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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
71

Dietary modulation to improve pig health and performance /

Tran Thi, Thu Hong, January 2008 (has links) (PDF)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Sveriges lantbruksuniv. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
72

Diversidade genética dos rotavírus humanos detectados em pacientes com diarréia aguda no Estado de São Paulo, no período de 1996 a 2006. / Genetic diversity of human rotaviruses detected in patients with acute diarrhea in São Paulo, during 1996 to 2006.

Rita de Cássia Compagnoli Carmona 05 November 2010 (has links)
Um total de 8.961 amostras fecais coletadas de pacientes com diarréia aguda, no período de 1996 a 2006, no Estado de São Paulo foi testado para rotavírus por EIE. Destas, 20,0% foram positivas e posteriormente realizadas a caracterização dos rotavírus em genótipos G e P por nested RT-PCR. O genótipo G1 de rotavírus foi o mais freqüente, detectado em 35,2% das amostras, seguidos dos tipos G9, G2, G3, G4, infecção mista e G12. A associação mais freqüente foi a P[8]G1 e P[8]G9. Foi realizada a sequencia nucleotídica do gene 9 (VP7) de 38 rotavirus genótipo G1. Duas cepas foram analisadas dos anos de 1997, 1998, 2001 e 2002, três cepas dos anos 1996, 1999 e 2003, quatro cepas em 2000, sete cepas em 2004 e 2005, e cinco em 2006. Os 38 rotavírus G1 foram classificados em duas linhagens distintas, linhagem G1-I e linhagem G1-II. A linhagem G1-I foi detectada durante seis anos, 1996-1997, 2001-2002 e 2004-2006, e a linhagem G1-II foi detectada durante os anos de 1998-2001, e 2003-2005. Análises preliminares mostraram que Rotarix ® foi eficiente contra estas linhagens G1. / Rotavirus (RV) infections are recognized as a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in children worldwide. In March 2006, a monovalente P[8]G1, human RV vaccine (Rotarix® GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) was introduced in Brazil into the routine childhood immunization schedule. Therefore, the study of genetic diversity among rotavirus strains before and after the introduction of this vaccine may be important for the development of vaccination strategies. A total of 8,961 fecal samples collected from patients with acute diarrhea, during the 11-year period surveillance in São Paulo State (1996 to 2006) were tested for rotavirus by ELISA. One thousand seven hundred eighty- four (1,784, 20.0%) were positive, and the characterization of the G and P genotypes was performed on 1,300 rotavirus samples by nested RT-PCR. The G1 type was the most prevalent rotavirus strain (35.2%). The second most prevalente was the G9 type (31.2%), followed by G2 (4.0%), G3 (3.5%), G4 (2.2%), mix infection (1.8%) and G12 (0.5%). The more frequent association was P[8]G1 and P[8]G9. We performed a sequence analysis of 38 P[8]G1 rotavirus strains, selected from a total of 341 P[8]G1.Two strains from 1997, 1998, 2001, and 2002 were analyzed; three strains from 1996, 1999, and 2003; four strains from 2000; seven strains from 2004, and 2005; and five strains from 2006. All 38 rotavirus G1 sequence in this study were found to be classified into two distinct lineages, lineage I with 44.7% (17/38) and lineage II with 55.3% (21/38). The G1I lineages were detected during six rotavirus seasons 1996-1997, 2001- 2002, and 2004-2006 whereas and lineage G1- II was detected during 1998-2001, and 2003-2005. Preliminary analyses 4 demonstrated that Rotarix® has been efficacious against these G1 lineages.
73

Anticorpos anti-intiminas α, β e γ de Escherichia coli em soros e colostros de adultos saudáveis da Grande São Paulo / Antibodies reactive with α, β and γ intimins of Escherichia coli in serum and colostrum samples of healthy adults living in São Paulo, Brazil

Lucy Beatriz Zapata Quintanilla 16 April 2009 (has links)
A diarréia é um importante problema de saúde pública no mundo inteiro e a Escherichia coli é um dos mais freqüentes microorganismos causadores desta doença. A Escherichia coli enteropatogênica (EPEC), um dos principais agentes etiológicos das diarréias infantis no nosso país, é genética e fenotipicamente relacionada com a E. coli enterohemorrágica (EHEC) que além de provocar diarréia é responsável por complicações como síndrome hemolítica urêmica (HUS) e colite hemorrágica (HC). Embora a EHEC seja considerada emergente pela OMS, no Brasil poucos casos de complicações como HUS e HC foram reportados. O mecanismo de patogenicidade comum entre EPEC e EHEC é conhecido como a lesão \"attaching and effacing\" nos microvilos do enterócito. Esta lesão é mediada por um conjunto de fatores de virulência, dentre eles a intimina. A intimina é uma proteína de membrana externa, responsável pelo íntimo contato da bactéria com o enterócito, possui uma região N-terminal que é altamente conservada e uma região C-terminal que é variável. De acordo com a região variável, existem vários subtipos de intimina, dentre eles as intiminas α β e γ. Uma infecção por EPE-C ou EHE-C induz a uma resposta de anticorpos anti-intimina no soro e no colostro. No presente trabalho, foram determinados os anticorpos contra as regiões variáveis α β e γ e a região conservada em 100 amostras de soro e em 54 colostros de adultos saudáveis da Grande São Paulo. As concentrações de IgG sérico e de IgA secretora foram determinadas por ELISA utilizando como antígeno proteínas purificadas obtidas de bactérias recombinantes de cada intimina e os resultados foram submetidos a análise estatística. Foram também realizadas absorções com as bactérias recombirrantes e ensaios de inibição de adesão. Primeiramente observamos que nossa população apresenta anticorpos séricos e secretores reativos com a região conservada e as regiões variáveis das intiminas α β e γ, e que existe uma correlação positiva entre os, diferentes grupos de dados, mostrando assim uma reatividade cruzada parcial entre os anticorpos anti-intiminas, este fato foi confirmado com as absorções e com os ensaios de adesão. A concentração de anticorpos IgA no colostro é mais alta que IgG no soro e a concentração de anticorpos anti-região conservada da intimina no soro se encontra elevada quando comparada com as outras três determinações. Em ensaio de adesão em células HEp-2, foi verificado que anticorpos anti-região variável inibem a adesão de EPEC 0127:H6 numa porcentagem maior que os anticorpos anti-região conservada. Apresença de anticorpos anti-região variável da intimina γ sugere mais uma vez a possível proteção contra a EHEC. Em conjunto, nossos resultados corroboram com a idéia de que nossa população desenvolve uma imunidade natural resultante da exposição a linhagens de E. Coli ou outras bactérias presentes no ambiente, que confere uma proteção contra. EHEC, mesmo não sendo esta bactéria tão freqüente no nosso meio. / Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) is a leading cause of infantile diarrhea in developing countries, and has many genetic and antigenic similarittes with enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). EHEC can cause a variety of uman illnesses ranging from uncomplicated diarrhea to haemorrhagic colitis and haemolytic uremic syndrome. EHEC strains share with EPEC the ability to induce the attaching and effacing lesion (A/E) onto the human enterocyte membrane mediated by virulence factors codified by the patogenicity island LEE, as the type III secretion system, Esps, intimin and Tir. The infection with EPEC and EHEC induces the production of antibodies reactive with these virulence factors. Intimin is an outer membrane protein that mediates intimate attachment in the host cells, upon interaction with its- translocated receptor Tir. This protein shows high conservationin the N-terminal region and variability in the last C-terminal 280 amino acids. Many subtypes of intimins, like α, β and γ, were described according to the variable region. In this work we determined the concentration of IgG antibodies in 100 serum samples and IgA antibodies in 54 colostrum samples reactive with the variable regions α, β and γ intimins and the conserved region in healthy Brazilian adutts, living in São Paulo. The concentrations of seric IgG and secretor IgA anti-intimin antibodies were determined by ELISA with purified proteins obtained from recombinant bacteria expressing the conserved and the variable regions, and then the results were submitted to statistical analysis. Some absorptions and adhesion assays were performed with the aim of investigate cross reactions among the various antibodies. Firstly we observed that our poputation has seric and secretory antibodies reactive with conserved and variable regions of α, β and γ intimins, and there are a positive correlation among these antibodies in serum and colostrum, showing a partial cross reactivity among anti-intimins antibodies. This was confirmed by the absorptions and adhesion assays. IgA antibodies in colostrum were higher than IgG in serum, what could be related with the profective effect of breastfeeding against EPEC infection in infants. The seric antibodies anti-conserved region were higher compared to the other three determinations. The results obtained in the adhesion assays showed that the percentage of inhibition adhesion to EPEC 0127:H6 serotype with anti-variable regions antibodies was higher than anti-conserved regions. The presence of anti-γ variable region suggests the possible protection against EHEC. Taken together, our results suggest that our population develop a natural immunity as a result of the direct contact with E. coli strains or other bacteria present in the environment, which confers protection against EHEC, although it is not frequent in our population.
74

Vulnerabilidade em saúde no contexto de mudanças ambientais = o caso das doenças de transmissão hídrica em Caraguatatuba, Litoral Norte - SP / Health vulnerability in the context of environmental changes : the case of waterborne diseases in Caraguatatuba, North Coast - SP

Asmus, Gabriela Farias, 1981- 26 August 2018 (has links)
Orientadores: Sônia Regina da Cal Seixas, Simone Aparecida Vieira / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T05:54:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Asmus_GabrielaFarias_D.pdf: 7502646 bytes, checksum: 8252194e91824fea9f09bb0a1b2f1921 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Na modernidade tardia, a sociedade enfrenta as consequências de profundas mudanças socioambientais que se evidenciaram a partir da segunda metade do século XX: urbanização acelerada, degradação e poluição dos recursos naturais, depleção da biodiversidade e aquecimento global. Ao mesmo tempo, fortes desigualdades sociais caracterizam este ambiente, onde grupos populacionais são excluídos de bens e serviços essenciais à saúde e bem estar humano como acesso à infraestrutura urbana, à informação, à moradia, aos serviços de saúde, dentre muitos outros capitais. O aquecimento global e as mudanças nos padrões de pluviosidade preconizados para as próximas décadas são as mudanças ambientais mais discutidas da atualidade. Elas representam novos riscos e incertezas para o futuro de questões de saúde já preexistentes na sociedade, especialmente àqueles associados às doenças de transmissão hídrica (DTH). Este trabalho buscou identificar a vulnerabilidade em saúde associada às mudanças ambientais no litoral norte do estado de São Paulo, utilizando as doenças de transmissão hídrica como objeto de análise ¿ em especial, as diarreias agudas - e o município de Caraguatatuba como local de estudo. O saneamento ambiental, o ritmo climático e os aspectos culturais formam as principais categorias analíticas utilizadas para explicar os padrões observados de incidência de diarreias agudas em Caraguatatuba, que atualmente tem taxas de morbidade 40% maiores do que as taxas observadas há dez anos. Crianças são proporcionalmente mais atingidas, mas destaca-se o fato de que 46% da morbidade anual recaem sobre a população adulta. Observou-se que os registros de diarreia são superiores nas oito primeiras semanas do ano. A temperatura e a pluviosidade explicam o comportamento da incidência de diarreia em quase todas as faixas etárias avaliadas. A distribuição espacial de uma amostra dos casos totais de diarreia ocorridos entre 2005 e 2010 demonstrou que sua incidência não se correlaciona aos locais com maior taxa de utilização de água fora do sistema de distribuição municipal, nem mesmo aos locais com maior taxa de moradores desprovidos de coleta de esgoto ou lixo domiciliar. Também não se relacionou às áreas potenciais de inundação do município. Esse é um indício de que o local de contaminação não está associado ao endereço de moradia registrado pelo paciente. As fontes de contaminação mais citadas são alimentos e água consumidos fora do lar, onde não se pode atestar as condições de higiene e tratamento. Ao mesmo tempo, evidenciou-se um comportamento cultural associado ao "veraneio", que inclui mudanças nos hábitos alimentares e maior exposição ao ambiente. No senso comum da população, as diarreias não são consideradas um "problema", e sim, uma situação passageira de desconforto dentro da normalidade. Conclui-se que em um contexto de mudanças ambientais, um potencial aumento de temperatura e aumento do volume de chuvas são considerados elementos importantes da vulnerabilidade em saúde dos moradores de Caraguatatuba. Outros elementos importantes estão associados às particularidades culturais de uma cidade turística e litorânea que possui comportamento alimentar e atitudes diferenciadas no verão / Abstract: In the late modern society, we face the consequences of deep social and environmental changes that are self-presented from the second half of the 21st century: accelerated urbanization, pollution and natural resources degradation, biodiversity depletion, and global warming. Simultaneously, strong social inequities characterize this environment, where segments of the population are excluded from goods and services essential for human health and wellbeing, among many others. Temperature rising and changes in rainfall patterns predicted for the next decades are among the most discussed environmental changes nowadays. They represent the new risks and uncertainties for the future of health questions already present in society, especially those associated with waterborne diseases. The present study identified the vulnerabilities on health associated with environmental changes at the Northern coast of São Paulo State, using waterborne diseases as object of analysis ¿ especially acute diarrhea ¿ and the Caraguatatuba municipality as a study site. Environmental sanitation, climatic rhythm and cultural aspects were the main analytic categories used to explain the observed patterns of acute diarrhea in Caraguatatuba, which currently shows morbidity rates 40% higher than those observed 10 years ago. Children are proportionally more affected, but it stands out the fact that 46% of the annual morbidity falls to the adult population. It¿s observed that diarrhoea records are superior at the 8 first weeks of the year. Temperature and rainfall explain the diarrhea incidence in almost all ages analyzed. Spatial distribution from the cases recorded between 2005 and 2010 demonstrated that its incidence is not correlated to the places without access to safe water, not even to the places with the highest rates of people deprived of sewage and garbage collection. Moreover, diarrhoea was not related to the potential flooding areas at the municipality. This evidences that the local which houses the contamination is not associated to the address of the patient. The main contamination sources were food and water consumed outside their houses, where they cannot attest hygiene and treatment. At the same time, it was evidenced a cultural behavior associated with "veraneio". Population common sense tells that diarrhoea is not considered a "problem", but a momentary state of discomfort inside normality. It was concluded that within the context of environmental changes, a potential increase in temperature and rainfall are considered important elements for the health vulnerability of the Caraguatatuba inhabitants. Other important elements are associated with cultural particularities of a touristic and coastal city that possesses a differentiated feeding behavior during summer season / Doutorado / Aspectos Biológicos de Sustentabilidade e Conservação / Doutora em Ambiente e Sociedade
75

Genetic characterization of bovine viral diarrhoea viruses isolated from cattle in South Africa

Ularamu, H.G. (Hussaini Gulak) 15 June 2011 (has links)
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) has emerged as one of the economically important pathogens in cattle populations with a worldwide distribution and causing a complex of disease syndromes. It is a single-stranded RNA virus of the genus Pestivirus in the family Flaviviridae. Two genotypes (1 and 2) of BVDV exist and can be distinguished on the basis of the 5' non-coding region (5' NCR) of the genome using real-time PCR. This technique is more sensitive, specific, less time consuming and has reduced risks of cross contamination of samples compared to a conventional PCR. Limited information exists on BVDV genetic subtypes in South Africa. The aim of this study was to determine the genotypes of BVDV currently circulating in South African feedlots. A total of 279 specimens (219 tissue samples, 59 trans-tracheal aspirates and one blood sample) were collected from dead and living cattle. Pooled homogenates from the same animals were prepared and total RNA was extracted from 200 μl of the homogenates using the RNeasy Mini Kit (Qiagen) as described by the manufacturer. A screening test was performed on the pooled samples and positive pools were investigated individually. The Cador BVDV Type 1/2 RT-PCR Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) was used for the real-time PCR assay. The PCR was performed on a Lightcycler® V2 (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) real-time PCR machine and the amplified products were detected via fluorescent dyes. The results were read at 530 and 640 nm for BVDV 1 and 2, respectively. Bovine viral diarrhoea virus was detected in a total of 103 samples that included 91 tissue samples, one blood sample and 11 trans-tracheal aspirates. Eighty five of the strains were genotype 1 strains and 18 were genotype 2. These results represent the first documented evidence for the presence of BVDV genotype 2 in South African cattle. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Veterinary Tropical Diseases / unrestricted
76

The commonly-used DNA probe for diffusely-adherent Escherichia coli cross-reacts with a subset of enteroaggregative E. coli

Snelling, Anna M., Macfarlane-Smith, Louissa, Fletcher, Jonathan N., Okeke, Iruka N. 21 December 2009 (has links)
Yes / Background. The roles of diffusely-adherent Escherichia coli (DAEC) and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) in disease are not well understood, in part because of the limitations of diagnostic tests for each of these categories of diarrhoea-causing E. coli. A HEp-2 adherence assay is the Gold Standard for detecting both EAEC and DAEC but DNA probes with limited sensitivity are also employed. Results. We demonstrate that the daaC probe, conventionally used to detect DAEC, cross-reacts with a subset of strains belonging to the EAEC category. The cross hybridization is due to 84% identity, at the nucleotide level, between the daaC locus and the aggregative adherence fimbriae II cluster gene, aafC, present in some EAEC strains. Because aaf-positive EAEC show a better association with diarrhoea than other EAEC, this specific cross-hybridization may have contributed to an over-estimation of the association of daaC with disease in some studies. We have developed a discriminatory PCR-RFLP protocol to delineate EAEC strains detected by the daaC probe in molecular epidemiological studies. Conclusions. A PCR-RFLP protocol described herein can be used to identify aaf-positive EAEC and daaC-positive DAEC and to delineate these two types of diarrhoeagenic E. coli, which both react with the daaC probe. This should help to improve current understanding and future investigations of DAEC and EAEC epidemiology.
77

The relationship between infant feeding practices and diarrhoeal infections

Ziyani, Isabella Simoyi 11 1900 (has links)
To determine the relationship between infant-feeding practices and diarrhoeal infections, a descriptive survey was conducted to infants between six to 12 months of age. A guided interview was conducted to 105 mothers of infants who attended the health facilities of Mbabane, Swaziland. The results show that breast-feeding is routinely practiced by the majority of mothers and exclusive breast-feeding is very low, but supplementary feed in the form of formula or solids are introduced by the majority of respondents within the first three months of life. Infants who were given colostrum and breast milk had fewer diarrhoeal attacks. Other factors, for example education and cultural factors influenced the feeding practices and number of diarrhoeal attacks. It is recommended that breast-feeding should be promoted as an important intervention in the control of diarrhoea / Health Studies / M.A. (Nursing Science)
78

Extratos vegetais como promotores do crescimento de leitões recém-desmamados / Herbal extracts as growth promoters of weanling pigs

Oetting, Liliana Lotufo 06 September 2005 (has links)
Apesar da comprovada capacidade de melhorar o desempenho de suínos, o uso de antimicrobianos como promotores do crescimento vem sendo progressivamente restringido em diversos países. As novas regulamentações têm forçado a procura por alternativas ao uso de antibióticos e quimioterápicos como promotores do crescimento de suínos. Os extratos vegetais constituem uma dessas alternativas pesquisadas. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de antimicrobianos e extratos vegetais sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, desempenho, morfometria dos órgãos, histologia do epitélio intestinal, microbiologia intestinal e frequência de diarréia de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram realizados três experimentos em blocos casualizados, nos quais foram testados, durante 35 dias, cinco tratamentos: controle - ração basal; antimicrobiano - basal com bacitracina de zinco, olaquindox e colistina (50 ppm de cada); extrato vegetal A, B e C - basal com 700, 1200 e 2100 ppm de extrato vegetal, respectivamente. O extrato vegetal foi constituído de quantidades iguais de óleo essencial de cravo, tomilho, orégano, eugenol e carvacrol. Foram utilizados 40 leitões em cada experimento, com idades iniciais e finais de, respectivamente, 21 e 56 dias. Foram alocados dois leitões (um macho castrado e uma fêmea) em cada baia (unidade experimental). No ensaio de digestibilidade (Experimento I) utilizou-se o método da coleta parcial de fezes, tendo o óxido crômico (Cr2O3) como marcador. Ao final do Experimento I, um animal de cada unidade experimental foi abatido para análise de morfometria dos órgãos e coleta de amostras do epitélio intestinal para análise histológica e microbiológica. Nos Experimentos I, II e III, foram medidas a frequência de diarréia e as variáveis de desempenho. A digestibilidade da matéria seca foi maior (P<0,05) para o tratamento com extratos vegetais em relação ao tratamento controle e com antimicrobianos. Durante os períodos de 1 a 14 e 1 a 35 dias de experimentação, o tratamento antimicrobiano apresentou melhores resultados (P<0,05) de peso vivo, consumo diário de ração e ganho diário de peso que os demais tratamentos. Dentre os níveis de extratos vegetais, o maior nível de inclusão foi o que proporcionou melhores resultados de desempenho. Na análise de morfometria dos órgãos, foram encontradas diferenças (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos apenas para o peso relativo do trato gastrintestinal total e do intestino delgado vazio, sendo que os melhores (menores) resultados foram obtidos para os animais suplementados com antimicrobianos. Para a histologia do epitélio intestinal, novamente os melhores resultados foram obtidos para o tratamento com antimicrobianos, tendo apresentado maior altura de vilosidade (P<0,05) e menor relação altura de vilosidade e profundidade de cripta do íleo que os tratamentos com extratos vegetais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) para os resultados de microbiologia intestinal. A frequência de diarréia dos animais que receberam antimicrobianos foi inferior (P<0,05) àquela do tratamento controle ou extratos vegetais no período de 1 a 35 dias de experimentação, indicando eficácia dos antimicrobianos em controlar a diarréia. Os extratos vegetais apresentaram resultados intermediários entre o tratamento controle e com antimicrobianos para essa variável. / The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters of swine has been gradually restricted in many countries. The new regulations have forced the search for alternatives to the antibiotic use as growth promoters for swine. The herbal extracts are one of these alternatives. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial agents and herbal extracts as growth promoters, based on intestinal morphology, histology, microbiology, digestibility, fecal score, and on performance of weanling pigs. Three randomized complete block design experiments were carried out to compare five treatments: control - basal diet; antimicrobial - basal diet plus Zn bacitracin, olaquindox, and colistin (50 ppm of each); herbal extract A, B and C - basal diet plus 700 ppm, 1200 ppm and 2100 ppm of herbal extract, respectively. The herbal extract consisted of a mixture of equal amounts of essential oils of thyme, clove, oregano, eugenol and carvacrol. In each Experiment, forty 21-d-weaned pigs were allotted to 20 suspended pens, with two pigs (a castrated male and a female) per pen (experimental unit) and four replications per treatment. Digestibility assay (Experiment I) was conducted using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as fecal marker. On 35th day of experimental period, an animal of each experimental unit was slaughtered for morphological analysis and samples of the intestine epithelium were collected for histological and microbiological analysis. Performance data and fecal score of pigs were collected from Experiments I, II and III. The herbal extracts increased (P<.05) the dry matter apparent digestibility of the diet compared to control and antimicrobial treatments. The antimicrobial agents improved (P<.05) body weight, feed intake and average daily gain of weanling pigs during 1 to 14 and 1 to 35 days of experimental period compared to control and herbal extract. Among all levels of herbal extract, higher levels showed better performance results. The antimicrobial treatment improved the relative weights of the intestinal tract and empty small intestine (P<.05) and improved ileum villus height and the ratio of ileum villus height:crypt depth of animals. There was no statistical difference (P>.05) in microbiological analysis. During 1 to 35 days of experimental period, incidence of diarrhoea of pigs fed antimicrobials was statisticaly lower (P<.05) than those fed control or herbal extract diet, suggesting the efficacy of antimicrobials in diarrhoea control. Pigs fed herbal extract showed intermediary results between antimicrobial and control diets for this variable.
79

Extratos vegetais como promotores do crescimento de leitões recém-desmamados / Herbal extracts as growth promoters of weanling pigs

Liliana Lotufo Oetting 06 September 2005 (has links)
Apesar da comprovada capacidade de melhorar o desempenho de suínos, o uso de antimicrobianos como promotores do crescimento vem sendo progressivamente restringido em diversos países. As novas regulamentações têm forçado a procura por alternativas ao uso de antibióticos e quimioterápicos como promotores do crescimento de suínos. Os extratos vegetais constituem uma dessas alternativas pesquisadas. Sendo assim, o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos de antimicrobianos e extratos vegetais sobre a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, desempenho, morfometria dos órgãos, histologia do epitélio intestinal, microbiologia intestinal e frequência de diarréia de leitões recém-desmamados. Foram realizados três experimentos em blocos casualizados, nos quais foram testados, durante 35 dias, cinco tratamentos: controle - ração basal; antimicrobiano - basal com bacitracina de zinco, olaquindox e colistina (50 ppm de cada); extrato vegetal A, B e C - basal com 700, 1200 e 2100 ppm de extrato vegetal, respectivamente. O extrato vegetal foi constituído de quantidades iguais de óleo essencial de cravo, tomilho, orégano, eugenol e carvacrol. Foram utilizados 40 leitões em cada experimento, com idades iniciais e finais de, respectivamente, 21 e 56 dias. Foram alocados dois leitões (um macho castrado e uma fêmea) em cada baia (unidade experimental). No ensaio de digestibilidade (Experimento I) utilizou-se o método da coleta parcial de fezes, tendo o óxido crômico (Cr2O3) como marcador. Ao final do Experimento I, um animal de cada unidade experimental foi abatido para análise de morfometria dos órgãos e coleta de amostras do epitélio intestinal para análise histológica e microbiológica. Nos Experimentos I, II e III, foram medidas a frequência de diarréia e as variáveis de desempenho. A digestibilidade da matéria seca foi maior (P<0,05) para o tratamento com extratos vegetais em relação ao tratamento controle e com antimicrobianos. Durante os períodos de 1 a 14 e 1 a 35 dias de experimentação, o tratamento antimicrobiano apresentou melhores resultados (P<0,05) de peso vivo, consumo diário de ração e ganho diário de peso que os demais tratamentos. Dentre os níveis de extratos vegetais, o maior nível de inclusão foi o que proporcionou melhores resultados de desempenho. Na análise de morfometria dos órgãos, foram encontradas diferenças (P<0,05) entre os tratamentos apenas para o peso relativo do trato gastrintestinal total e do intestino delgado vazio, sendo que os melhores (menores) resultados foram obtidos para os animais suplementados com antimicrobianos. Para a histologia do epitélio intestinal, novamente os melhores resultados foram obtidos para o tratamento com antimicrobianos, tendo apresentado maior altura de vilosidade (P<0,05) e menor relação altura de vilosidade e profundidade de cripta do íleo que os tratamentos com extratos vegetais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas (P>0,05) para os resultados de microbiologia intestinal. A frequência de diarréia dos animais que receberam antimicrobianos foi inferior (P<0,05) àquela do tratamento controle ou extratos vegetais no período de 1 a 35 dias de experimentação, indicando eficácia dos antimicrobianos em controlar a diarréia. Os extratos vegetais apresentaram resultados intermediários entre o tratamento controle e com antimicrobianos para essa variável. / The use of antimicrobials as growth promoters of swine has been gradually restricted in many countries. The new regulations have forced the search for alternatives to the antibiotic use as growth promoters for swine. The herbal extracts are one of these alternatives. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the antimicrobial agents and herbal extracts as growth promoters, based on intestinal morphology, histology, microbiology, digestibility, fecal score, and on performance of weanling pigs. Three randomized complete block design experiments were carried out to compare five treatments: control - basal diet; antimicrobial - basal diet plus Zn bacitracin, olaquindox, and colistin (50 ppm of each); herbal extract A, B and C - basal diet plus 700 ppm, 1200 ppm and 2100 ppm of herbal extract, respectively. The herbal extract consisted of a mixture of equal amounts of essential oils of thyme, clove, oregano, eugenol and carvacrol. In each Experiment, forty 21-d-weaned pigs were allotted to 20 suspended pens, with two pigs (a castrated male and a female) per pen (experimental unit) and four replications per treatment. Digestibility assay (Experiment I) was conducted using chromic oxide (Cr2O3) as fecal marker. On 35th day of experimental period, an animal of each experimental unit was slaughtered for morphological analysis and samples of the intestine epithelium were collected for histological and microbiological analysis. Performance data and fecal score of pigs were collected from Experiments I, II and III. The herbal extracts increased (P<.05) the dry matter apparent digestibility of the diet compared to control and antimicrobial treatments. The antimicrobial agents improved (P<.05) body weight, feed intake and average daily gain of weanling pigs during 1 to 14 and 1 to 35 days of experimental period compared to control and herbal extract. Among all levels of herbal extract, higher levels showed better performance results. The antimicrobial treatment improved the relative weights of the intestinal tract and empty small intestine (P<.05) and improved ileum villus height and the ratio of ileum villus height:crypt depth of animals. There was no statistical difference (P>.05) in microbiological analysis. During 1 to 35 days of experimental period, incidence of diarrhoea of pigs fed antimicrobials was statisticaly lower (P<.05) than those fed control or herbal extract diet, suggesting the efficacy of antimicrobials in diarrhoea control. Pigs fed herbal extract showed intermediary results between antimicrobial and control diets for this variable.
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Diarrhoea management in primary health care facilities in the Cape metropole region: the caregivers' perspective

Sengwana, Manyeke Jeani January 2003 (has links)
Master of Public Health - MPH / This mini-thesis, assessed the use of ORT as a treatment for childhood diarrhoea in primary health care facilities in the Cape Metropole from the caregivers' perspective. Awareness and knowledge of oral rehydration therapy (ORT) and the preparation abilities of sugar salt solution (SSS) by caregivers of children younger than 5 years attending the health facilities were assessed. The availability of resources and utensils for the use of ORS packets and SSS and the accessibility to health facilities by caregivers were also determined. Using a cross sectional descriptive study design, a baseline situation review was carried out. Primary health care facilities in three heath districts namely; Khayelitsha, Nyanga and Oostenberg were purposely selected. Ninety-two caregivers in 12 facilities participated in the study. Basic analyses of quantitative data were done using Epi-Info 2002 software. Qualitative data were analysed manually. The study found that according to caregivers, all facilities used ORS packets as their immediate treatment for uncomplicated diarrhoea, and recommended sugar salt Diarrhoea Management in PHC Facilities solution as home treatment. Ninety-one percent of caregivers used ORT at home before they presented to the health facility.Of the caregivers who were advised by the health worker to use SSS at home, 60.7%, 55.8% and 60.2% in Oostenberg, Khayelitsha and Nyanga districts respectively remembered the correct ingredients and quantities to make the solution at home. Of those given ORS packets, 94.5%, 99.0% and 98.5% respectively, remembered the quantity of water to be mixed with each packet. Packets were found to be convenient and were preferred by many caregivers as compared to SSS. The advice or health education messages given to caregivers were often unclear, and there were language barriers in Brighton and Bloekombos clinics in the Oostenberg district. A litre bottle was available in 47% of caregivers' homes, 82 % had a teaspoon and all of them had access to running water. Twelve percent and 11 % admitted to not having sugar and salt respectively when they wanted to make SSS. Eighty-eight percent walked to the health facility and 12% used taxis or buses. The study concludes that ORT is widely used in primary health care facilities for diarrhoeal disease treatment, however caregiver's knowledge and preparation abilities of SSS is still limited. The resources and utensils to prepare ORT at home were fairly available in many homes, which makes SSS preparation at home feasible and acceptable.

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