En este texto presentamos una edición crítica de un documento conservado en el Archivo Romano de la Compañía de Jesús, escrito por el jesuita Diego de Rosales en Arauco, Chile, el 20 de abril de 1643. El destinatario de la carta era el jesuita Luis de Valdivia que había fallecido, en Valladolid, el 5de noviembre de 1642. El remitente, al no conocer la noticia de la muertede Valdivia, convirtió implícitamente su texto en un retrato de una ausencia evocando su presencia a través de la referencia a los frutos del proyecto de guerra defensiva, ideado por Luis de Valdivia, entre 1612 y 1626, en el confín meridional del virreinato peruano.

Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Historia / El 10 de noviembre del 2001, ante un estadio La Bombonera repleto, se despedía, oficialmente de la actividad profesional, Diego Armando Maradona. Dicho evento fue transmitido por la televisión argentina e internacional, fue la última vez que los aficionados del fútbol pudieron ver por última vez al “Pibe de Oro” dentro de una cancha. Deberíamos decir, para ser más precisos que Maradona llevaba 4 años sin desarrolla esta actividad de modo profesional, su último partido fue el 30 de Octubre de 1997, en un enfrentamiento entre Boca Juniors y River Plate, donde el cuadro de Maradona venció por 2-1. No obstante, aquella tarde sabatina el máximo referente de la selección argentina se despedía de modo definitivo, en un partido entre la Selección Argentina y un combinado de jugadores de primer nivel mundial. Como es de suponer, el resultado poco importó, el espectáculo finalizó en el instante en que “Diego” convertía, mediante penal un gol con la camiseta argentina ante la portería del colombiano René Higuita. El trasandino no ocultó su emoción y fue a festejar junto a la “12”, barra-brava de Boca Juniors, sacándose la camiseta Argentina, y exhibiendo la número 10 de Boca Junios, que decía “Riquelme”, jugador que había ocupado la posición de Diego en dicho club una vez que éste abandonó la actividad. Usando la terminología del sociólogo alemán Max Weber, Mardona realiza un traspaso de carisma, que sólo funcionó al interior del cuadro xeneise. Maradona dio la tradicional vuelta olímpica, junto a sus hijas, para finalizar con un discurso de despedida. El llanto no se dejo esperar. Millones de espectadores en Argentina y en el mundo entero observaron esta escena pensando que ahí culminaba algo. Si Menem, al decir del historiador Tulio Halperín había puesto fin a la agonía de la Argentina peronista, por medio de este evento Maradona ponía un cierre definitivo, según se creía, al período maradoniano del fútbol argentino.

A resident ambassador in the late sixteenth century faced many challenges, among which were: gathering, evaluating, and relaying useful information; performing negotiations on behalf of his principal; and calming troubled waters at the foreign court. The way in which he .faced these challenges determined the extent of the ambassador's success. Jon Jiego Guzman de Silva, Spanish ambassador in Zngland .from 1564-1568, faced these challenges and others because he was a staunch Catholic at a Protestant court. Although he was able to maintain his position at court for four years, he was not totally successful. He forwarded much useful and correct information to Philip II, King of Spain, and helped maintain good relations between the English and Spanish courts. Yet he was unable to accomplish anything significant while negotiating to stop p iracy or to restore trade between England and t' Low Countries,

This research investigates the demographic and local government permit characteristics of communities with high levels of solar adoption in the San Diego Region. Utilizing a statistical model, this research illustrates which communities have been able to benefit from the current solar incentive programs in a robust market with an abundant solar resource. In San Diego, zip codes with large proportions of people over 65 have the highest correlation with high levels of residential solar adoption. This potentially illustrates that the life changes associated with retiring, including accumulated wealth, stable homeownership, and a fixed income, make residential solar systems accessible and appealing. Moving forward solar policy should expand to better facilitate installations for renters, sharing between neighbors, and clear pathways to retrofit older homes.

The empirical literature and government reports alike indicate methamphetamine poses a great threat to the United States in areas such as crime. However, the current scholarship on drug crime has limited information on issues related to methamphetamine crime. To date, previous works on drug crime have yet to systemically examine the impacts of drug seizure amounts related to drug enforcement actions on methamphetamine crime. Further, we do not know whether the findings of earlier works extend and apply to methamphetamine crime. The present study, built on these earlier studies, proposes to examine the impacts of two different types of methamphetamine seizure incidents, small-scale seizures, which are most likely associated with street-level methamphetamine enforcement actions (i.e., arrests and citations), and large-scale seizure incidents, which are most likely associated with high-level methamphetamine enforcement actions (i.e., preplanned enforcement actions such as raids and long-term narcotics investigations), in and around target locations on later street-level methamphetamine crime incidents in the target location. In other words, the main objective of this study is to measure the spatiotemporal spillover impacts of large-scale and small-scale methamphetamine seizure incidents. Methamphetamine crime incident and seizure data, covering January 1, 2015 through December 31, 2020, was obtained from the Automated Regional Justice Information System (ARJIS), a division of the San Diego Association of Governments. A two-way fixed-effects (2WFE) spatial lag of X (SLX) model was used to test the aforementioned research questions. Nearby areas based on the target location were defined using first- and second-order queen contiguity method. Larger size nearby target locations were defined by combining areas generated by these two queen contiguity methods. The theories of deterrence, spatial diffusion of benefits, and spatial displacement were applied to explain the spatiotemporal dynamics connecting methamphetamine seizure amounts to later street-level methamphetamine crime incidents. Broadly, the results of regression analysis found possible spatial displacement of methamphetamine crime associated with small-scale seizure incidents while spatial diffusion of benefits was associated with large-scale seizure incidents. The impact sizes and statistical significance of these methamphetamine seizure incidents were dependent on space-time combination. The findings have theoretical, practical, and policy implications for both drug crime researchers and policing practitioners concerned with understanding and suppressing methamphetamine crime. / Criminal Justice

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No description available.

Nesta dissertação, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia molecular por PCR em tempo real (qPCR) utilizando pool de DNA para a detecção de alelos que codificam antígenos importantes do sistema de grupo sanguíneo Diego. Esta ferramenta molecular será útil uma vez que são escassos os reagentes sorológicos para detecção desses antígenos e, quando existem, não permitem uma investigação em larga escala devido à pouca confiabilidade e alto custo. O sistema Diego (DI) possui 22 antígenos, sendo o antígeno Diª mais importante na prática transfusional. Eles são carreados pela proteína da Banda 3 que é proteína mais abundante na s hemácias, com 106 cópias. O antígeno possui uma maior prevalência, em indígenas americanos e asiáticos (6%-52%), já que é considerado um marcador antropológico de ancestrais mongóis; no entanto, a incidência desse antígeno tem aumentado dentre outras populações, como em caucasianos e afrodescendentes, e detectado em doadores de sangue, o que pode resultar em aloimunização de pacientes e dificultando o seu manejo terapêutico. Em contrapartida, a frequência do antígeno Dib em todas as populações é extremamente alta (>99,99%) e encontrar o raro fenótipo Di (a+b-) é ainda mais laborioso do que a busca pelo antígeno Diª. Sabe-se ainda muito pouco sobre a frequência dos antígenos Wrª e Wrb nas diferentes populações, mas estimase que a prevalência seja de 0,01% e >99,99% respectivamente. Foram utilizadas 410 amostras de doadores de sangue e 230 amostras de pacientes para genotipagem em qPCR utilizando pool de DNA para detecção dos alelos DI*01, DI*02, DI*02.03 e DI*02.04. A amplificação individualizada foi realizada quando a reação com pool demonstrou a amplificação de um dos alelos de interesse, DI*01 ou DI*02.03. Procedeu-se também com a clonagem dos alelos após à amplificação com as amostras controle, porém, ocorreu somente a clonagem dos alelos DI*02 e DI*02.03. Os fragmentos clonados apresentaram amplificação excelente e serão utilizados como controle positivo em testes moleculares futuros. Não foi possível a clonagem do DI*01 pelo problema da zigozidade da amostra controle. Houve 100% de concordância entre o resultado da genotipagem e as informações de fenotipagem das amostras controle. O alelo DI*01 ocorreu em 0,6% dos doadores de sangue e 1,7% em afrodescendentes, que corresponde a uma frequência genotípica DI*01/DI*02 de 1,2% e 1,3% respectivamente. Procedeu-se com as análises estatísticas comparativas entre o resultado desta pesquisa e de outras na população brasileira sobre os diferentes genótipos para entender se havia uma diferença estatística considerável. Ainda que a frequência para o genótipo DI*01/DI*02 seja mais baixa em doadores e mais alta em afrodescendentes do que o publicado em outros trabalhos brasileiros, a análise dos dados demonstrou que não havia diferença estatística com a maioria deles. A incidência aumentada do alelo DI*01 na população afrodescendente demonstra o aspecto da miscigenação. Conclui-se que a metodologia proposta funciona e tem aplicabilidade imediata em doadores de sangue e na busca de fenótipos raros. A incidência do alelo para Diª em doadores de sangue está abaixo do que um estudo anterior detectou em Ribeirão Preto (COZAC, 2004), que pode ser explicado pelas diferenças no censo populacional entre os estudos e pela coleta de amostra de universitários (62%). Não foram encontrados os genótipos DI*01/DI*01, DI*02.03/DI*02.03 e DI*02.03/DI*02.04 nas populações estudadas. / This work proposed the development of a molecular methodology by Real Time-PCR (qPCR) using DNA pool for the detection of alleles that encode important antigens of the Diego blood group system. This molecular tool will be useful since the serological reagents for the detection of these antigens are scarce and, when they exist, do not allow a large scale investigation due to the low reliability and high cost. The Diego (DI) system has 22 antigens, the Diª antigen is the most important in transfusion practice. They are carried by the Band 3 protein which is the most abundant protein on the erythroid surface, about 106 copies. The antigen has a higher prevalence in american indians and asians (6%-52%), since it is considered an anthropological marker of Mongolian ancestors; however, the incidence of this antigen has increased among other populations, such as in caucasians and afrodescendants, and detected in blood donors, which may result in alloimmunization of patients and make difficult their therapeutic management. In contrast, the frequency of Dib antigen in all populations is extremely high (>99.99%) and finding the rare phenotype Di (a+b-) is even more laborious than the search for Diª antigen. The frequency of Wrª and Wrb antigens in different populations is not well-known, but it is estimated that the prevalence is 0.01% and >99.99% respectively. 410 blood donor samples and 230 patient samples were used for genotyping in qPCR using DNA pool to detect the alleles DI*01, DI*01, DI*02.03 and DI*02.04. The single amplification was performed when the pool reaction demonstrated the amplification of one of the alleles of interest, DI*01 or DI*02.03. The alleles were also cloned after the control samples amplification. Only the cloning of the DI*02 and DI*02.03 alleles occurred, they presented excellent amplification and will be used as positive controls in future molecular tests, it was not possible to clone DI*01 by the control sample zygosity though. There was 100% agreement between the genotyping results and the phenotype information of the control samples. The DI*01 allele occurred in 0,6% of the blood donors and 1,7% in afrodescendants, which corresponds to a genotypic frequency DI*01/DI*02 of 1,2% and 1,3% in respectively. The comparative statistical analyzes between this research results and others in the Brazilian population on the different genotypes was performed to understand if there was a considerable statistical difference. Although the frequency of the genotype DI*01/DI*02 is lower in donors and higher in afrodescendants than that published in other Brazilian studies, data analysis showed that there was no statistical difference with most of them. The increased incidence of the DI*01 allele in the afrodescendant population demonstrates the aspect of miscegenation. It is concluded in this work that the proposed methodology works and has immediate applicability in the screening of blood donors and search for rare phenotypes. The incidence of the allele encoding Di ª antigen in blood donors is below than previously detected in Ribeirão Preto (COZAC, 2004), which can be explained by the differences in the population census between the studies and by the sample collection of university students (62%). The genotypes DI*01/DI*01, DI*02.03/DI*02.03 and DI*02.03/DI*02.04 were not found in the populations studied.

Nesta dissertação, foi proposto o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia molecular por PCR em tempo real (qPCR) utilizando pool de DNA para a detecção de alelos que codificam antígenos importantes do sistema de grupo sanguíneo Diego. Esta ferramenta molecular será útil uma vez que são escassos os reagentes sorológicos para detecção desses antígenos e, quando existem, não permitem uma investigação em larga escala devido à pouca confiabilidade e alto custo. O sistema Diego (DI) possui 22 antígenos, sendo o antígeno Diª mais importante na prática transfusional. Eles são carreados pela proteína da Banda 3 que é proteína mais abundante na s hemácias, com 106 cópias. O antígeno possui uma maior prevalência, em indígenas americanos e asiáticos (6%-52%), já que é considerado um marcador antropológico de ancestrais mongóis; no entanto, a incidência desse antígeno tem aumentado dentre outras populações, como em caucasianos e afrodescendentes, e detectado em doadores de sangue, o que pode resultar em aloimunização de pacientes e dificultando o seu manejo terapêutico. Em contrapartida, a frequência do antígeno Dib em todas as populações é extremamente alta (>99,99%) e encontrar o raro fenótipo Di (a+b-) é ainda mais laborioso do que a busca pelo antígeno Diª. Sabe-se ainda muito pouco sobre a frequência dos antígenos Wrª e Wrb nas diferentes populações, mas estimase que a prevalência seja de 0,01% e >99,99% respectivamente. Foram utilizadas 410 amostras de doadores de sangue e 230 amostras de pacientes para genotipagem em qPCR utilizando pool de DNA para detecção dos alelos DI*01, DI*02, DI*02.03 e DI*02.04. A amplificação individualizada foi realizada quando a reação com pool demonstrou a amplificação de um dos alelos de interesse, DI*01 ou DI*02.03. Procedeu-se também com a clonagem dos alelos após à amplificação com as amostras controle, porém, ocorreu somente a clonagem dos alelos DI*02 e DI*02.03. Os fragmentos clonados apresentaram amplificação excelente e serão utilizados como controle positivo em testes moleculares futuros. Não foi possível a clonagem do DI*01 pelo problema da zigozidade da amostra controle. Houve 100% de concordância entre o resultado da genotipagem e as informações de fenotipagem das amostras controle. O alelo DI*01 ocorreu em 0,6% dos doadores de sangue e 1,7% em afrodescendentes, que corresponde a uma frequência genotípica DI*01/DI*02 de 1,2% e 1,3% respectivamente. Procedeu-se com as análises estatísticas comparativas entre o resultado desta pesquisa e de outras na população brasileira sobre os diferentes genótipos para entender se havia uma diferença estatística considerável. Ainda que a frequência para o genótipo DI*01/DI*02 seja mais baixa em doadores e mais alta em afrodescendentes do que o publicado em outros trabalhos brasileiros, a análise dos dados demonstrou que não havia diferença estatística com a maioria deles. A incidência aumentada do alelo DI*01 na população afrodescendente demonstra o aspecto da miscigenação. Conclui-se que a metodologia proposta funciona e tem aplicabilidade imediata em doadores de sangue e na busca de fenótipos raros. A incidência do alelo para Diª em doadores de sangue está abaixo do que um estudo anterior detectou em Ribeirão Preto (COZAC, 2004), que pode ser explicado pelas diferenças no censo populacional entre os estudos e pela coleta de amostra de universitários (62%). Não foram encontrados os genótipos DI*01/DI*01, DI*02.03/DI*02.03 e DI*02.03/DI*02.04 nas populações estudadas. / This work proposed the development of a molecular methodology by Real Time-PCR (qPCR) using DNA pool for the detection of alleles that encode important antigens of the Diego blood group system. This molecular tool will be useful since the serological reagents for the detection of these antigens are scarce and, when they exist, do not allow a large scale investigation due to the low reliability and high cost. The Diego (DI) system has 22 antigens, the Diª antigen is the most important in transfusion practice. They are carried by the Band 3 protein which is the most abundant protein on the erythroid surface, about 106 copies. The antigen has a higher prevalence in american indians and asians (6%-52%), since it is considered an anthropological marker of Mongolian ancestors; however, the incidence of this antigen has increased among other populations, such as in caucasians and afrodescendants, and detected in blood donors, which may result in alloimmunization of patients and make difficult their therapeutic management. In contrast, the frequency of Dib antigen in all populations is extremely high (>99.99%) and finding the rare phenotype Di (a+b-) is even more laborious than the search for Diª antigen. The frequency of Wrª and Wrb antigens in different populations is not well-known, but it is estimated that the prevalence is 0.01% and >99.99% respectively. 410 blood donor samples and 230 patient samples were used for genotyping in qPCR using DNA pool to detect the alleles DI*01, DI*01, DI*02.03 and DI*02.04. The single amplification was performed when the pool reaction demonstrated the amplification of one of the alleles of interest, DI*01 or DI*02.03. The alleles were also cloned after the control samples amplification. Only the cloning of the DI*02 and DI*02.03 alleles occurred, they presented excellent amplification and will be used as positive controls in future molecular tests, it was not possible to clone DI*01 by the control sample zygosity though. There was 100% agreement between the genotyping results and the phenotype information of the control samples. The DI*01 allele occurred in 0,6% of the blood donors and 1,7% in afrodescendants, which corresponds to a genotypic frequency DI*01/DI*02 of 1,2% and 1,3% in respectively. The comparative statistical analyzes between this research results and others in the Brazilian population on the different genotypes was performed to understand if there was a considerable statistical difference. Although the frequency of the genotype DI*01/DI*02 is lower in donors and higher in afrodescendants than that published in other Brazilian studies, data analysis showed that there was no statistical difference with most of them. The increased incidence of the DI*01 allele in the afrodescendant population demonstrates the aspect of miscegenation. It is concluded in this work that the proposed methodology works and has immediate applicability in the screening of blood donors and search for rare phenotypes. The incidence of the allele encoding Di ª antigen in blood donors is below than previously detected in Ribeirão Preto (COZAC, 2004), which can be explained by the differences in the population census between the studies and by the sample collection of university students (62%). The genotypes DI*01/DI*01, DI*02.03/DI*02.03 and DI*02.03/DI*02.04 were not found in the populations studied.

El Plan de San Diego is the name of an important document in Texas history, but the document and surrounding history is usually discussed with little or no reference to the town of San Diego, Texas, the people who lived there, or the cultural landscape. The Plan de San Diego is an unsuccessful rebellion that is one of the few documented irredentist revolts in U.S. History, it is also a written document calling for return of lands in a multi-ethnic call to arms advocating the recovery of territory by people of Mexican descent in 1915, named for the town San Diego, TX. After the discovery of this Plan, Mexican-Americans were persecuted, violently suppressed, and murdered: 300-5,000 people of Mexican descent died violently following the discovery and publication of the Plan de San Diego in what historians have called the “Bandit Wars”. San Diego, Texas residents and the entire U.S.-Mexican borderlands changed after the discovery of the Plan. My research investigates the political landscape and changes in material and cultural assemblages during and after the Plan, examining how descendant communities retained ties to place and remembered this event in the community of San Diego. Archival research, Historical archaeology and media representations of San Diego explore expose the everyday lives, settlement patterns, and subsistence strategies of the residents of San Diego before and after 1915, showing the material and social effects of the failed rebellion. The socio-political landscape that helped create Mexican-American culture in San Diego is a silenced, violent, and misunderstood chapter of Texas history that shapes the current borderlands and contributes important insights into the study of sites of rebellion and retaliation worldwide. / text