Esta pesquisa foi efetivada com a finalidade de mapear os artefatos que são atualmente denominados 'livros digitais', caracterizando-os a partir do cruzamento dos recursos próprios do meio digital com as principais especificidades dos livros impressos. A metodologia utilizada abrangeu revisão bibliográfica e observação do objeto de estudo. Para alcançar o objetivo proposto, realizou-se um resgate histórico, identificando as características associadas à noção de 'livro', levando em consideração as modificações ocorridas a partir de sua materialidade. Após esse estudo, foi possível compreender a remediação dos livros impressos nos e-books, principalmente naqueles que podem ser acessados através de e-readers e tablets. Outro recorte abordado por esta pesquisa focaliza a identificação e o registro dos recursos que vêm sendo explorados nas produções que estão sendo chamadas de livros digitais. Efetuada a revisão bibliográfica, foram estudadas as potencialidades do hipertexto, da multimídia e da interatividade dentro do livro eletrônico. Ademais, foram comentadas diferentes maneiras de o leitor se aproximar e interagir com o conteúdo da obra, através da utilização dos recursos citados. Antes de se realizar a análise dos artefatos em questão, foi necessário, ainda, aprender mais sobre a materialidade dos mesmos, percebendo como o hardware, o software e o conteúdo interagem entre si, restringindo, assim, as possibilidades que podem ser ofertadas ao leitor. Na tabela final de análise foram avaliadas as particularidades das seguintes macrocategorias: Identificação, Acesso, Funcionalidades, Potencialidades do meio digital, Aproximação da ideia de livro impresso (remediação) e Projeto gráfico. A partir do estudo teórico e empírico realizado, percebeu-se que o livro é um artefato com propriedades flexíveis, decidindo-se, por isto, propor uma série de princípios que, juntos, possam ser utilizados para caracterizar esse tipo de publicação, independente de ela ser digital ou impressa. Logo, chegou-se a conclusão de que o e-book é um conteúdo digital com as mesmas características de um livro e que pode explorar, além do texto e da imagem, recursos da mídia digital, tais como interatividade, som, vídeo e animação. Através das características predominantes dos artefatos analisados, foram identificados os seguintes tipos de livros digitais: customizável, PDF, digitalizado, multimídia e interativo. / This research has as its purpose to map out the artifacts so-called ‘digital books’ nowadays. They were characterized from a crossing between printed books main specificities and those related to digital environment very own resources. The research methodology applied to it was of two kinds: literature review and an observational study of the object of study. A historical overview was unearthed in order to achieve the intended purpose, identifying the characteristics linked to the notion of ‘book’, taking into account changes that have taken place stemming from its materiality. Given this perception it was possible to understand the remediation of the print book proposed in e-books, the ones accessed through e-readers and tablets mainly. Identification and registration of the latest developments in digital books resources were another point covered in this work. From a literature review standpoint, interactivity, multimedia and hypertext potentialities were crossexamined. Moreover, there had been discussed some of the alternatives to offer readers proximity and different ways to interact with the work content through the use of cited resources. Still, before realizing the artifact analysis, a more in-depth study of e-book materiality was needed. That is, to perceive how hardware, content and software interact among themselves restricting the possibilities that might be made available to the reader. The singularities of the following macro categories: Identification, Access, Functionalities, Potentialities of the digital environment and the approach of the printed book concept (remediation) to graphic project were evaluated in the table analysis. After an empirical and theoretical study, it was realized that book is an artifact with flexible properties, thus, a definition was set forth based upon a series of principles that together characterize this type of publication, regardless of being in printed or digital form. Therefore, we came to the conclusion the e-book is a digital content with the same features of a printed book and the former can exploit digital media resources such as sound, video, animation and interactivity besides virtually text and image. We were also able to identify through the artifacts primary features that were under analysis the following types of digital books: customized, PDF, digitized, multimedia and interactive.

[pt] A presente tese tem por objetivo geral fornecer à luz de metodologias de Design em Situações de Ensino-Aprendizagem, o uso de recursos inclusivos para o desenvolvimento de narrativas digitais bilíngues para crianças surdas, de forma participativa. Aborda questões históricas acerca do oralismo e gestualismo, como a aquisição da linguagem na mais tenra idade é fundamental para o desenvolvimento cognitivo infantil e as dificuldades encontradas no ensino simultâneo da Língua Brasileira de Sinais, a LIBRAS e do português escrito. Apresenta uma reflexão sobre como a tecnologia pode ser usada como mediadora para a aprendizagem de conteúdos socioculturais, assim como o desenvolvimento de habilidades sensório-motoras e cognitivas no processo de crescimento da criança. Desenvolve-se como um estudo de caso com a criação de uma história interativa digital bilíngue, concebida e desenvolvida pela equipe do Laboratório Interdisciplinar Design/Educação, do Departamento de Artes e Design, da PUC-Rio (LIDE | DAD | PUC-Rio), contemplada pela Chamada Universal 14/2013 - CNPq, que tem as etapas para a sua construção descritas. Ao final, disponibiliza orientações para a construção de narrativas interativas digitais com os objetivos acima descritos, a fim de fomentar o campo do Design em Parceria com a Educação, ampliando o alcance de projetos desta natureza para este público. / [en] The goal of this research is to provide, based on methodologies of Design in Teaching-Learning Situations, the use of inclusive resources for the development of bilingual digital narratives for hearing-impaired children, in a participatory way. It will address historical questions about oralism and gesturalism, how the acquisition of language at an early age is fundamental for children s cognitive development and the difficulties to simultaneous teaching of the Brazilian Sign Language, LIBRAS and written Portuguese. It presents a reflection about how the technology can be used as mediator for the learning of socio-cultural contents, as well as the development of sensory-motor and cognitive abilities in the process of the child s growth. And we will design a bilingual digital interactive story, conceived and developed by the team of the Interdisciplinary Design / Education Laboratory, Department of Arts and Design, PUC-Rio (LIDE | DAD | PUC-Rio), contemplated by the Universal Call 14/2013 - CNPq, and the steps will described. At the end, it provides guidelines for the construction of interactive digital narratives with the objectives described above, in order to foster the field of Design in Partnership with Education, expanding the reach of projects of this nature for this public.

Copyright is essentially the right of the rightsholder of an original work to prohibit others from making or distributing unauthorised copies of his or her work. More specifically for this dissertation, when an end user deals with digital content, one of the aims of copyright becomes the balancing of the conflicting interests in ‘exclusivity’ on the one hand, and in ‘access to information’ on the other. Exclusivity is achieved by the rightsholders through technological protection measures to protect their commercial interests. Access to information is achieved where works are available to the general public without payment and technological protection measures and where the digital content is not directly marketed for commercial gain. Exclusivity and access to information are two conflicting cultures surrounding copyright in the digital era. It is submitted that unless we find a socio-economic-legal way for the dynamic coexistence of these two conflicting cultures by means of fair dealing, the culture of exclusivity will eventually dominate fair access to information. The transient nature of digital content means that rightsholders have little or no control over their works once the end user has obtained a legal digital copy of the work. The right ‘to prohibit’ end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies is, therefore, largely meaningless unless a legal or other solution can be found to discourage end users from the unauthorised reproduction and distribution of unauthorised copies of the work. Currently, technological protection measures are used to manage such digital rights because legal permissions within the doctrine of fair dealing for works in printed (analogue) format are inadequate. It is, however, submitted that a legal solution to discourage end users from copying and distributing unauthorised copies rests on two pillars. Firstly, the solution must be embedded in state-of-the-art digital rights management systems and secondly the business model used by publishers, and academic publishers in particular, should change fundamentally from a business-to-consumer model to a business-to-business model. Empirical evidence shows that the printing of e-content will continue to be relevant far into the future. Therefore, the management of fair dealing to allow for the printing of digital content will become increasingly important at educational institutions that use e-books as prescribed course material. It is submitted that although the origination cost of print editions and e-books correspond, the relatively high retail price of e-books appears to be based on the fact that academic publishers of digital content do not have the legal or digital rights management tools to manage the challenges arising from the fair dealing doctrine. The observation that academic publishers are reluctant to grant collecting societies mandates to manage the distribution of digital content, and/or the right to manage the authorised reproduction (printing) of the digital content, supports this hypothesis. Ultimately, with technologies at our disposal, the fair use of content in digital and print format can be achieved because it should simply be cheaper to comply with copyright laws than to make unauthorised digital or printed copies of content that our society desperately needs to make South Africa a winning nation. / Mercantile Law / LL. M.