<p>The aims of the present thesis were to study: 1. reported eating attitudes, dieting behavior and body image over a 1-year period among preadolescent girls (age 7-8); 2. differences in eating attitudes and coping between groups of teenage girls differing in dieting frequency, and to assess changes with increasing age (age 13-17); and 3. to what extent eating attitudes, self-esteem and coping predict disturbed eating attitudes. A final aim was to explore differences in the reported wish to be thinner, dieting, and eating attitudes between two age-matched cohorts of girls in 1995 and 1999 (7-15 years).</p><p>The project is designed as a longitudinal prospective study, spanning seven years. 1300 girls in the ages (1995) 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 years have been assessed annually for three consecutive years (1995-1997) (Main Cohort). An additional group matched for age with the original group was recruited in 1999 (Societal Cohort). The results suggest that dieting and the wish to be thinner starts as early as at 7 years of age, and that repeated dieting attempts correlate with disturbed eating attitudes. A marked increase of the wish to be thinner was evident in the 10- to 14-year age range, and significant increases in dieting attempts occurred mainly between ages 9 and 13. There were no differences between 1995 (Main Cohort) and 1999 (Societal Cohort) (except among 7 and 11-year-olds) with regard to dieting, the wish to be thinner and disturbed eating attitudes. Eating patterns and attitudes were shown to be the strongest predictors of disturbed eating attitudes three years later. Assessment of dieting, the wish to be thinner and eating attitudes is suggested BS a component in school health care.</p>

The aims of the present thesis were to study: 1. reported eating attitudes, dieting behavior and body image over a 1-year period among preadolescent girls (age 7-8); 2. differences in eating attitudes and coping between groups of teenage girls differing in dieting frequency, and to assess changes with increasing age (age 13-17); and 3. to what extent eating attitudes, self-esteem and coping predict disturbed eating attitudes. A final aim was to explore differences in the reported wish to be thinner, dieting, and eating attitudes between two age-matched cohorts of girls in 1995 and 1999 (7-15 years). The project is designed as a longitudinal prospective study, spanning seven years. 1300 girls in the ages (1995) 7, 9, 11, 13 and 15 years have been assessed annually for three consecutive years (1995-1997) (Main Cohort). An additional group matched for age with the original group was recruited in 1999 (Societal Cohort). The results suggest that dieting and the wish to be thinner starts as early as at 7 years of age, and that repeated dieting attempts correlate with disturbed eating attitudes. A marked increase of the wish to be thinner was evident in the 10- to 14-year age range, and significant increases in dieting attempts occurred mainly between ages 9 and 13. There were no differences between 1995 (Main Cohort) and 1999 (Societal Cohort) (except among 7 and 11-year-olds) with regard to dieting, the wish to be thinner and disturbed eating attitudes. Eating patterns and attitudes were shown to be the strongest predictors of disturbed eating attitudes three years later. Assessment of dieting, the wish to be thinner and eating attitudes is suggested BS a component in school health care.

高中職階段為青春期後期是身體生長發育的快速期，然因種種改變而增加外食消費的機會，本研究以影響高中職學生外食消費行為作為研究主題，希望能進一步了解學生在選購食品的考量因素，作為後續相關研究的參考。 本研究首先參考大量與飲食及消費相關之文獻，分析了解研究主題後採用AHP層級分析法作為本研究的研究方法，之後依據文獻整理歸納出影響飲食、消費的相關因素藉此規劃專家問卷題項之方向，透過德菲爾法專家訪談建構出影響高中職學生外食消費選擇因素的層級架構，進一步設計以層級分析法的成對比較式問卷，並選定中部某校高中職學生為研究對象，隨機抽樣各班3名填寫問卷施測90份，待回收問卷後依層級分析法計算分析整理結果，並進行各因素間的權重分析，而建立整體影響因素之層級權重。 本研究建立影響高中職學生外食消費評選因素的權重關係，對於培養良好飲食行為增進健康方面有重要參考價值，並可作為之後家長、衛生單位、教育單位擬定相關政策及教學之參考依據，甚而作為更多擴充研究的基礎。 / High school is a rapid growing period for adolescences. However, they are having more and more opportunities to eat outside due to some living style changes. This study aims to examine the consumer behaviors of eating out in high school student. The researcher plans to study the criteria for choosing food of high school students and the reasons behind it. This study can provide a comprehensive reference for future studies. This study starts with a massive among of literature review related to diet and consumer behavior. After thoroughly studied the literature, the researcher adopts Analytic Hierarchy Process Theory (AHP) as the research method. Based on the literature review, the questionnaire for professionals was generated according to the direction of diet and consumer behavior. By using Delphi interview, the construction of high school students eating out behavior was established. Based on the results, another paired-comparison questionnaire was generated by using the analytic hierarchy process. The participants were recruited from random sample in a high school in middle Taiwan. Three students were recruited to complete this questionnaire and ninety participates were interviewed for this study. The result was analyzed by using the analytic hierarchy process. The factors were weighted and the hierarchical weight was established. This study established the weighted eating out evaluation criteria for high school students. It is beneficial for developing good diet behavior and facilitating personal health. It can also provide invaluable reference for parents, government agencies and schools for developing related policies. Future studies can also be beneficial from this study. / 論文指導教授推薦書 i 論文口試委員審定書 ii 誌謝 iii 中文摘要 iv 英文摘要 ix 目錄 vi 圖目錄 viii 表目錄 ix 第一章 緒論 1 1.1 研究背景和研究動機 1 1.2 研究目的 3 1.3 研究範圍和限制 3 1.4 研究流程 3 第二章 文獻探討 6 2.1飲食、消費相關教學目標 6 2.1.1國民中小學九年一貫課程綱要健康與體育學習領域 6 2.1.2高中健康與護理課程綱要 8 2.1.3高中生活領域-家政課程綱要 9 2.2飲食習慣與飲食行為 10 2.2.1 青少年飲食狀況 10 2.2.2 飲食的影響因素 11 2.2.3 營養知識及健康態度 13 2.3消費行為 14 2.3.1 消費行為理論 14 2.3.2 消費知識行為影響因素 18 2.4德菲爾法 21 2.4.1 德菲爾法的特性 22 2.4.2 德菲爾法的優點與限制 23 2.5 層級分析法 25 2.5.1 AHP層級分析理論和應用 25 2.5.2 AHP層級分析法之層級架構 27 2.5.3 應用AHP的處理程序 28 第三章 研究方法 35 3.1 研究架構程序 35 3.2 評選準則之建立 35 3.2.1專家訪談 35 3.2.2專家訪談整理 37 3.2.3專家前測問卷 46 3.3問卷設計與研究對象 48 3.3.1研究架構的分析與建立 48 3.3.2問卷設計及施測 49 3.3.3 各層級間因素權重的計算 50 3.3.4一致性檢定 51 第四章 實證結果 53 4.1評選因子層級架構形成分析 53 4.2受測者特性及經驗分析 55 4.3 問卷分析 57 4.3.1 評選高中職學生外食消費選擇因素之主要準則重要性分析 58 4.3.2 評選高中職學生外食消費選擇因素之次要準則重要性分析 59 4.3.3 評選高中職學生外食消費選擇因素之綜合分析 64 第五章 結論與建議 67 5.1結論 67 5.2研究建議 68 5.2後續研究建議 68 參考文獻 70 附錄一 評選因子專家開放式問卷 74 附錄二 評選因子專家前測問卷 78 附錄三 AHP問卷 82

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The topic of body image has become widely researched in the past thirty years, but preadolescents have been neglected in this area of research. This dissertation explores the body and dieting concerns of pre-adolescent girls in South Africa in order to address this paucity. A qualitative study was conducted, with data collected via a vignette technique and a semi-structured interview which were analysed thematically. A contradiction was noted between what girls expressed to be true in terms of the importance of appearance and how they perceive those that do not adhere to cultural norms of appearance. Weight and appearance were described as unimportant when evaluating a person, but negative attributes were given to the heavier girl in the vignette, opposed to none to the thinner girl. Appearance-control beliefs also emerged as a salient theme, with participants believing that the heavier girl in the vignette could not help that she was overweight. The latter was interpreted as pity, and masked as empathy, as participants suggested ways in which she could lose weight, and it was expressed that she would be a happier person if she did lose weight. Dieting was a well-known concept among participants, with some stating that they had previously engaged in dieting behaviours. / MA / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

Distorted thinking about food is common in both clinical and nonclinical populations from dieters to diabetics and eating disorder patients. This type of thinking is triggered by exposure to dieting culture (including related social media), familial dieting, and internalization of the thin ideal, among other factors. The consequences of distorted thinking about food include disordered eating, weight management problems, body dissatisfaction and many others. Despite these findings, distorted thinking about food in nonclinical samples remains poorly understood. Thus, the current research sought to investigate distorted thinking about food within a broad theoretical model that includes societal antecedents important to understanding the nature of this construct in the general population. This model, which is based on Cognitive Behaviour Therapy (CBT) and the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991), was investigated in two studies. The first study is a psychometric validation study of a tool designed to measure distorted thinking about food, the Calorie Catastrophizing Scale (CCS; Monaghan & Santor, 2017) as well as the tool designed to measure dietary misinformation, the Dietary Misinformation Questionnaire (DMQ; Monaghan & Santor, 2017). Results lend support for defining and measuring distorted thinking about food as a distinct construct in nonclinical individuals and suggest that dietary misinformation is an important antecedent to this type of thinking and unhealthy eating behaviours. The second study is a randomized controlled trial of a CBT- and TPB-based workshop intervention aimed at reducing these antecedents. Results show that this intervention led to a significant reduction in distorted thinking about food, dietary misinformation, and other important clinical variables such as symptoms of eating pathology. These findings have a number of important implications for how subclinical eating problems are conceptualized, measured, and prevented.

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Body image dissatisfaction (BID) is increasing among U.S. men and is associated with body-enhancing behaviors that threaten physical health, such as excessive dieting and exercising. A research gap was identified about the relationships between men's body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and the possible mediating effect of self-esteem. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among body image dissatisfaction, body-enhancing behaviors, and self-esteem in adult males. Sociocultural and social comparison theory served as the theoretical frameworks for this study, which included 103 participants recruited through a university participant pool and gyms. Participants completed questionnaires including the Body-Esteem Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Exercise Dependence Scale-21, Revised Restraint Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Correlational and regression analyses were conducted to determine the relationships between all constructs and to test self-esteem as the mediating variable. A mediation model showed a relationship between dieting and self-esteem and BID in that high BID was related to low self-esteem. However, self-esteem did not mediate the relationship between diet and exercise. Findings indicated a significant relationship between higher BID and lower self-esteem. Results also indicated a significant relationship between BID and dieting. Results may be used to improve the lives of men affected by BID by informing them about factors that may affect BID and/or self-esteem. Enhancing the understanding of males' low self-esteem and body image may help researchers and practitioners develop more effective interventions.

Research has shown that restrictive eating, or dieting, can be devastating to one's health. A new paradigm, intuitive eating, suggests that individuals eat based off of their physiological cues, and not for emotional or social ones. To date, restrictive eating has been extensively researched, but intuitive eating has not. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between intuitive eating and its relationship between physical activity motivation and physical activity maintenance, using the self-determination theory. Participants completed a survey to determine their intuitive eating level, their physical activity motivation, and their physical activity maintenance (n = 207). Linear regression analyses revealed that intuitive eaters were significantly more intrinsically motivated to engage in physical activity (p > .01). However, this did not mean that they maintained their physical activity more than non-intuitive eaters (p = .317). Further analysis explored the motivation levels in more detail, revealing a significant difference between intuitive and non-intuitive eaters between all levels of motivation but one, the identified regulation motivation level (p = .537), the highest category of extrinsic motivation in the self-determination theory continuum.

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