Significant values of heterosis in relation to mid parent values were found out to the characters: plant height at maturity (-13.61 to 7.15%), fruit yield production (up to 18.11%), number of fruits per plant (14.22%), average fruit weight (up to 18.06%), fruit length (-12.52 to 19.53%), fruit diameter (5.79%), fruit pericarp thickness (up to 9.38%) and number of locules per fruit (6.11%); 2) They were obtained significant values of heterosis in relation to PVY resistant parent to the characters plant height at maturity (-16.03 to 35.84%), fruit yield per plant (up to 60.21%), number of fruit per plant (up to 47.39%) and fruit pericarp thickness (up to 18.38%); 3) Significant values of heterobeltiosis occurred to the characters fruit length (up to 15.74%), average fruit weight (up to 10.37%) and fruit diameter (5.60%); 4) There were significant values of heterosis in relation to the standard Magali-R to the characters fruit yield per plant (29.27%), average fruit weight (up to 25.73%), fruit length (up to -25.28%), fruit diameter (up to 23.58%), fruit pericarp thickness (up to 32.97%) and number of locules per fruit (13.35%); 5) There was higher predominance of additive genetic effects to the characters plant height, number of days to flowering, fruit yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit pericarp thickness and number of locules per fruit. The non-additive genetic effects were more important to the characters: number of days to maturity, average weight, length and diameter of fruit; Significant values of medium, from group 2 and specific heterosis were observed to the characters: plant height at maturity, average weight and length of fruit, indicating the contribution of both general and specific combining ability.
5

Genetic Analyses of Growth, Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Maternal Lines of Rabbits and Their Diallel Cross/ Análisis Genético de Caracteres de Crecimiento, Matadero y Calidad de Carne en Lineas Maternales de Conejo y en su Cruzamiento Dialélico

Mínguez Balaguer, Carlos 09 June 2014 (has links)
El gazapo engordado en explotaciones comerciales proviene de un cruzamiento a tres vías, y por tanto su madre (cruce de dos líneas maternales) aporta el 50% de sus genes y es necesario estudiar los caracteres de crecimiento y consumo de pienso de estos gazapos. Por otro lado, existen gran cantidad de estudios que demuestran que la carne de conejo es una carne con poca grasa, poco colesterol y un elevado contenido en proteina, por lo que se debe estudiar estas características se pueden ver afectadas estas como consecuencia de la mejora genética. / Mínguez Balaguer, C. (2014). Genetic Analyses of Growth, Carcass and Meat Quality Traits in Maternal Lines of Rabbits and Their Diallel Cross/ Análisis Genético de Caracteres de Crecimiento, Matadero y Calidad de Carne en Lineas Maternales de Conejo y en su Cruzamiento Dialélico [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/37981 / TESIS
6

Variabilidade e divergência genética em cruzamentos dialélicos de soja / Variability and genetic divergence in soybean diallel crosses

Parra, Rosa María Alvarez 13 December 2011 (has links)
As estimativas de divergência genética (DG) são pouco utilizadas pelos programas de melhoramento na seleção de genitores, pois os resultados das predições têm sido inconsistentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de predizer a variabilidade genética (VG) de populações derivadas de cruzamentos biparentais de soja, utilizando dados de DG obtidos com marcadores AFLP (Bonato et al. 2006) e também avaliar a possibilidade de melhorar a associação entre DG e VG com o desdobramento das distâncias genéticas de acordo com um arranjo dialélico, isto é, em distância genética geral (DGGi e DGGj) e distância genética específica (DGEij). Para isso, utilizaram-se 10 populações oriundas de um dialélico com genitores adaptados e com diferentes níveis de divergência genética (DG): baixa ( 0,2 DG £ ), média ( 0,4 DG @ ) e alta ( 0,6 DG @ ). Cada população foi avaliada utilizando 100 progênies F2:3 no delineamento experimental em látice simples 10 x 10 (duas repetições), durante o ano agrícola 2009/10. Foram avaliados os caracteres produção de grãos (PG) e altura das plantas na maturação (AM). Para cada cruzamento foram estimados: variância genética entre progênies F2:3 ( 2 p s ), média das progênies F2:3 ( 3 : 2 F ), amplitude das médias das progênies F2:3 ( 3 : 2 F ), coeficiente de herdabilidade entre médias de progênies ) h ( F 2 x 3 : 2 e respostas à seleção (Rs) com intensidades de 20% e 40%. Para PG, as correlações de Spearman de DG com 2 p s , 2 x h e Rs foram positivas, altas e significativas (P<0,05), indicando um aumento na magnitude destas estimativas com o aumento da divergência genética (DG). Para AM as correlações foram altas e significativas somente entre DG e 2 x h (P<0,05). Em geral, o desdobramento de DG não causou um aumento na associação com as estimativas de parâmetros, exceto para a correlação de DG com 3 : 2 F e 3 : 2 F , em ambos os caracteres. Os resultados sugerem que as divergências genéticas entre os genitores determinadas pelos marcadores AFLP utilizadas neste trabalho refletem a real DG para o caráter PG, uma vez que os mesmos foram consistentes com os resultados obtidos em trabalho anterior, utilizando as mesmas estimativas de DG. Consequentemente, essas estimativas de DG poderiam auxiliar na escolha de genitores de alto potencial para a produção de grãos nos programas de melhoramento genético de soja. / Estimates of genetic divergence (DG) have not been used for parental selection in breeding programs, because of the inconsistence of the results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of predicting the genetic variability (VG) of soybean populations derived from two-way crosses, using DG data from AFLP markers (Bonato et al., 2006), and also to evaluate the possibility of improving the relationship between DG and VG by partitioning the genetic distance (GD) in general genetic distance (DGGi and DGGj) and specific genetic distance (DGEij), according to a diallel scheme. Ten populations derived from a diallel composed by adapted parents with different levels of genetic divergence (GD) were used: low ( 0,2 DG £ ), medium ( 0,4 DG @ ) and high ( 0,6 DG @ ). One hundred F2:3 progenies of each cross were evaluated in a simple lattice 10 x 10 design (two replications) during the 2009/10 growing season for the traits grain yield (PG) and plant height at maturity (AM). Genetic variance among F2:3 progenies ( 2 p s ), F2:3 progeny mean ( 3 : 2 F ), amplitude of individual F2:3 progeny means ( 3 : 2 F ), heritability among F2:3 progeny means ) h ( 2x , and responses to selection (Rs), with intensities of 20% and 40%, were estimated for each cross. For PG, the Spearman correlation between DG and 2 p s , 2 x h and Rs (20% and 40%) were positive, high and significant (P<0.05), indicating an increase of the parameter estimates following the genetic divergence (DG) increasing. For AM, the correlation were high and significant (P<0.05) only for DG and 2 x h . In general, the partitioning of DG did not increase the association with the parameters estimates, except for the correlation between DG with 3 : 2 F and 3 : 2 F for both traits. General results suggest that AFLP genetic divergence between the parents considered in this study expresses the true DG for PG, since they were consistent with the results of a previous work, using the same estimates of DG. Thus, these estimates of genetic divergence could be used in order to select high potential parents for grain yield in soybean breeding programs.
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Potencial genético de populações segregantes de feijoeiro-comum para escurecimento e cocção dos grãos / Genetic potential of segregating populations of common bean for slow darkening and cooking time of grains

Silva, Fernanda de Cássia 08 March 2012 (has links)
Submitted by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-04T19:06:15Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda de Cássia Silva - 2012.pdf: 1265107 bytes, checksum: 5e9e08cba006eb3cc70a84e9166cfcbd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Erika Demachki (erikademachki@gmail.com) on 2014-11-04T19:12:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda de Cássia Silva - 2012.pdf: 1265107 bytes, checksum: 5e9e08cba006eb3cc70a84e9166cfcbd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-11-04T19:12:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernanda de Cássia Silva - 2012.pdf: 1265107 bytes, checksum: 5e9e08cba006eb3cc70a84e9166cfcbd (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-03-08 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The obtain cultivars which have slow darkening allows storage of grains for a longer period, making it more flexible bean market. Recent studies have demonstrated the possibility of selecting line of common bean grain slow darkening. The objectives of this study were i) to select parents who meet slow darkening, low cooking time after storage and productivity, ii) select promising populations segregating for extraction of lines, iii) determine the relationship between the slow darkening of the grains and shortest time cooking after storage, and iv) determine the genetic control of slow darkening the grains in the populations evaluated. We used twelve common bean genotypes divided into two groups: group I consists of two genotypes with slow darkening of grains, and group II consisted of ten genotypes with regular darkening of grains, which were crossed according to the partial diallel genetic design, yielding twenty populations. The population obtained in this diallel were evaluated, along with his parents in Santo Antônio de Goiás/inverno/2010-F3 (STO) and Ponta Grossa/águas/2010-F4 (PGA) in randomized complete block design with three replications and four lines meters. The characters were: the darkening of grain during the storage, by grading scale, the cooking time after storage (TCA) by means of Mattson cooker, and yield. We conducted analyzes of individual variance and joint, and then analyzes diallel during storage. It was observed phenotypic segregation to grain in the darkness of populations, from the chi-square test. For the darkening of grains, the parents BRSMG Madrepérola (group I), IPR Siriri e CNFC 10429 (group II) contributing to the slow darkening of the grain, with high CGC. The population that better were BRSMG Madrepérola x CNFC 10429 and BRSMG Madrepérola x IPR Siriri. For TCA, the parents who contributed to low cooking time were BRS Requinte (group I), IPR Saracura and BRSMG Majestoso (both group II). The populations that showed the reduction to this character were BRS Requinte x BRS Estilo and BRS Requinte x BRS 9435 Cometa. For grain yield the parents who contributed to this character additions were BRSMG Madrepérola (group I), BRS Estilo and CNFC 10429 (group II). Among the best populations for productivity, the most relevant populations BRSMG Madrepérola x CNFC 10429, BRSMG Madrepérola x CNFC10429, BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo, BRS Requinte x CNFC 10429. There were no parents and populations who meet the desirable phenotypes for the tree characters together. However, the line CNFC 10429 and populations BRSMG Madrepérola x CNFC 10429 e BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo sood out by gathering slow darkening and productivity, with promising for plant breeding. No linear association has been detected between the slow darkening and shorter cooking grain after storage. High correlation was found between the evaluation periods for the darkening of the grain. For the darkening of the grain populations were detected with mono and bigenic inheritance, indicating that this character is controlled by few genes. It was found also that for the elucidation of the genetic control of slow darkening of grain these is a need to evaluate different populations in different environments due to the presence of G x E interation for this trait. Based on these results suggest that there is variability in the darkening of the grains and parents are well variability in the darkening of the grains and parents are well adapted, and these may lead to promising populations, aiming at the selection of strains with slow darkening of the grains. / A obtenção de cultivares que apresentem escurecimento lento permite o armazenamento dos grãos por maior período, tornando a comercialização do feijão mais flexível. Estudos recentes têm demonstrado a possibilidade de seleção de linhagens de feijoeiro-comum com escurecimento lento dos grãos. Os objetivos desse trabalho foram i) selecionar genitores que reúnam escurecimento lento, baixo tempo de cocção após o armazenamento e produtividade; ii) selecionar populações segregantes promissoras para a extração de linhagens; iii) verificar a relação entre o escurecimento lento dos grãos e o menor tempo de cocção após o armazenamento; e iv) verificar o controle genético do escurecimento dos grãos nas populações avaliadas. Foram utilizados doze genótipos de feijoeiro-comum divididos em dois grupos: grupo I composto por dois genótipos com escurecimento lento dos grãos, e, grupo II, composto por dez genótipos com escurecimento normal dos grãos, que foram cruzados de acordo com o delineamento genético de dialelos parciais, originando vinte populações. As populações obtidas neste dialelo foram avaliadas, juntamente com seus genitores, em Santo Antônio de Goiás/inverno/2010-F3 (STO) e Ponta Grossa/águas/2010-F4 (PGA), em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados com três repetições e parcelas de quatro linhas com quatro metros de comprimento. Os caracteres avaliados foram: o escurecimento dos grãos durante o período de armazenamento, por meio de escala de notas; o tempo de cocção após o armazenamento (TCA), por meio do cozedor de Mattson, e a produtividade de grãos. Realizaram-se as análises de variância individuais e conjuntas, e, posteriormente, as análises dialélicas para todos os caracteres avaliados. Estimou-se a correlação de linear entre o TCA e o escurecimento dos grãos, assim como a correlação entre as épocas de avaliação para o escurecimento durante o armazenamento. Verificou-se a segregação fenotípica para o escurecimento dos grãos nas populações avaliadas, a partir do teste Qüi-Quadrado. Para o escurecimento dos grãos, os genitores BRSMG Madrepérola (grupo I), IPR Siriri e CNFC 10429 (grupo II) destacaram-se por contribuírem para o escurecimento lento dos grãos, apresentando alta CGC. As populações que apresentaram melhores desempenhos foram BRSMG Madrepérola x CNFC 10429 e BRSMG Madrepérola x IPR Siriri. Para o TCA, os genitores que contribuíram para o menor tempo de cocção foram BRS Requinte (grupo I), IPR Saracura e BRSMG Majestoso (ambos do grupo II). As populações que se destacaram com redução para esse caráter foram BRS Requinte x BRS Estilo e BRS Requinte x BRS 9435 Cometa. Para a produtividade de grãos, os genitores que contribuíram com acréscimos para esse caráter foram BRS Estilo e CNFC 10429, ambos do grupo II. Entre as melhores populações para produtividade, merecem destaque as populações BRSMG Madrepérola x CNFC10429, BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo e BRS Requinte x CNFC 10429. Não foram encontrados genitores e populações que reúnam fenótipos desejáveis para os três caracteres em conjunto. Entretanto, a linhagem CNFC 10429 e as populações BRSMG Madrepérola x CNFC 10429 e BRSMG Madrepérola x BRS Estilo se destacaram por reunir escurecimento lento e produtividade de grãos, sendo promissoras para o melhoramento de plantas. Não foi detectada associação linear entre o escurecimento lento e menor tempo de cocção de grãos após o armazenamento. Foi detectada alta correlação entre as épocas de avaliação para o escurecimento dos grãos. Para o escurecimento dos grãos, foram detectadas populações com herança mono e bigênica, indicando que esse caráter é controlado por poucos genes. Detectou-se, ainda, que para a elucidação do controle genético do escurecimento dos grãos há a necessidade de avaliação de diferentes populações em ambientes distintos devido às populações não apresentarem mesmo padrão de segregação, e pela presença da interação G x A para esse caráter. Com base nesses resultados sugere-se que existe variabilidade para o escurecimento dos grãos e em genitores bem adaptados, e estes poderão originar populações promissoras, visando à seleção de linhagens com escurecimento lento dos grãos.
8

Variabilidade e divergência genética em cruzamentos dialélicos de soja / Variability and genetic divergence in soybean diallel crosses

Rosa María Alvarez Parra 13 December 2011 (has links)
As estimativas de divergência genética (DG) são pouco utilizadas pelos programas de melhoramento na seleção de genitores, pois os resultados das predições têm sido inconsistentes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a possibilidade de predizer a variabilidade genética (VG) de populações derivadas de cruzamentos biparentais de soja, utilizando dados de DG obtidos com marcadores AFLP (Bonato et al. 2006) e também avaliar a possibilidade de melhorar a associação entre DG e VG com o desdobramento das distâncias genéticas de acordo com um arranjo dialélico, isto é, em distância genética geral (DGGi e DGGj) e distância genética específica (DGEij). Para isso, utilizaram-se 10 populações oriundas de um dialélico com genitores adaptados e com diferentes níveis de divergência genética (DG): baixa ( 0,2 DG £ ), média ( 0,4 DG @ ) e alta ( 0,6 DG @ ). Cada população foi avaliada utilizando 100 progênies F2:3 no delineamento experimental em látice simples 10 x 10 (duas repetições), durante o ano agrícola 2009/10. Foram avaliados os caracteres produção de grãos (PG) e altura das plantas na maturação (AM). Para cada cruzamento foram estimados: variância genética entre progênies F2:3 ( 2 p s ), média das progênies F2:3 ( 3 : 2 F ), amplitude das médias das progênies F2:3 ( 3 : 2 F ), coeficiente de herdabilidade entre médias de progênies ) h ( F 2 x 3 : 2 e respostas à seleção (Rs) com intensidades de 20% e 40%. Para PG, as correlações de Spearman de DG com 2 p s , 2 x h e Rs foram positivas, altas e significativas (P<0,05), indicando um aumento na magnitude destas estimativas com o aumento da divergência genética (DG). Para AM as correlações foram altas e significativas somente entre DG e 2 x h (P<0,05). Em geral, o desdobramento de DG não causou um aumento na associação com as estimativas de parâmetros, exceto para a correlação de DG com 3 : 2 F e 3 : 2 F , em ambos os caracteres. Os resultados sugerem que as divergências genéticas entre os genitores determinadas pelos marcadores AFLP utilizadas neste trabalho refletem a real DG para o caráter PG, uma vez que os mesmos foram consistentes com os resultados obtidos em trabalho anterior, utilizando as mesmas estimativas de DG. Consequentemente, essas estimativas de DG poderiam auxiliar na escolha de genitores de alto potencial para a produção de grãos nos programas de melhoramento genético de soja. / Estimates of genetic divergence (DG) have not been used for parental selection in breeding programs, because of the inconsistence of the results. The objective of this study was to evaluate the possibility of predicting the genetic variability (VG) of soybean populations derived from two-way crosses, using DG data from AFLP markers (Bonato et al., 2006), and also to evaluate the possibility of improving the relationship between DG and VG by partitioning the genetic distance (GD) in general genetic distance (DGGi and DGGj) and specific genetic distance (DGEij), according to a diallel scheme. Ten populations derived from a diallel composed by adapted parents with different levels of genetic divergence (GD) were used: low ( 0,2 DG £ ), medium ( 0,4 DG @ ) and high ( 0,6 DG @ ). One hundred F2:3 progenies of each cross were evaluated in a simple lattice 10 x 10 design (two replications) during the 2009/10 growing season for the traits grain yield (PG) and plant height at maturity (AM). Genetic variance among F2:3 progenies ( 2 p s ), F2:3 progeny mean ( 3 : 2 F ), amplitude of individual F2:3 progeny means ( 3 : 2 F ), heritability among F2:3 progeny means ) h ( 2x , and responses to selection (Rs), with intensities of 20% and 40%, were estimated for each cross. For PG, the Spearman correlation between DG and 2 p s , 2 x h and Rs (20% and 40%) were positive, high and significant (P<0.05), indicating an increase of the parameter estimates following the genetic divergence (DG) increasing. For AM, the correlation were high and significant (P<0.05) only for DG and 2 x h . In general, the partitioning of DG did not increase the association with the parameters estimates, except for the correlation between DG with 3 : 2 F and 3 : 2 F for both traits. General results suggest that AFLP genetic divergence between the parents considered in this study expresses the true DG for PG, since they were consistent with the results of a previous work, using the same estimates of DG. Thus, these estimates of genetic divergence could be used in order to select high potential parents for grain yield in soybean breeding programs.
9

Genetische Analyse von Heterosis im jüngsten Stadium einer Pflanze, als Embryo, am Beispiel der Fababohne (<i>Vicia faba </i>L.) / Genetic analysis of heterosis at a plant`s earliest stage, as embryo, using faba bean (<i>Vicia faba </i>L.) as model

Dieckmann, Susanne 20 April 2007 (has links)
Heterosis, die Mehrleistung der Hybride über das Mittel ihrer homozygoten Eltern, ist ein viel untersuchtes genetisches Phänomen, das bis heute in seinen Ursachen und Wirkmechanismen noch nicht vollständig verstanden ist. Die klassische Untersuchung der Heterosis wird an Merkmalen der Pflanze, wie dem Biomasse- oder Korn- Ertrag und dem Tausendkorngewicht durchgeführt. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde studiert, ob schon auf der Ebene des Samens als genetischem Individuum Heterosis ausgeprägt wird. Ziel der Untersuchungen war, mögliche Unterschiede im reifen Samengewicht von heterozygoten und homozygoten Samen zu finden. Außerdem sollte der Einfluß von elterlicher Verwandtschaft, elterlicher Samengröße und von verschiedenen Stresssituationen auf diese Samenheterosis analysiert werden und eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen der Samenheterosis und der klassischen Heterosis untersucht werden. Darüber hinaus sollten Effekte des Inzuchtstatus der Samen auf den Samenertrag ihrer Mutterpflanze untersucht werden.In drei Versuchsjahren wurden insgesamt 17 Ackerbohnenlinien (Vicia faba L.) verschiedener Verwandtschaftsbeziehungen und Samengrößen in fünf Experimenten im Freiland, in offener und kontrollierter Bestäubungssituation, getestet. Zusätzlich wurde ein Experiment zur Verbindung zwischen Samenheterosis und klassischer Heterosis im Gewächshaus durchgeführt. Die Differenzierung zwischen fremd- und selbstbefruchteten Samen geschah entweder durch Handkreuzungen in sog. Freiland-Isolierhäusern, oder es wurden in offener Bestäubungssituation morphologische Marker zur Klassifizierung eingesetzt. Ferner wurde erprobt, inwiefern fremd- und selbstbefruchtete Samen aus offener Bestäubungssituation mittels Nah-Infrarot-Reflexions-Spektrometrie (NIRS) zu differenzieren sind. Durch Einsatz eines speziellen Kreuzungsschemas konnte die Samenheterosis beider reziproker Kreuzungsrichtungen in verschiedenen Samengenerationen geschätzt werden und eine biometrische Trennung der maternalen von den sameneigenen genetischen Effekten vorgenommen werden.Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine deutliche Überlegenheit des Samengewichtes von Hybridsamen über entsprechend vergleichbare ingezüchtete Samen; es konnte somit Heterosis für das Merkmal Samengewicht signifikant nachgewiesen werden, sie lag je nach Kreuzung zwischen 0,36% und 18,44% Mehrgewicht des Hybridsamens über dem homozygoten Elternwert. Die Untersuchung beider reziproker Kreuzungsrichtungen hat ergeben, dass das Samengewicht signifikant (P= 0,01) beeinflusst war durch maternal additive und zytoplasmatische Effekte, sowie durch sameneigene Dominanz- und Additiveffekte. Direkte Konkurrenz um mütterliche Ressourcen führte zu keiner Erhöhung der Hybridüberlegenheit, ebenso konnte keine höhere Überlegenheit der Hybridsamengewichte über die der Selbstungssamen nachgewiesen werden, wenn die Pflanze unter abiotischem Stress (Trockenheit) wuchs. Es wurde deutlich höhere Heterosis gefunden, wenn der Vergleich zwischen den Samengenerationen auf einem hohen Niveau der Samengröße stattfand, als wenn es sich um kleine Samen handelte. Die Ergebnisse zeigen tendenziell eine Erhöhung der Samenheterosis, wenn Heterozygotie für die elterliche Samengröße vorliegt, während keinerlei Hinweis auf geringere Heterosis bei Verwandtschaft der Eltern (f = 0,5; Geschwister-Linien bzw. Elter-Nachkomme) nachgewiesen werden konnte. Dieses steht im Widerspruch zu klassischen Befunden der Heterosisforschung. Es konnte eine signifikante Korrelation (r= 0,76, P= 0,01) zwischen der Heterosis der Samen und der Heterosis der Biomasse von (aus diesen Samen erwachsenen) Jungpflanzen nachgewiesen werden, woraus gefolgert wurde, dass die Samenheterosis dennoch, zumindest teilweise, ähnlichen genetischen Grundsätzen folgt wie die klassische Heterosis.Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen, dass Heterosis schon im frühen Entwicklungsstadium der Pflanze, am Samen, signifikant, bedeutend und mit großer Variation ausgeprägt ist. Es konnte abgeleitet werden, dass besonders die Heterozygotie für Allele, die die Samengröße der Eltern stark verschieden ausfallen lässt, in einem Samen dessen eigene Heterosis verursacht oder zumindest wesentlich bestimmt.

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