Crescente é a preocupação com a gestão dos resíduos sólidos urbanos (lixo), no que se refere à sua geração até a disposição final. Assim, o desafio da atualidade é fazer com que o gerador se preocupe em dar o destino adequado ao resíduo ou lixo por ele produzido. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de diagnosticar as condições de manejo dos resíduos sólidos em uma escola da rede particular de ensino de Belém, no estado do Pará, tendo em vista a implantação de um Plano de Gerenciamento de Resíduos Sólidos (PGRS), como ação socioambiental sustentável. Participaram da pesquisa 291 indivíduos, sendo 246 estudantes, 18 professores e 27 funcionários. A efetivação da pesquisa se deu através de análise documental, observação da forma como os resíduos sólidos vêm sendo manejados na escola e coleta de dados sobre a percepção ambiental dos participantes, em relação ao tema do trabalho. Para a caracterização dos resíduos adotou-se o método do destino final. Com base na análise e interpretação dos dados, detectou-se necessidade de mobilizar estudantes, professores e funcionários da escola, de forma a desenvolver uma consciência crítica e sustentável em relação à questão do lixo e, também, que a instituição de ensino, local da pesquisa, faz o manejo de seus resíduos de acordo com os aspectos políticos, sociais e culturais adquiridos nos seus 74 anos de fundação, dentro de uma prática de gestão que prima pela limpeza, mas sem dar um destino adequado aos seus resíduos. Isto provavelmente deve acontecer pela ausência de sistema de coleta seletiva da prefeitura, além da falta de um PGRS que priorize a sustentabilidade. O presente trabalho permitiu propor alternativas para a escola trabalhar a questão dos resíduos sólidos de forma eficaz e de acordo com a legislação, evidenciando a necessidade de implantação de um PGRS, onde os envolvidos sejam orientados dentro de conhecimentos técnicos e científicos numa perspectiva sustentável. / It is increasing the concern with the management of the urban solid wastes (garbage), from its generation to the final disposal. Thus, the challenge of the present time is to make the generator to worry in giving an adequate destination for the residues or garbage that is produced. In this context, the present work was carried out in order to diagnose the conditions of solid waste management in a private school of Belem, in the Para state, Brazil, in view for the implantation of a Solid Waste Management Plan (SWMP), as sustainable social and environmental action. A total of 291 individuals participated of the research, being 246 students, 18 teachers and 27 employees. The research was carried out through documental analysis, and collecting data about how the school have been working on the solid waste management and also about the environmental perception of the participants, in relation to the subject of the work. For characterization of the waste it was adopted the method of final destination. On the basis of the analysis and interpretation of the data, it was detected necessity to mobilize students, teachers and employees of the school, in order to develop a critical and sustainable conscience related to the garbage problem and, also, that in the school, the research place, the handling of its wastes have been made in accordance with the politic, social and cultural aspects acquired in its 74 years of foundation, inside a management practice that valorize the cleanness, but without giving an adequate destine to its wastes. This probably must happen because of the absence of a city selective collection system, and also the lack of a SWMP that prioritizes the sustainability. The present work allowed considering alternatives for the school to manage their solid wastes more effectively and in accordance with the law, evidencing the necessity for implantation of a SWMP, in which the involved individuals are guided according to scientific and technical knowledge, and in a sustainable perspective.

The peritoneal tumor is not named after the originating of cancer cells but instead contains all tumors appearing in the region of the peritoneal cavity. There are over 250,000 new cases of malignant diseases originating from organs in the peritoneal cavity annually in the USA, and most of these cases spread by intraperitoneal seeding. Cytoreductive surgery for removal and debulking of metastases in the peritoneal cavity is the primary treatment option. Complete surgical removal of the cancerous tissues, however, is difficult to achieve because positive margins are often left behind, and it is difficult to detect the small metastases in the peritoneal cavity. Methyl aminolevulinate (MAL), a protoporphyrin X (PplX) prodrug, has been clinically used for photodynamic therapy of local malignancies such as Basal Cell Carcinoma and Actinic Keratosis. Its application for cancers in the peritoneal cavity, however, has been limited by its non-specific biodistribution and adverse effects. Since nanoparticles can play an essential role as drug deliver platforms as a result of their loading capacity, sustained drug release profile, and potential targeting ability, I proposed a liposomal delivery system, Folic-modified liposome (FL). The goal of this study is to take advantage of this observation by developing a FL system of MAL for photodynamic diagnosis and therapy of cancers in the peritoneal cavity in a more specific and efficient manner. Based on the results presented, FL has the potential to improve cytoreductive surgery in the following manner: a) A hydrophilic core can encapsulate high amounts of MAL and protect it from metabolic degradation; b) FL systems loaded with MAL can enlarge the gap between PpIX accumulation in tumor cells and normal tissues. c) FL system loaded with MAL can provide photodynamic diagnosis and photodynamic therapy as complementary functions. / Pharmaceutical Sciences

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La réussite d'un programme de lutte biologique ou intégrée est fortement liée à l'agent de lutte impliqué, à ses caractéristiques intrinsèques et à ses différentes interactions avec le milieu cible d'introduction. Une juste identification de l'ennemi naturel, une connaissance approfondie de sa biologie, son écologie, son potentiel de gestion des populations de nuisibles et même, de sa génétique sont indispensables avant son implication dans un tel programme. Ce travail de thèse s'insère dans le cadre de la problématique de limitation des risques sanitaires et environnementaux liés aux productions de fruits et légumes au niveau du bassin méditerranéen. Plus spécifiquement, il s'agit de limiter les impacts phytosanitaires et économiques de certains ravageurs s'attaquant à la tomate (Solanum lycopersicum L.), culture méditerranéenne par excellence. Depuis une vingtaine d'années, la protection biologique et intégrée a considérablement évoluée en mettant en jeu une large gamme d'agents de lutte pour une gestion satisfaisante des principales invasions parasitaires (les deux aleurodes Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius, 1889) et Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856), et plus récemment le lépidoptère Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) ). Parmi les auxiliaires utilisés en région méditerranéenne, une punaise zoophytophage appartenant au genre Macrolophus (Hemiptera: Miridae) s'est imposée comme la pierre angulaire du contrôle biologique des ravageurs de la tomate. Bien que commercialisé depuis les années 90 sous le nom de Macrolophgus caliginosus, son identité spécifique porte encore à confusion. Ceci est du à la présence dans la zone d'origine (bassin méditerranéen) de deux espèces morphologiquement très proches : Macrolophus caliginosus/melanotoma et Macrolophus pygmaeus. La première partie de la thèse a permis de clarifier ce problème d'identification par une double approche morphologique et moléculaire, et de proposer une nouvelle clé d'identification de toutes les espèces paléarctiques du genre Macrolophus. La deuxième partie s'est focalisée sur des aspects de la bio-écologie de l'espèce commercialisée identifiée dans cette thèse comme M. pygmaeus. L'influence des ressources trophiques sur sa capacité de survie a été d'abord étudiée puis le caractère cannibale de cet agent de lutte a été mis en évidence. L'étroite relation entre sa phytophagie et sa zoophagie a été démontrée et enfin l'impact de la température sur sa réponse fonctionnelle a été caractérisé. Les résultats montrent l'importance de tous ces paramètres sur le potentiel de prédation de M. pygmaeus et soulignent leur contribution à la réussite ou à l'échec de son rôle dans la protection biologique intégrée de la tomate. / The success of a biological or integrated pest management control program is deeply dependant of the involved biological control agent as well as its intrinsic characteristics and its various interactions with the target introduction area. Before any implication in such a program an accurate/correct identification, a detailed knowledge of its biology, ecology, potential in pest control are necessary. This work was developed in a context of the sanitary and environmental fruits and vegetables production limitation risk problems. It consists, more specifically, in the phytosanitary and environmental impact limitations of some tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) pests. In the last twenty years, the biological and integrated pest management has considerably changed by involving a large scale of biological control agents for a successful control of the main parasitic invasions (the two whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci [Gennadius, 1889) and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood, 1856), more recently the moth Tuta absoluta (Meyrick, 1917)]. Among the natural enemies used on the Mediterranean region, one finds a zoophytophagous bug belonging to the Macrolophus genus (Hemiptera: Miridae. In spite of its marketing since the 1990s under the name Macrolophgus caliginosus, its specific identity still remains unclear. This is due to the presence in the origin zone (Mediterranean area) of two morphologically closed species: Macrolophus caliginosus/melanotoma and Macrolophus pygmaeus. The first part of this thesis shed light on the identification problem through a double morphological and molecular approach. It also provided a new identification key of all the Palaearctic species belonging to the genus Macrolophus. The second part focused on some bio-ecological traits of the commercialised species, identified in this work as M. pygmaeus. The influence of trophic/feeding resources on the survival capacity has been studied and a cannibalistic behaviour has been demonstrated. The close relationship between phytophagy and zoophagy was characterized; finally the impact of temperature on its functional response was described. The results showed the importance of all these parameters on M. pygmaeus predation potential and emphasized their contribution on the success or failure in tomato pest management.

L'intérêt pour les véhicules électriques ne cesse de croitre au sein de la société contemporaine compte tenu de ses nombreuses interrogations sur l’environnement et la dépendance énergétique. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous essayons d’améliorer l’acceptabtabilité sociétale du véhicule électrique en essayant de faire avancer la recherche sur le diagnostique des défauts d’une chaine de traction électrique. Les résultats escomptés devraient permettre à terme d’améliorer la fiabilité et la durabilité de ces systèmes.Nous commençons par une revue des problèmes des défauts déjà apparus dans les véhicules hybrides séries qui disposent de l’architecture la plus proche du véhicule électrique. Une étude approfondie sur le diagnostic des défauts d’un convertisseur de puissance statique (AC-DC) ainsi que celle du moteur synchrone à aimants permanents est menée. Quatre types de défauts majeurs ont été répertoriés concernant le moteur (court-circuit au stator, démagnétisation, excentricité du rotor et défaut des roulements). Au niveau du convertisseur, nous avons considéré le défaut d’ouverture des interrupteurs. Afin d’être dans les mêmes conditions d’utilisation réelle, nous avons effectué des tests expérimentaux à vitesse et charge variables. Ce travail est basé aussi bien sur l’expérimentation que sur la modélisation. Comme par exemple, la méthode des éléments finis pour l’étude de la démagnétisation de la machine. De même, l’essai en court-circuit du stator du moteur en présence d’un contrôle vectoriel.Afin de réaliser un diagnostic en ligne des défauts, nous avons développé un modèle basé sur les réseaux de neurones. L’apprentissage de ce réseau de neurone a été effectué sur la base des résultats expérimentaux et de simulations, que nous avons réalisées. Le réseau de neurones est capable d'assimiler beaucoup de données. Ceci nous permet de classifier les défauts en termes de sévérité et de les localiser. Il permet ainsi d'évaluer le degré de performance de la chaine de traction électrique en ligne en présence des défauts et nous renseigner ainsi sur l'état de santé du système. Ces résultats devraient aboutir à l’élaboration d’une stratégie de contrôle tolérant aux défauts auto-reconfigurable pour prendre en compte les modes dégradés permettant une continuité de service du véhicule ce qui améliorera sa disponibilité. / The interest in the electric vehicles rose recently due both to environmental questions and to energetic dependence of the contemporary society. Accordingly, it is necessary to study and implement in these vehicle fault diagnosis systems which enable them to be more reliable and safe enhancing its sustainability. In this work after a review on problem of faults in the drivetrain of series hybrid electric vehicles (SHEV), a deep investigation on fault diagnosis of AC-DC power converter and permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) have been done as two important parts of traction chains in SHEVs. In other major part of this work, four types of faults (stator winding inter turn short circuit, demagnetization, eccentricity ant bearing faults) of a PMSM have been studied. Inter turn short circuit of stator winding of PMSM in different speeds and loads has been considered to identify fault feature in all operation aspects, as it is expected by electric vehicle application. Experimental results aiming short circuits, bearing and eccentricity fault detection has been presented. Analytical and finite element method (FEM) aiming demagnetization fault investigation has been developed. The AC-DC converter switches are generally exposed to the possibility of outbreak open phase faults because of troubles of the switching devices. This work proposes a robust and efficient identification method for data acquisition selection aiming fault analysis and detection. Two new patterns under AC-DC converter failure are identified and presented. To achieve this goal, four different level of switches fault are considered on the basis of both simulation and experimental results. For accuracy needs of the identified pattern for SHEV application, several parameters have been considered namely: capacitor size changes, load and speed variations. On the basis of the developed fault sensitive models above, an ANN based fault detection, diagnosis strategy and the related algorithm have been developed to show the way of using the identified patterns in the supervision and the diagnosis of the PMSM drivetrain of SHEVs. ANN method have been used to develop three diagnosis based models for : the vector controlled PMSM under inter turn short circuit, the AC/DC power converter under an open phase fault and also the PMSM under unbalanced voltage caused by open phase DC/AC inverter. These models allow supervising the main components of the PMSM drivetrains used to propel the SHEV. The ANN advantages of ability to include a lot of data mad possible to classify the faults in terms of their type and severity. This allows estimating the performance degree of that drivetrains during faulty conditions through the parameter state of health (SOH). The latter can be used in a global control strategy of PMSM control in degraded mode in which the control is auto-adjusted when a defect occurs on the system. The goal is to ensure a continuity of service of the SHEV in faulty conditions to improve its reliability.