Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder triggered by the ingestion of gluten, which is found in wheat, barley, and rye. The only treatment for celiac disease is a strict gluten-free diet (GFD), which eliminates common gluten-containing foods found in many cultures and cuisines. This research examined how families experienced celiac disease and the GFD in their households, focusing on the ripple effect of celiac disease for all members of the family and how families promoted adherence and quality of life (QOL). A mixed-methods approach used questionnaires, photographs, and semi-structured interviews with families recruited from the Celiac Disease Center at Columbia University Medical Center. Participants were 16 families with children ages 8-18 living at home who had physician-confirmed diagnoses of celiac disease. A total of 71 in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted (n =16 reference children with celiac disease, 16 mothers, 15 fathers, 24 siblings). Results showed that the reference children with celiac disease had high GFD adherence (mean CDAT = 9) and QOL (mean CDPQOL 81 of 100). Mothers’ and fathers’ ratings of how their child’s celiac disease diagnosis affected their lifestyle, social life, and level of burden in caring for child’s dietary needs differed significantly (all p-values < 0.05), with mothers reporting more change and burden. Emerging themes related to a negative ripple effect included the burden of assuming the majority of food tasks related to GFD (mothers), the limited restaurant choices for the family (fathers), and feeling annoyed by having to limit certain foods at home (siblings). Emerging themes related to a positive ripple effect, included becoming more creative cooks (mothers), incorporating new family traditions (fathers), and developing empathy for others (siblings). Overall, there was substantial evidence of a ripple-effect of a child’s celiac disease diagnosis on other family members, including how mothers and fathers may experience the change in lifestyle and added responsibilities of maintaining the GFD differently. Including parents and siblings in research provides insight into the entire family experience and can help inform family-centered interventions on how to maximize QOL for everyone impacted by a child’s celiac disease diagnosis.

Introdução - Os padrões alimentares de refeições, comparados aos padrões diários, discriminam com mais acuidade a alimentação dos indivíduos, que por sua vez é muito influenciada pela renda, no entanto há poucos estudos. Objetivos - Realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre as definições de café da manhã, almoço e jantar. Adaptar um índice de qualidade do café da manhã. Estudar os padrões de refeições de indivíduos em situação de pobreza. Métodos - Foi realizada uma extensiva busca em base de dados online. Breakfast Quality Meal Index (BMQI) foi baseado e adaptado do Main Meal Quality Index e recomendações internacionais para avaliar a qualidade do café da manhã. Foram utilizados dados brasileiros da Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares e britânicos do National Diet and Nutrition Survey para comparar os padrões de refeições de indivíduos em situação de pobreza através de três parâmetros: frequência alimentar, omissão das refeições e qualidade da refeição. Foram considerados em pobreza relativa os indivíduos com renda equivalente, em dólar, abaixo de 60% da mediana da renda nacional anual equivalente, perfazendo uma amostra final de 3073 brasileiros e 464 britânicos. As análises estatísticas foram efetuadas no STATA®, sendo considerado o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados - A revisão sistemática encontrou 21 definições distintas de refeições que variaram de um a quatro critérios usados simultaneamente. As definições mais utilizadas foram \"pre-determined eating events\" (61.5% dos estudos), \"self-report\" (13.1%) e \"time-of-day\" (7.8%). O BMQI foi positivamente associado com carboidrato (g), proteína (g), fibra (g), vitaminas e minerais (mg) e negativamente associado com gordura total (g), gordura saturada (g), colesterol (mg), e açúcar de adição (g). O BMQI foi positivamente associado com idade, renda, área rural e qualidade da dieta; e negativamente associado com o índice de massa corpórea. Na comparação dos padrões de refeições de brasileiros e britânicos em situação de pobreza, estes últimos realizaram mais refeições (4,7 versus 3,8) (p<0,001), no entanto, os brasileiros pularam menos o café da manhã, almoço e jantar. Não houve diferença entre os países para a qualidade geral do café da manhã, porém, em relação aos componentes, os britânicos apresentaram melhores pontuações para proteína, cálcio e frutas e os brasileiros para fibra, gordura saturada, açúcar de adição e carne processada (p<0,001). Os brasileiros apresentaram melhores pontuações para almoço e jantar (69,2 e 62,1 respectivamente) quando comparados aos britânicos (45,9 e 48,3, respectivamente). As pontuações de gordura saturada e gordura total do almoço e jantar dos brasileiros superaram o dobro dos indivíduos britânicos. Conclusões - Levando em consideração o número de diferentes definições de refeições, um consenso é necessário na sua padronização. O BMQI identificou a qualidade do café da manhã, mostrando um papel protetor contra o excesso de peso nos brasileiros. Brasileiros em situação de pobreza apresentaram melhores padrões de refeições, pularam menos refeições e apresentaram melhor qualidade de almoço e jantar e melhor escore para marcadores de dieta saudável quando comparados aos britânicos. / Introduction - Meals patterns more accurately than daily patterns distinguish individuals\' diet and are strongly influenced by income levels; however, there are only few studies. Objectives - To perform a systematic review about breakfast, lunch and dinner definitions. To adapt for breakfast a meal quality index. To study the meals\' pattern of individuals in poverty situation. Methods - Extensive search in online databases was performed. The Breakfast Meal Quality Index (BMQI) was adapted from Main Meal Quality Index including also international nutritional recommendations to evaluate the breakfast quality. Data from two cross-sectional population-based studies, one from Brazil, the National Diet Survey, and one from the UK, the National Diet and Nutrition Survey rolling programme were used to compare the meals\' patterns of individuals in poverty situation through three parameters: eating frequency, meals omission and meals\' quality. Individuals with equivalised income, in dollar, 60% below of the national annual equivalised median income were considered as in relative poverty, performing a final sample of 3,073 Brazilians and 464 British. All analyses were performed using the software Stata, and it was considered a significance level of 5%. Results - The present review showed twenty one distinct definitions of meals that ranged from one to four criteria used simultaneously. The three most used meal definitions were \"pre-determined eating events\" (61.5% of the studies), \"self-report\" (13.1%) and \"time-of-day\" (7.8%). The BMQI was positively associated with the following nutrients: carbohydrate (g), protein (g), fiber (g), vitamins and minerals (mg) and negatively associated with total fat (g), saturated fat (g), cholesterol (mg) and added sugar (g). BMQI score was positively associated with age, income, rural residence area and diet quality; and negatively associated with body mass index. Adults in relative poverty situation in the UK had higher eating frequency (4.7 versus 3.8 of Brazilians) (p<0.001), however, Brazilians skipped less breakfast, lunch and dinner. There was no difference between the countries for breakfast quality, but British presented better score for protein, calcium and fruits components (p<0.001), and Brazilians for fiber, saturated fat, added sugar and processed meat at breakfast (p<0.001). For lunch and dinner qualities, Brazilians in relative poverty presented better score (69.2 e 62.1, respectively) when compared to British in similar situation (45.9 e 48.3). Saturated and total fat components scores of Brazilian\'s lunch and dinner surpassed the double of British in relative poverty. Conclusions - Taking into consideration the number of different meals definitions, a consensus is needed on their standardization. The BMQI adequately discriminated the breakfast, showing a protective role against overweight in Brazilians. Brazilians in relative poverty situation presented better meal patterns, skipped fewer meals, and had better lunch and dinner quality and better scores for unhealthy diet markers when compared to British.

The topic of the thesis was chosen because of the work in the company of the Peat Spa Třeboň and a personal interest in a healthy lifestyle. The aim of this thesis is to show the current dietary habits of seniors over 60 on the basis of a questionnaire survey, to analyze their diet and meals based on the information obtained. Map the issue of seniors in our society, their lifestyle and leisure time for the clients of the Peat Spa Třeboň s. r. o. Based on empirical research and literature studies, a survey of this population has been demonstrated. The theoretical part deals with rational nutrition, variety of eating, lifestyle, nutritional values for the proper functioning of their organism and values influencing the health of seniors. A partial literary research is the pathophysiology of seniors nutrition and its prevention to health. The work methodology is an anonymous quantitative empirical survey. For a specific survey, an age group of over 60 years was selected. Of these, 58 % were men and 42 % were women. The survey was in the form of a questionnaire. In addition to sorting and lifestyle questions, the questionnaire was. Examples of questionnaires are provided in the annex. Number of questions 30 divided by diet, lifestyle. The first question was focused on the BMI index, which is closely related to the respondent's body weight. It follows that more than 74.5 % of respondents have higher than optimal weight, within 19 % suffering from obesity. Based on the questionnaire survey, bread was found to be an important part of the most popular bakery product, which is favored by 69.1 % of respondents. Regarding the consumption of vegetables and fruits, 32.7 % of respondents consume this group of food only 1-2 times a week. It is positive that 46.4 % of the daily consumption of vegetables and 45 % of the fruit are consumed. Of foodstuffs of animal origin, 18.2 % of the daily consumption of meat and meat products was confirmed, and 47 % of the dairy products preferred fermented dairy products. From the high number of overweight and obese respondents, it is positive that 76.4 % consume delicacies once a week and only 3.6 % a day, with 40.9 % responding to honey. The rational diet includes a drinking regime where 34.5 % of respondents recommended the recommended 2-3 liters. 28.2 % of respondents regularly eat 5 times a day, 81% of respondents are very positive about breakfast. 41 % of respondents prefer pastries for breakfast. 43.6 % of the respondents had some civilization diseases and 3.6 % had no overview of their condition. Another aspect was lifestyle, with 50 % of the respondents reporting daily physical activity. Regarding alcohol consumption, 43.6 % of respondents prefer to drink beer and only 16.4 % do not drink alcoholic beverages at all. 67 % of respondents had a recommended sleep time. Only 28 % of respondents use tobacco products.

O câncer de boca e faringe é um importante problema de saúde pública, apresentando cerca de 400 mil novos casos ao ano no mundo. O presente estudo objetiva estudar o papel da alimentação no acomentimento por câncer de boca e orofaringe. Foi realizado estudo caso-controle de base hospitalar pareado por sexo e idade (com tolerância de cinco anos para mais ou para menos de diferença entre casos e controles). A amostra foi composta por 296 casos com diagnóstico de câncer de boca ou orofaringe e 296 controles sem câncer atendidos, entre os anos de 2006 e 2008, em quatro hospitais na cidade de São Paulo: Instituto do Câncer Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de São Paulo, Hospital A. C. Camargo, Hospital Heliópolis da Secretaria de Estado da Saúde de São Paulo e Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista e a dieta foi avaliada utilizando-se um questionário de frequência alimentar. Após análise de regressão logística condicional ajustada por sexo, idade, renda, hábito de fumar e ingestão de bebidas alcoólicas, verificou-se associação inversa entre a chance de câncer de boca e orofaringe e a ingestão total de vegetais crús (Odds Ratio=0,19; p tendência<0,001) e frutas (OR=0,15; p tend<0,001) e associação direta da doença com a ingestão de alimentos de origem animal ou fritos, como o bacon (OR=26,38; p tend<0,001), a carne boniva (OR= 3,77; p tend=0,004), os ovos (OR=22,23; p tend<0,001) e frituras em geral (OR= 5,53; p tend<0,001). A avaliação do efeito dos alimentos estratificada pelo hábito de fumar apontou para uma possível relação entre o tabaco e a ingestão de frutas e vegetais. Os resultados do presente estudo são compativeis com a hipótese de que a alimentação rica em alimentos fritos e de origem animal poderia aumentar a chance de câncer de boca e orofaringe, enquanto a ingestão frequente de frutas e verduras poderia ser protetora contra a doença. Essa informação é relevante para a tomada de medidas de prevenção contra o câncer de boca e orofaringe. / Oral and oropharyngeal cancer is an important public health problem, which involves near 400 thousand new cases each year worldwide. This study aimed at assessing the association between dietary habits and the incidence of oral and oropharyngeal cancer. We performed a hospital-based case-control study with concurrent pairing by gender and age (±5 years). The sample comprised 296 cases diagnosed with oral or oropharyngeal cancer and 296 controles without cancer Who were assisted in four hospitals in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2006 to 2008: do Cancer Institute Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, A. C. Camargo Hospital, Heliópolis Hospital (São Paulo State Health Department) and Clinics Hospital (School of Medicine, University of São Paulo). Information on diet was gathered during an interview, and used a food frequency questionnaire. Conditional logistic regression adjusted for gender, age, income, tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking allowed the identification of an inverse association between oral and oropharyngeal cancer and the intake of raw vegetables (Odds Ratio=0.19; p for trend<0.001) and fruits (OR=0.15; p trend<0.001) and a direct association between the disease and fat foods, as bacon (OR=26.38; p trend<0.001), meat (OR= 3.77; p trend=0.004), eggs (OR=22.23; p trend<0.001) and deep fried foods (OR= 5.53; p trend<0.001). The stratification of subjects according to smoking habits allowed the identification of a likely higher protective effect of fruits and raw vegetables among smokers. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that food rich in animal and saturated fat would increase the risk of oral and oropharyngeal cancer, whereas the frequent intake of fruits and raw vegetables would be protective against the disease. This information is relevant for the instruction of preventive interventions against oral and oropharyngeal cancer.

Human and faunal osteological material from the southeastern Carpathian Bend area, Romania, was analysed for δ13C, δ15N and δ34S to reconstruct the dietary practices of the Middle Bronze Age Monteoru culture. As a secondary objective, the extent of intraskeletal variation in stable isotope values was investigated by comparing skeletal elements with differing collagen turnover rates. The intraskeletal isotope results revealed a pattern where cortical bone samples produced statistically lower δ13C values compared to trabecular bone samples, highlighting the necessity for more systematic research to understand how stable isotopes are incorporated into bone collagen of various skeletal elements. Diet in the Monteoru culture was shown to be exclusively or predominantly terrestrial in origin with no detectable input of C4 or marine resources. Differences in average δ13C and δ15N values between the two sites included in the study (representing distinct phases of the culture) suggest a shift in dietary preferences from a more meat-based economy to a more dairy- and plant-based economy. The dissimilar contribution of animal foods to overall diet between the two sites was supported by estimates generated by the Bayesian mixing model FRUITS, which also showed that in both sites plant foods accounted for most of the calories consumed. The faunal isotopic data contained a few outliers, suggestive of deliberate movement of livestock, either through long-distance herding or trade. A combined approach using juvenile bone collagen and incrementally sectioned tooth dentine from adults demonstrates that the duration of breastfeeding varied between individuals, but that there were no significant differences in weaning practices between survivors and non-survivors. Sulphur isotopes reflect a population that was relatively homogeneous in its isotopic composition and local in origin, except for the presence of two possible migrants. The δ13C and δ15N data from the Carpathian Bend are comparable to those from contemporaneous sites in coastal and inland Greece and Croatia, suggesting a broad uniformity in Bronze Age dietary practices across Southeast Europe. As the first major stable isotope study conducted on osteological material from the Romanian Sub- Carpathians, this thesis provides new insights into the lives of these communities, expands our knowledge of Bronze Age subsistence strategies in Southeast Europe, and establishes a foundation for further isotopic investigations in the region.

A relação entre anemia nutricional e dieta foi estudada em uma amostra probabilística de 307 crianças menores de 60 meses, moradoras no Município de São Paulo. A ingestão de alimentos foi avaliada pelo método recordatório de 24 horas, através de entrevistas com as mães das crianças. Calculou-se, para cada refeição, a quantidade diária de ferro ingerido e a quantidade de ferro absorvido, levando-se em conta a participação de ferro heme e ferro não-heme nas refeições, bem como a presença de fatores facilitadores da absorção do ferro: carnes e vitamina C. A existência de anemia foi avaliada através da determinação da concentração de hemoglobina pelo método da cianometahemoglobina. Para classificação da anemia utilizou-se o padrão OMS. Alta prevalência de anemia foi encontrada entre todas as idades. Entre as crianças de 6 a 24 meses a prevalência de anemia foi de 57 por cento e, nas faixas etárias acima de 24 meses, 26 por cento . Entre as crianças menores de 6 meses, 31 por cento apresentaram valores de concentração de hemoglobina inferiores a 10,5 mg/dl. Nestas crianças estimou-se o valor da concentração de hemoglobina, baseado no peso ao nascer. Comparações entre os valores observados e os valores teóricos calculados sugerem que, fatores relacionados com perdas de ferro pelo organismo, podem estar associados à ocorrência de anemia, neste grupo de idade. Associação entre a prevalência de anemia e renda per capita da família foi observada somente entre as crianças de 6 a 24 meses, o que indica que a renda familiar é um fator de risco para anemia nesta faixa etária. Ainda nesta faixa etária, somente a quantidade de ferro absorvível mostrou associação com a renda per capita, da família. Identificou-se um baixo consumo de ferro em todas as idades, sendo que, somente 10 por cento das crianças apresentaram ingestões diárias maior do que l0 mg. Discute-se que alterações nas práticas alimentares, nos útimos dez anos, têm reduzido o consumo de ferro. Observou-se associação entre anemia e ingestão de ferro total e ferro absorvível nas crianças de 6 a 24 meses, enquanto que, o consumo de calorias e vitamina C, não mostrou associação com anemia, em nenhuma faixa etária estudada. Discute-se que o consumo de ferro total e, especialmente, o ferro absorvível, são importantes indicadores do risco de anemia, entre as crianças de 6 a 24 meses. São sugeridas alterações nos Serviços de Saúde com vistas ao combate. / A cross-sectional study of anemia and dietary intake in 307 chi1dren, under the age of five, is reported. The survey took place between 1984-1985 in São Paulo, a city in the south of BraziL. The data were collected on a probably sample. Food intake was assessed by an interview with the mother using a twenty-four hour dietary recall method. The iron intake was calculate for each meal including iron heme and iron nonheme consuption. In addition,the quantity of factors facilitating iron absorptions were analyzed, in order to provide an objective estimate of daily iron abssorption. The children were assessed for anemia by determination of henoblobin concentration, in finger stick samples, using a cyanmethemoglobin method. A classification of anemia was made using who standards. High prevalences of anemia were found among all age groups, especially among the 6 to 24 month olds, ranging from 57 per cent in this group to 26 per cent in older chi1dren. In children under 6 months of age, 31 per cent demonstrate hemoglobin concentration values under 10,5 mg/d1. In order to determine if this frequency of low hemoglobin value in children under 6 months reflected only differences in birthweight, a theoretic hemoglobin value based on buthweight was calculate. Comparisons between calculated value and measured value suggested that factors associated with iron loss, could be related to anemia occuring in these younger children. Association between prevalence of anemia and per capita family income was observed only among children 6 to 24 months old. This indicated that income was a risk factor for disease in this youger group. Only estimate daily iron absorption was associated with per capita family income in children aged 6 to 24 months, of low income families, children of all ages had low daily iron intakes. Only l0 per cent showed intakes greater than 10 mg. Changes in diet pattern in last 10 years were stressed. We found an association between anemia and dietary intake of iron and daily iron absorption among children 6 to 24 months. Calories and vitamin C intake did not show an association with anemia in all age groups studied. The most important risk factor for anemia in 6 to 24 month old children is daily iron absorption. Changes in Health Services are sugested to reduce the prevalence of nutricional anemia.

Chu Ching Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 170-189). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter 1 --- General Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Classes of Fatty Acids --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (n-6 & n-3) --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- "High Fish Oil Content in Diet, High n-3 PUFAs Intake, Fight against Cardiovascular Risk" --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- n-3 Fatty Acids Improve Hypertension --- p.7 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- n-3 Fatty Acids Protect from Atherosclerosis --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- PUFAs are Beneficial in Inflammation --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- n-3 PUFAs Help to Control Tumour Growth --- p.13 / Chapter 1.3 --- Obesity and Eating Disorder --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- "Obesity, a Companion of the Modern World" --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Health Risks Related to Obesity --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Management of Obesity --- p.19 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Care Must be Taken to Prevent the Development of Eating Disorder or Other Psychological Disturbances during Weight Loss Programme --- p.21 / Chapter 2 --- Weight Cycling with ChowDiet --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Definition of Weight Cycling --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Incentives Leading to Weight Cycling --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Problems Aroused by Weight Cycling --- p.26 / Chapter 2.1.3.1 --- "Food Preference, Efficiency and Expenditure" --- p.27 / Chapter 2.1.3.2 --- Increased Overall and Central Adiposity --- p.28 / Chapter 2.1.3.3 --- Increased Morbidity and Mortality of Cardiovascular Disease --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.3.4 --- Psychological Impact and Social Consequences --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Objective --- p.30 / Chapter 2.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Animal Handling --- p.31 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Lipid Analysis --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.1 --- Adipose Tissues --- p.35 / Chapter 2.3.2.2 --- Carcass --- p.36 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Proximate Analysis --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3.1 --- Crude Fat --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3.3.2 --- Crude Protein --- p.38 / Chapter 2.3.3.3 --- Moisture --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.3.4 --- Ash --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.4 --- Serum Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.4.1 --- Serum Triglycerides --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3.4.2 --- Serum Cholesterol --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- Results --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Body Weight --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Food Intake --- p.44 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Organ Weight --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.3.1 --- Liver --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.3.2 --- Adipose Tissues --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Lipid Analysis --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.4.1 --- Adipose Tissues --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.4.2 --- Carcass --- p.52 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Proximate Analysis --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.5.1 --- Crude Fat --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.5.2 --- Moisture --- p.60 / Chapter 2.4.5.3 --- Crude Protein and Ash --- p.62 / Chapter 2.4.6 --- Serum Analysis --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.6.1 --- Serum Triglycerides --- p.64 / Chapter 2.4.6.2 --- Serum Cholesterol --- p.64 / Chapter 2.5 --- Discussion --- p.66 / Chapter 3 --- Degrees of Food Restriction on Bod y Fa tty Acid Composition --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Skipping Breakfast --- p.71 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- "Nibbling, Grazing vs Gorging" --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Reducing Food Intake in Meals --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.3.1 --- Anti-Aging Action --- p.74 / Chapter 3.1.3.2 --- Effects on Other Health Issues --- p.75 / Chapter 3.1.3.3 --- Energy Expenditure --- p.77 / Chapter 3.2 --- Objective --- p.78 / Chapter 3.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.79 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Animal Handling --- p.79 / Chapter 3.4 --- Results --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Body Weight --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Food Intake --- p.81 / Chapter 3.4.3 --- Organ Weight --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.3.1 --- Liver --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.3.2 --- Adipose Tissues --- p.83 / Chapter 3.4.4 --- Lipid Analysis --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.4.1 --- Adipose Tissues --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.4.2 --- Carcass --- p.88 / Chapter 3.4.5 --- Proximate Analysis --- p.102 / Chapter 3.4.5.1 --- Crude Fat --- p.102 / Chapter 3.4.5.2 --- Moisture --- p.102 / Chapter 3.4.5.3 --- Crude Protein and Ash --- p.103 / Chapter 3.4.6 --- Serum Analysis --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.6.1 --- Serum Triglycerides --- p.106 / Chapter 3.4.6.2 --- Serum Cholesterol --- p.106 / Chapter 3.5 --- Discussion --- p.108 / Chapter 4 --- Food Restriction with Diets Containing Various Amount of FAT --- p.112 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.112 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Adverse Effects of High-Fat Diets --- p.113 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Adverse Effects of Low-Fat Diets --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2 --- Objective --- p.116 / Chapter 4.3 --- Materials and Methods --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Animal Handling --- p.117 / Chapter 4.4 --- Results --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Body Weight --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Food Intake --- p.120 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Organ Weight --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.3.1 --- Liver --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.3.2 --- Adipose Tissues --- p.122 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Lipid Analysis --- p.127 / Chapter 4.4.4.1 --- Adipose Tissues --- p.127 / Chapter 4.4.4.2 --- Carcass --- p.127 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Proximate Analysis --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.5.1 --- Crude Fat --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.5.2 --- Moisture --- p.147 / Chapter 4.4.5.3 --- Crude Protein and Ash --- p.148 / Chapter 4.4.6 --- Serum Analysis --- p.151 / Chapter 4.4.6.1 --- Serum Triglycerides --- p.151 / Chapter 4.4.6.2 --- Serum Cholesterol --- p.151 / Chapter 4.5 --- Discussion --- p.153 / Chapter 5 --- Future Prospects --- p.159 / Chapter 5.1 --- Leptin --- p.159 / Chapter 5.2 --- Enzymes --- p.162 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.166 / Chapter 7 --- References --- p.170

by Irene Lap Ting Cheung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1998. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-123). / Abstract and questionnaire also in Chinese. / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Abstract --- p.iii / Table of Contents --- p.vii / List of Figures --- p.x / List of Tables --- p.xi / List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii / Chapter Chapter One: --- Background / Chapter 1.1 --- Health-related Transitions in Hong Kong and their Implications --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Socioeconomic Transition --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Epidemiological Transition --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Nutrition Transition --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Hong Kong Children's Growth and Nutritional Studies --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Secular Changes in Growth --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Observation of Hypercholesterolemia --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Health Implications of Local Studies --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4 --- Childhood Obesity --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- Definition --- p.13 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- Prevalence and Trends --- p.14 / Chapter 1.4.3 --- Tracking --- p.16 / Chapter 1.4.4 --- Health Implications and Consequences --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4.5 --- Causes --- p.23 / Chapter 1.4.6 --- Treatment and Prevention --- p.34 / Chapter 1.5 --- Study Purpose and Objectives --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter Two: --- Survey Design / Chapter 2.1 --- Sample Selection --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- Survey Methods --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Anthropometric Measurements --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Questionnaire --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- Data Analysis --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Anthropometric Measurements --- p.43 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Questionnaire --- p.44 / Chapter 2.3.3 --- Statistical Data --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4 --- Ethics --- p.49 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary of Sample and Methods Design --- p.49 / Chapter Chapter Three: --- Results / Chapter 3.1 --- Sample and Response Rate --- p.51 / Chapter 3.2 --- Characteristics of the Sample --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Anthropometric Measurements and Nutritional Status --- p.52 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Dietary Intake and Habits --- p.53 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- "Physical Activities, Energy Consumption, and Energy Balance" --- p.69 / Chapter 3.2.4 --- Parental Care --- p.77 / Chapter 3.3 --- Associations between Study Variables and Children's Nutritional Status --- p.87 / Chapter Chapter Four: --- Discusssion --- p.89 / Chapter Chapter Five: --- Conclusions and Recommendations --- p.105 / References --- p.107 / Appendices / Chapter 1 --- Research team members --- p.124 / Chapter 2a --- Questionnaire (English version) --- p.125 / Chapter 2b --- Questionnaire (Chinese version) --- p.136 / Chapter 3a --- Introductory letter (English version) --- p.145 / Chapter 3b --- Introductory letter (Chinese version) --- p.148 / Chapter 4a --- Consent form (English version) --- p.151 / Chapter 4b --- Consent form (Chinese version) --- p.152 / Chapter 5 --- Standard household measures used for the teaching of quantifying food amounts eaten and during the interview of children --- p.153 / Chapter 6 --- Individual food portions shown to children during the interview to help quantify food amounts eaten --- p.154 / Chapter 7 --- Parents' health behaviours --- p.157 / Chapter 8a --- "Mean (SD) intakes of energy, nutrients, and other dietary components of males by age" --- p.158 / Chapter 8b --- "Mean (SD) intakes of energy, nutrients, and other dietary components of females by age" --- p.159 / Chapter 9 --- "Population nutrient goals as adapted from WHO Study Group on Diet, Nutrition, and Prevention of Noncommunicable Dieseases，1990" --- p.160 / Chapter 10 --- Significant gender differences in mean±SD energy contributions (%) from macronutrients by meal-type in different age categories --- p.160 / Chapter 11 --- Association between breakfast consumption pattern of males and age --- p.161 / Chapter 12 --- Association between frequency of snacking while viewing television and gender --- p.159 / Chapter 13 --- Association between frequency of food purchase requests and gender --- p.162 / Chapter 14 --- Associations of parents' education (ED) with household dietary and health behaviours --- p.163

Heart disease is still the number one killer in the United States. Recent research has suggested that adhering to a plant-based diet can prevent, treat, and reverse heart disease. In order to further clarify these findings, an analysis was made of the components of a plant-based diet and such dietary effects in relation to being a possible treatment for heart disease. Based on a comprehensive investigation of this area of study, an extensive body of evidence supports the finding that a whole-food, plant-based diet can significantly lower the risk of heart disease, mainly by reducing blood levels of lipids and cholesterol associated with atherosclerosis. Comparison was made between the efficacy of the plant-based diet versus more conventional approaches such as medication and surgery. Further clinical trials are needed to validate the findings of adopting this diet in the prevention and treatment of heart disease.

The purpose of this study is to examine the correctional facilities in Örebro and Karlstad, and how they handle the demand for a religiously conditioned diet. Food and drink are perhaps the most central aspects of all people’s lives. Every single person must eat, regardless of health, age and social status. Our wellbeing revolves around food, drink, and the meal preparation. As a result of that the meal throughout history has been covered with various rites in many different cultures, from the saying of prayers to the collective preparation of the food. The meal is intimately connected to religion, both from an institutional perspective but perhaps above all from a purely practical layman's perspective. This report tries to answer how the correctional facilities in Örebro and Karlstad handle the demand for a religiously conditioned diet from three different perspectives. Firstly, from the point of view of the state agency, which is examined by studying the laws and regulations that controls the handling of food in relation to religion. Secondly, from the point of view of those who are preparing the meals who have been interviewed. Thirdly, from the point of view of the inmates who have had the opportunity to answer a survey. Based on the theory of lived religion the essay concludes that the Correctional Services do follow the laws that are set by the Swedish parliament. There is provision of diversified diets which take into consideration religious requirements to an extent that is possible. Additionally, the staff that prepares and handles the food take the religious requirements seriously. The study emphasised the importance of such requirements for inmates. The highest percentage of inmates requesting a religious based diet was between 20 to 25 percent with a diet free from pork.