La thèse s’inscrit dans la problématique du dépôt de couches minces en procédés de pulvérisation réactive cathodique magnétron continu basse puissance (R-DC) et pulsé haute puissance (R-HiPIMS). Le mode réactif consiste à ajouter, dans l’argon, un gaz réactif tels que l’oxygène ou l’azote. Les oxydes et les nitrures ont de très nombreuses applications industrielles. Néanmoins, les exigences des nouvelles applications nécessitent de mieux comprendre, contrôler et maîtriser les processus fondamentaux gouvernant le transport de la matière pour optimiser ces procédés plasmas. L’objectif principal de cette thèse est d’étudier le transport des atomes pulvérisés de titane (Ti) en mélange Ar/N2 et d’établir des corrélations avec les propriétés des dépôts de type TiN. La fluorescence induite par diode laser (résolue en temps dans le cas du procédé HiPIMS) a été développée pour mesurer les fonctions de distribution en vitesse des atomes neutres Ti à l’état fondamental en fonction de la pression, de la distance par rapport à la cible et du mélange gazeux. Le degré de liberté supplémentaire qu'offre la dimension temporelle du plasma HiPIMS a permis de caractériser leur cinétique de transport en ayant la possibilité de séparer les temps caractéristiques des différents processus, et de mettre en évidence trois populations d’atomes (énergétique, quasi-thermalisée et thermalisée). Les fonctions de distribution en énergie des ions Ti+ ont été mesurées par spectrométrie de masse et des hypothèses sont proposées pour pouvoir expliquer les quatre populations identifiées. Enfin, les couches minces déposées ont été analysées par MEB, DRX et microsonde de Castaing. / The growth of thin layers in reactive-direct current magnetron sputtering (R-DC) and reactive-high power impulse magnetron sputtering (R-HiPIMS) processes is the general framework of this PhD. Reactive processes consist in the addition, in argon gas, of a reactive gas such as oxygen or nitrogen, and allow the deposition of oxides and nitrides which have many industrial applications. Nevertheless, the high level of expectations regarding new applications requires a better understanding, controlling, mastering of basic processes governing atoms transport in the view of process optimization. The main goal of this PhD is to study the transport of sputtered titanium atoms (Ti) in Ar/N2 gas mixture and to establish correlations with TiN film properties. Tunable diode laser induced fluorescence technique (time resolved in the case of HiPIMS process) has been developed in order to measure velocity distribution functions of neutral Ti atoms at the ground state, function of the pressure, the distance from the target and the gas mixture. In HiPIMS, the additional degree of freedom, given by time dimension, allowed to characterize their kinetic of transport while at the same time providing the possibility to separate characteristic time scales of different processes. Three atoms populations have been highlighted (energetic, quasi-thermalized and thermalized ones). Energy distribution functions of Ti+ ions have been measured using mass spectrometry and four populations have been observed and explained. Finally, deposited thin films have been analyzed by means of SEM, XRD and electron microprobe methods.

Spatially-resolved measurements of flame temperature have been demonstrated with diode lasers for the first time. The technique is based on the use of blue diode lasers to perform laser-induced fluorescence on indium atoms seeded to the flame. Temperature measurements have been carried out in laminar flames both by the two-line atomic fluorescence technique, and also by a novel line-shape thermometry method that requires the use of only a single diode laser. The first part of this work involved the development of blue extended cavity diode lasers with favourable tuning properties. Two custom-designed extended cavity diode lasers (ECDL) have been built, emitting at wavelengths of around 410 nm and 451 nm respectively. These devices are capable of mode-hop free tuning over ranges greater than 90 GHz. The performance of these devices exceeds that of commercially available systems and a patent application has been filed. High resolution fluorescence spectroscopy has been performed on both the 52P1/2→62S1/2 and 52P3/2→62S1/2 transitions of indium atoms seeded at trace quantities into atmospheric pressure flames. In both cases, the spectra obtained show excellent agreement with a theoretical fit based on the individual hyperfine components of the transition. The two ECDLs have been used to build a sensor for the measurement of temperature in combustion systems. It is much simpler, more compact, less expensive, and more versatile than any previously existing device. The two lasers were used sequentially to probe indium atoms seeded to the flame. The ratio of the resulting fluorescence signals is related to the relative populations in the two sub-levels of the spin-orbit split ground state of indium, and thus to the temperature. Temperature measurements have been successfully performed in a laminar flame and the data thus obtained do not need to be corrected by any ‘calibration constant’. This novel thermometry technique offers a robust alternative to traditional methods involving bulky high power lasers. A further development has been made by demonstrating a fluorescence line-shape thermometry technique requiring only a single diode laser excitation source. Progress has been made towards the goal of rapid temperature measurements appropriate to the study of turbulent flames. This involved the development of a simple technique for actively locking the wavelength of the blue diode laser to a resonance line of the tellurium molecule. A high-speed thermometry system would work by rapidly switching between the two locked laser beams using an optical modulator.

Semiconductor diode lasers are successful tools in atomic spectroscopy. They are routinely used in frequency conversion applications to develop devices that access regions of the spectrum not directly available. This thesis describes the practical application of novel violet diode laser systems and their possible inclusion in spectroscopic systems. The design, assembly and successful operation of a doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator is described. There is discussion of the spectral behaviour of the device and the potential for pumping with a violet diode laser. Methods to adapt the output from the solitary diode devices are demonstrated with the use of microlensed diode lasers and extended cavity configurations. Details of the current tuning, linewidth and smooth tuning characteristics of a number of the lasers used are given. A commercial violet diode laser is used within an extended cavity to measure the hyperfine structure of atomic indium from a hollow cathode galvatron source at room temperature. Stabilisation of the diode laser to a line from the indium spectrum is attempted. The remainder of the thesis is concerned with the development of techniques to deliver clearer and more precise spectral information about trace species. Microlensed red and violet diode lasers are used to generate light at 254nm via sum frequency generation for the direct detection and modulation spectroscopy of mercury vapour, with microlensed lasers with modulation allowing more accurate discrimination between spectral features than direct absorption measurements. In addition Raman tweezers modulation spectroscopy is undertaken to investigate polymer microspheres and biological cell samples where the use of the modulation technique demonstrated improvements in the acquisition time and clarity of spectra through increased signal to noise and rejection of background fluorescence effects. A comparison between the direct and modulation techniques for all the systems indicates the greater sensitivity of the modulation technique.

Les exigences de plus en plus élevés concernant la qualité et propriétés de couches minces ont soutenu le développement de nouveaux procédés de pulvérisation. Ainsi, la décharge magnétron conventionnelle en courant continu, une des sources d’atomes la plus utilisée pour le dépôt de couches minces, a été améliorée par le couplage avec une décharge additionnelle de radio fréquence pour obtenir le nouveau procédé RF-IPVD (Radio Frequency-Ionized Physical Vapour Deposition). Ce procédé permet de générer un degré d’ionisation supérieur à celui dans la décharge magnétron classique, nécessaire pour contrôler les propriétés des couches minces. Un procédé alternatif pour augmenter d’avantage l’ionisation consiste à appliquer des impulsions haute puissance sur la cathode HPPMS (High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering), pour des durés courtes de l’ordre de ųs ou dizaines de ųs. L’étude menée porte sur les phénomènes de pulvérisation et de transport des espèces du métal dans ces trois versions de la décharge magnétron par les moyens de spectroscopie laser à l’aide des diodes laser accordables. Le développement récent de ces diodes nous a permis de sonder les niveaux fondamentaux du Titane et de l’Aluminium, et de caractériser la dépendance spatiale de la densité et température ainsi que la fonction de distribution en vitesse de ces atomes. L’effet des paramètres clés, comme l’intensité du courant et la pression du gaz, est étudie et décrit pour la décharge magnétron conventionnelle. La distribution spatiale et angulaire de la fonction de distribution en vitesses a été mesurée dans la région devant la cible magnétron, afin de caractériser les flux du métal et leur comportement dans le volume de la décharge. L’étude sur les atomes du métal dans le procédé RF-IPVD est concentrée sur l’effet de la décharge additionnelle sur le dépeuplement du niveau fondamental. Une efficacité plus grande des processus d’ionisation est trouvée à plus haute pression et plus haute puissance RF injecté. On a montré aussi que les atomes affectés par les processus d’ionisation sont ceux thermalisées, tandis que la distribution de atomes rapides n’est quasiment pas affectés par la décharge additionnelle.Le diagnostic de la décharge pulsée a nécessité le développement d’une nouvelle procédure expérimentale, capable de suivre l’évolution de la densité et de la température des espèces neutres avec une résolution de l’ordre de la ųs. Cette procédure nous a servi pour décrire l’évolution spatio-temporel des atomes du métal (Ti et Al) et les atomes métastables d’Ar. Ces études offrent une vue globale sur le transport de atomes pulvérisés pendant la post décharge, ainsi qu’une description du fonctionnement de la décharge pulsé via la création des métastables d’Argon. / The higher requirements on the thin films quality have supported the development of new sputtering techniques. Thus, the conventional DC magnetron discharge, one of the most widely used source of atoms for thin film deposition, has been improved by the addition of an auxiliary radio frequency discharge - new technique called RF-IPVD (Radio Frequency -Ionized Physical Vapor Deposition). This technique highly increases the ionization degree compared to conventional magnetron discharge, which is necessary for a better control of the thin films properties. An alternative method to increase the ionization is based on the use of high power pulses on the cathode, HPPMS (High Power Pulsed Magnetron Sputtering), for short periods of time ranging from ųs to tens of ųs.The present study focuses on the sputtering phenomena and the transport of metal sputtered species in these three versions of the magnetron discharge, by means of laser spectroscopy using tunable laser diodes. The recent developments of these diodes have allowed to probe the fundamental levels of titanium and aluminum, and to characterize the spatial dependency of the density and temperature as well as the velocity distribution functions of these atoms. The effect of key discharge parameters, such as current intensity and gas pressure, is studied and described for the conventional magnetron discharge. The spatial and angular velocity distribution functions were measured in front of the magnetron target, in order to characterize the metal fluxes and their behavior in the discharge volume.The study on the metal atoms in the RF-IPVD process is focused on the effect of the additional discharge on the depopulation of the ground state level. Higher ionization efficiency is found at relatively high pressure and it increases with the injected RF power. It was also showed that the thermalized atoms are the ones involved in the ionization process, while the distribution of fast atoms is almost unaffected by the additional discharge.The diagnostics of the HPPMS discharge required the development of a novel experimental procedure, able to monitor the density and temperature of neutral species with a time resolution of ųs. This procedure was used to describe the spatiotemporal evolution of metal atoms (Ti and Al) and Ar metastable atoms. These studies provide an overview on the transport of sputtered atoms during the afterglow, and a description of the pulsed discharge operation, via the creation of metastable argon atoms.

As proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) são proteínas presentes nas células em condições normais e supra-expressadas em condições de estresse e choque térmico. O laser de diodo tem sido utilizado em diversos tratamentos na odontologia, dentre eles na atenuação de sintomas e na aceleração do reparo de úlceras traumáticas. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar, através de análise imunoistoquímica da expressão das HSPs (Hsp27 e Hsp 47) e da medição de temperatura por intermédio de câmera termográfica, se o laser de diodo modifica, (e quanto modifica) a temperatura local, bem como se há alteração no padrão de expressão das proteínas citadas em três regiões distintas do fragmento analisado. Para este estudo, foram feitos testes in vitro e in vivo. Para os testes in vivo, foram utilizados 56 ratos, nos quais foi induzida úlcera em ventre lingual. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: GL - grupo ulcerado com posterior irradiação com laser (parâmetros: laser diodo, 0,5 W de potência, pulsado (10 Hz), por 40 segundos (método varredura), 80J/cm2 de energia total (área de 0,25cm2) Má, e a energia por ponto?); GN - grupo ulcerado sem nenhum tratamento posterior; CP - grupo controle sem úlcera e irradiado com laser (mesmos parâmetros de GL); e CN - grupo controle sem úlcera e sem nenhum tratamento posterior. O teste in vitro foi destinado à medição da temperatura durante a irradiação laser, quando utilizaram-se línguas de ratos previamente ulceradas e extirpadas, as quais foram irradiadas com os parâmetros para o teste in vivo. Na superfície irradiada, houve aumento médio de temperatura em torno de 6,7C e, na região mais distante dessa superfície, de 2,7C. Na análise semiquantitativa da expressão imunoistoquímica da Hsp27, observou-se padrão de marcação mais intenso em GL comparando-se a GN e aos demais grupos. Na análise quantitativa da Hsp47, houve maior quantidade de células positivas no GL em relação aos demais grupos, principalmente nas regiões mais próximas da superfície irradiada. Concluiu-se que a irradiação laser provocou aumento de temperatura local, bem como desencadeou padrões de intensidade maiores e diferentes da Hsp27 e da Hsp47 em relação aos demais grupos. Isso indica que o tecido irradiado sofreu maior estresse celular, com resposta tecidual de intensa migração e diferenciação celular, bem como de maior síntese colagênica. / Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are proteins present in cells under normal conditions and over-expressed in terms of stress and thermal shock. The laser diode has been used in various treatments in dentistry, to reduce symptoms and accelerate the repair of traumatic ulcers. The aim of this study was to verify, by means of immunohistochemical expression analysis of HSPs (Hsp27 and Hsp 47) and temperature measurement using a thermographic camera, whether diode laser changes the local temperature (and how much the temperature changes), and whether there is a change in expression pattern of the above-mentioned protein in three distinct regions of the analyzed fragment. For this study, some of the tests were conducted in vitro and others in vivo. For the in vivo tests, 56 rats were used, in which ulcers were induced on the ventral surface of the tongue. The animals were divided into 4 groups: GL-group with ulcer and later laser irradiation (diode laser parameters: 0.5 W power, pulsed (10 Hz), for 40 seconds (defocused), 80J/cm2 total power in area (0.25cm2) GN- group with ulcer and without any further processing; CP- control group without ulcer and with laser irradiation (same parameters as in GL); and GN-control group without ulcer and without any further processing. The in vitro tests were conducted to measure temperature during laser irradiation, using the tongues that had previously been ulcerated in rats, and later removed and irradiated with the same parameters as those used for the in vivo test. In the irradiated surface, there was an increase in mean temperature of around 6.7oC, and in the region more distant from this surface, an increase of 2.7 oC. In the semi-quantitative analysis of immunohistochemical expression of Hsp27, greater expression of Hsp27 was shown in GL in comparison with the other groups in general. In quantitative analysis of Hsp47, there was a larger quantity of positive cells in GL, when compared with the other groups, particularly in the regions closest to irradiated surface. It was concluded that the irradiation laser caused local temperature increase, and also set off greater and different patterns of intensity of Hsp27 and Hsp47, in comparison with those of the other groups. This indicates that the irradiated tissue suffered higher cellular stress, with tissue response of intense migration and cell differentiation, as well as increased collagen synthesis.

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar, o efeito do laser de Diodo 808nm como coadjuvante ao tratamento periodontal na redução de periodontopatógenos Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola e Tannerella forsythia pela técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real. Foram selecionados vinte e quatro pacientes portadores de periodontite crônica neste estudo de boca dividida, duplo cego e randomizado. Dois sítios uniradiculares de cada paciente foram utilizados e divididos em dois grupos experimentais: TESTE - raspagem alisamento polimento corono radicular (RAPCR) associado à duas aplicações de laser de Diodo de alta potência (comprimento de onda de 808nm, 1,5 Watts, 597,1 W/cm2, durante 20 segundos no modo contínuo). A primeira aplicação foi realizada 24 horas após RAPCR e a segunda após sete dias; CONTROLE foi realizado o mesmo procedimento porém sem a aplicação do laser. O biofilme subgengival foi coletado antes do tratamento e seis semanas após a segunda aplicação do laser. A avaliação microbiológica foi feita através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em tempo real para a quantificação de Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola e Tannerella forsythia. A comparação entre os grupos não demonstram diferenças estatisticamente significantes (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que, dentro dos limites deste estudo, a aplicação do laser de Diodo de 808nm como coadjuvante ao tratamento periodontal não reduziu de forma significativa os periodontopatógenos: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola e Tannerella forsythia quando comparado à RAPCR. / The aim of this study was to evaluate, by real-time polymerase chain reaction, the effect of Diode laser 808nm as an adjuvant in the reduction of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia in to periodontal treatment. Twenty-four patients with chronic periodontitis the study designs was split-mouth, double blind and ramdomized controlled trial. Two sites from uniradicular teeth of each patient were used and divided in two experimental groups: TEST scalling and root planing (SRP) associated with two high power Diode laser application (wavelength of 808nm, 1,5W at the display (597,1 W/cm2) for 20 seconds in the continuous-wave mode) the first laser application was 24 hours after SRP and the second seven days later; CONTROL a similar procedure without laser application. The subgingival biofilm was colleted before treatment and six weeks after the second laser application. The microbiologic evaluation was done by real-time polymerase chain reaction for the quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola and Tannerella forsythia. The comparison between the groups did not show significant differences (p<0,05). Within the limits of this study, it can be concluded that Diode laser 808nm application as an adjuvant in the periodontal treatment did not reduce the periodontal pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola e Tannerella forsythia when compared by scaling root planning.

As proteínas de choque térmico (HSP) são expressas em todas as células humanas, sendo superexpressas em condições de estresse celular, tais como hiper ou hipotermia, isquemia, inflamação e reparação. Dentre as várias famílias de HSP, encontram-se a Hsp27 e a Hsp47, cuja superexpressão relaciona-se à inibição da apoptose e à manutenção dos filamentos de actina do citoesqueleto (Hsp27) e à manutenção do sistema de produção de procolágeno e do colágeno (Hsp47). O laser de diodo (LD) tem atualmente amplas aplicações clínicas com vantagens terapêuticas comprovadas, porém os efeitos térmicos que pode acarretar aos tecidos ainda são controversos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a influência do LD sobre a expressão imunoistoquímica das Hsp27 e Hsp47 sobre o tecido dentário submetido a gengivoplastia com LD e com bisturi convencional, bem como relacionou-se essa influência com as variações de temperatura provocadas pela irradiação laser. Vinte e quatro ratos adultos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1 12 animais submetidos a gengivoplastia no incisivo central inferior esquerdo utilizando laser de diodo (ZAP soft lase, 810 nm, 0,3 W, densidade de energia de 113,63 J/cm2); grupo 2 12 animais submetidos a gengivoplastia no mesmo local utilizando bisturi convencional. Os animais sofreram eutanásia nos períodos de 0h, 24h, 72h e 120h, sendo os incisivos centrais retirados e descalcificados. Posteriormente foram submetidos a análise imunoistoquímica utilizando anticorpos monoclonais contra Hsp27 e Hsp47. Teste in vitro foi realizado utilizando-se incisivos centrais de ratos extirpados e mantidos resfriados até o momento do teste. Este foi realizado com a instalação de 4 termopares, os quais registraram a variação da temperatura durante gengivoplastia realizada com o LD calibrado com os mesmos parâmetros do teste in vivo. Observou-se haver variação máxima de temperatura entre 1C e 6C, dependendo da região analisada. A expressão da Hsp27 mostrou-se aumentada no grupo irradiado com laser em relação ao bisturi em praticamente todos os períodos experimentais. A Hsp47 também expressou-se mais intensivamente no grupo laser, porém mais tardiamente. A expressão de ambas as proteínas foi mais intensa na região irradiada, porém nas demais regiões medidas não foi possível relacionar as variações imunoistoquímicas com as de temperatura. Concluiu-se que o LD provoca modificações na expressão das Hsp27 e Hsp47, as quais podem estar relacionadas ao aumento da temperatura provocado pelo laser. / Heat shock proteins (HSP) are expressed in all human cells, and are overexpressed under conditions of cellular stress, such as hyper- or hypothermia, ischemia, inflammation and repair. Among the various families of HSP, there are Hsp27 and Hsp47, whose overexpression is related to the inhibition of apoptosis, maintenance of cytoskeletal actin filaments (Hsp27) and maintenance of the procollagen and collagen production system (Hsp47). At present, diode laser (DL) has broad clinical applications with proven therapeutic advantages; however, there is still controversy about the thermal effects it may have on tissues. In this study, the influence of DL on the immunohistochemical expression of Hsp27 and Hsp47 on dental tissue submitted to gingivoplasty with DL and a conventional scalpel was evaluated, as well as how this influence was related to the variations in temperature caused by laser irradiation. Twenty-four adult rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 12 animals submitted to gingivoplasty in the mandibular left central incisor using diode laser (ZAP soft lase, 810 nm, 0.3 W, energy density 113.63 J/cm2); Group 2 12 animals submitted to gingivoplasty in the same site using a conventional scalpel. The animals were euthanized in the periods of 0h, 24h, 72h and 120h, and the central incisors were removed and decalcified. Afterwards they were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibodies against Hsp27 and Hsp47. The in vitro test was performed, using the extirpated central incisors of rats, which were kept chilled until the time of the test. This was done by installing 4 thermocouples that recorded the variation in temperature during the gingivoplasty performed with DL calibrated with the same parameters as those of the in vivo test. It was observed that there was a maximum variation in temperature of between 1C and 6C, depending on the region analyzed. Hsp27 expression was shown to be increased in the laser-irradiated group when compared with the group treated by scalpel in practically all the experimental periods. Hsp47 was also more intensely expressed in the laser group, however, much later. The expression of both proteins was more intense in the irradiated region, but in the other regions measured, it was not possible to relate the immunohistochemical variations with those of temperature. It was concluded that DL causes changes in the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp47, which may be related to the temperature increase caused by laser.

This work discusses the development of a compact Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectrometer (TDLAS) for gas phase mixing ratio and temperature measurements of condensible vapors, in particular H2O and D2O, in supersonic flows. Through extensive pressure trace measurements and mass balances on the incoming species, the expected mixing ratio and temperature profiles of the condensible species along the supersonic nozzle have been characterized. Using a Tunable Diode Infrared laser operating in the 8 microns region, the possibility of nonintrusively measuring the gas phase mixing ratio and the temperature (even simultaneously) in a supersonic nozzle is demonstrated. The acquired spectroscopic data and the pressure trace measurements are compared and the results suggest the possibility to improve the instrument set-up and to improve the quality of the measurements. Also, the interpretation of our initial experimental results and the comparison with the pressure traces measurements suggest reasons to further investigate the condensation behavior of D2O and H2O.

As proteínas de choque térmico (HSP) são expressas em todas as células humanas, sendo superexpressas em condições de estresse celular, tais como hiper ou hipotermia, isquemia, inflamação e reparação. Dentre as várias famílias de HSP, encontram-se a Hsp27 e a Hsp47, cuja superexpressão relaciona-se à inibição da apoptose e à manutenção dos filamentos de actina do citoesqueleto (Hsp27) e à manutenção do sistema de produção de procolágeno e do colágeno (Hsp47). O laser de diodo (LD) tem atualmente amplas aplicações clínicas com vantagens terapêuticas comprovadas, porém os efeitos térmicos que pode acarretar aos tecidos ainda são controversos. Neste trabalho, avaliou-se a influência do LD sobre a expressão imunoistoquímica das Hsp27 e Hsp47 sobre o tecido dentário submetido a gengivoplastia com LD e com bisturi convencional, bem como relacionou-se essa influência com as variações de temperatura provocadas pela irradiação laser. Vinte e quatro ratos adultos foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo 1 12 animais submetidos a gengivoplastia no incisivo central inferior esquerdo utilizando laser de diodo (ZAP soft lase, 810 nm, 0,3 W, densidade de energia de 113,63 J/cm2); grupo 2 12 animais submetidos a gengivoplastia no mesmo local utilizando bisturi convencional. Os animais sofreram eutanásia nos períodos de 0h, 24h, 72h e 120h, sendo os incisivos centrais retirados e descalcificados. Posteriormente foram submetidos a análise imunoistoquímica utilizando anticorpos monoclonais contra Hsp27 e Hsp47. Teste in vitro foi realizado utilizando-se incisivos centrais de ratos extirpados e mantidos resfriados até o momento do teste. Este foi realizado com a instalação de 4 termopares, os quais registraram a variação da temperatura durante gengivoplastia realizada com o LD calibrado com os mesmos parâmetros do teste in vivo. Observou-se haver variação máxima de temperatura entre 1C e 6C, dependendo da região analisada. A expressão da Hsp27 mostrou-se aumentada no grupo irradiado com laser em relação ao bisturi em praticamente todos os períodos experimentais. A Hsp47 também expressou-se mais intensivamente no grupo laser, porém mais tardiamente. A expressão de ambas as proteínas foi mais intensa na região irradiada, porém nas demais regiões medidas não foi possível relacionar as variações imunoistoquímicas com as de temperatura. Concluiu-se que o LD provoca modificações na expressão das Hsp27 e Hsp47, as quais podem estar relacionadas ao aumento da temperatura provocado pelo laser. / Heat shock proteins (HSP) are expressed in all human cells, and are overexpressed under conditions of cellular stress, such as hyper- or hypothermia, ischemia, inflammation and repair. Among the various families of HSP, there are Hsp27 and Hsp47, whose overexpression is related to the inhibition of apoptosis, maintenance of cytoskeletal actin filaments (Hsp27) and maintenance of the procollagen and collagen production system (Hsp47). At present, diode laser (DL) has broad clinical applications with proven therapeutic advantages; however, there is still controversy about the thermal effects it may have on tissues. In this study, the influence of DL on the immunohistochemical expression of Hsp27 and Hsp47 on dental tissue submitted to gingivoplasty with DL and a conventional scalpel was evaluated, as well as how this influence was related to the variations in temperature caused by laser irradiation. Twenty-four adult rats were divided into two groups: Group 1 12 animals submitted to gingivoplasty in the mandibular left central incisor using diode laser (ZAP soft lase, 810 nm, 0.3 W, energy density 113.63 J/cm2); Group 2 12 animals submitted to gingivoplasty in the same site using a conventional scalpel. The animals were euthanized in the periods of 0h, 24h, 72h and 120h, and the central incisors were removed and decalcified. Afterwards they were submitted to immunohistochemical analysis using monoclonal antibodies against Hsp27 and Hsp47. The in vitro test was performed, using the extirpated central incisors of rats, which were kept chilled until the time of the test. This was done by installing 4 thermocouples that recorded the variation in temperature during the gingivoplasty performed with DL calibrated with the same parameters as those of the in vivo test. It was observed that there was a maximum variation in temperature of between 1C and 6C, depending on the region analyzed. Hsp27 expression was shown to be increased in the laser-irradiated group when compared with the group treated by scalpel in practically all the experimental periods. Hsp47 was also more intensely expressed in the laser group, however, much later. The expression of both proteins was more intense in the irradiated region, but in the other regions measured, it was not possible to relate the immunohistochemical variations with those of temperature. It was concluded that DL causes changes in the expression of Hsp27 and Hsp47, which may be related to the temperature increase caused by laser.

L'intégration de composants optiques actifs dans des microsystèmes est étudiée à partir d'approches génériques, fondées sur les procédés de fabrication collective de la microélectronique. La première approche étudiée exploite la technologie CMOS pour démontrer la faisabilité de nouvelles fonctions de détection associant un détecteur silicium et une fonction optique passive, l'ensemble permettant l'intégration de circuits de traitement de signal. Nous montrons dans ce contexte un nouveau principe de détecteur de déphasage reposant sur l'intégration d'un réseau de diffraction à la surface d'une photodiode. Une seconde approche vise à étudier les potentialités des cristaux photoniques pour le développement de diodes laser compatibles avec une intégration planaire de fonctions optiques actives ou passives. L'étude réalisée dans le cadre de ce mémoire porte sur une diode laser à ruban comportant un miroir à cristal photonique unidimensionnel. Les performances du miroir en fonction des paramètres technologiques sont modélisées et un procédé de fabrication est proposé.