The goal of this Thesis is to uncover, characterize, analyze, describe and define selected contemporary rules of etiquette, international business and diplomatic protocol in international business and diplomatic practice and point out the greatest deficiencies witnessed in practice. The research subject of this Thesis is, thus, the formal aspect of international business and diplomatic cooperation. Its output consists of recommendation on how to correctly apply these rules in practice. I would also like my paper to significantly contribute to the general knowledge of this fascinating and commonly useful knowledge. The structure of the Thesis as it was drawn up in context of its goals consists of three main chapters, introduction and conclusion. The first part of the Thesis deals with Social Etiquette. This part is not conceived as general rules of social intercourse. Instead, it concentrates mainly on the elaboration of contemporary general rules of social intercourse and etiquette to in the context of business and entrepreneurial activities, i.e. Business Protocol. The Thesis would also like to provide answers to the following questions: What is the current standard of social intercourse in the Czech Republic? What are the contemporary rules of social intercourse in the Czech Republic and how do they differ from the etiquette abroad? Can we claim that these rules are being observed? What leads our managers, businessman, diplomats etc. to observing these rules? In my Thesis I strive to evaluate contemporary rules applicable to social, business and diplomatic events as well as in written communication and to draw attention the lack of their knowledge. Another partial goal of the Thesis consists of using carried out analyses, evaluations, inquiries via questionnaires and comparative analyses to point out the differences in the rules of social intercourse, conduct and negotiation in different territories. The working hypothesis of this part of the paper is to indicate on the basis of the above mentioned allegations the relationship between the behaviour and conduct of managers of different provenience and the fact that they have different cultural background. Culture is learned not inherited. It is derived from the social environment not from genes and it must be clearly distinguished from human character and the character of individual people. Significant attention is, therefore, paid to the study of international customs and conventions, especially those of the countries which the representatives of Czech firms, enterprises and institutions most come into contact with. The presented Thesis does not have the ambition to come up with a definitive cookbook as to how to conduct oneself in a given situation within a given territory; it merely strives to point out the pitfalls, misunderstandings and blunders in conduct and barriers in communication and in business or any other professional negotiations. Unlike legal acts the rules of Etiquette are not binding. Laws apply to all and the state prosecutes their infringement. Unlike laws, the rules of Etiquette are not enforceable. Their only form of enforcement is the social pressure which the society effectuates on the individual. Thus, the standards of social conduct only apply to those willing to abide by them. The presented paper is an aggregate of the rules and its author's views. Another author's standpoint may differ. The second part of the Thesis concentrates on the sphere of Diplomatic Protocol in international business and diplomatic practice. The presented paper aims at describing the existing system of Foreign Service and diplomatic activities, presenting the diplomatic representations, consulates, missions and other representatives abroad, their functioning as well as their immunities and privileges. Diplomatic Protocol concerns the formal, not the material, content of international relations. Formal rules of social conduct in intercourse with diplomatic representatives of other countries, the etiquette and the ceremonies applied to the intercourse with these representatives form an integral part of the Diplomatic Protocol. In the initial part I define the very term Diplomatic Protocol and I strive to specify is subject. Successively I address individual respective parts of Diplomatic Protocol and diplomatic practice, such as the methods of establishing diplomatic relationships, the roles of diplomatic missions, ranks of diplomatic representatives and their immunities and privileges, the procedure related to the conferment of agrément and the termination of activity of the head of a diplomatic mission, official visits of foreign guests, organisation of international conferences, diplomatic correspondence, consular activities etc. In the course of its elaboration the presented Thesis should also offer answers to the following questions: What is the current international form, role and significance of the Diplomatic Protocol? What leads states to observing signed conventions? Which diplomatic immunities and privileges are at the moment among the most abused or violated? For the accomplishment of the goals set out in this Thesis I shall strive to outline the scale of theoretic approaches and based on the effective layout and international practice express my own conclusions. Among others, the paper also aims at promoting the development of skills of the current diplomat and acquainting them with the norms of diplomatic correspondence. The aforementioned part of the Thesis also sets out another rather easily attained objective: due to the inexistence of comprehensive publications on this topic to become a handbook and reference manual not only for the young adepts of this profession but for all who for some reason take interest in Diplomacy. It was an ambition of the author to assemble and explain terms, which those interested in the practical aspects of Foreign Service, may be confronted with. The paper reflects current diplomatic practice and takes into account Czech circumstances. The author is endeavouring to mediate the information and knowledge she gained through years of practice at representative offices abroad gained during her practical experience at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and through more than 20 years of practice in academic research and instruction of this area.

Cette thèse étudie les différents aspects de la diplomatie française en Italie, pendant la période française de la guerre de Trente ans, puis pendant la guerre franco-espagnole (1635-1659). Les gouvernements de Richelieu et de Mazarin accordent une grande attention aux événements et enjeux péninsulaires. L'Italie n’est pas alors vue comme un ensemble d’Etats disparates, mais comme le lieu d’une unique géopolitique coordonnée. La première partie de ce travail s’attache à suivre les vicissitudes militaires et politiques de la présence française en Italie. La guerre contre l’Espagne et la construction de nouvelles alliances diplomatiques représentent la préoccupation constante des agents français ; des crises italiennes viennent surajouter leurs propres logiques aux enjeux européens du conflit entre les deux Couronnes. La guerre civile piémontaise, la guerre de Castro, la révolte de Naples représentent des épisodes majeurs dans lesquels les Français interviennent, malgré les réticences des princes italiens. Dans une seconde partie, les pratiques de la négociation sont étudiées. Le rôle de l’écrit et de la langue diplomatique, les difficultés à faire transiter les objets matériels que sont les dépêches d’une cour à l’autre sont évoqués. Les réseaux de parenté et de clientèle dans lesquels se trouvent impliqués les diplomates apparaissent comme des clefs de lecture intéressantes pour décrire les carrières des individus négociateurs. Loin d’intéresser un tout petit cercle de personnes, la diplomatie implique des personnages divers mais nombreux au sein des cours italiennes et française : les informations transitent, de même que les pensions et autres gratifications. Enfin, les princes italiens et leurs maisons sont étudiés. Entre les promesses et les menaces formulées par les couronnes, leurs choix sont dictés par des facteurs complexes et variables. / This doctoral thesis studies France’s diplomacy in Italy between 1635 and 1659, that is, during the French period of the Thirty Years war and the Franco-Spanish war. The governments of Richelieu and Mazarin survey the peninsular events and ventures with great attention. Italy is not seen as an ensemble of separate states, but as a single geopolitical entity. The first part of this work follows the military and political vicissitudes of the French presence in Italy. The war against Spain and the shaping of new diplomatic alliances in Italy are the constant source of preoccupation for the French representatives in the peninsula. In this context, however, several Italian crises come to add their own logic to the endeavours of the two opposing Crowns. The civil war in Piedmont, the war of Castro and the revolt of Naples are major episodes in which the French interfere notwithstanding the reluctance of the Italian princes. In the second part, the general practices used in the negotiations of the time are considered. The status of written messages, the characteristics of the diplomatic language and the difficulties sending letters from one court to another are brought up. The family links and clientele relations in which the diplomats are engaged form an essential element to the understanding of the careers of the individual negotiators. Far from concerning only a small circle of persons, diplomacy involves a number of different types of personage in both the French and Italian courts: information flow must be guaranteed as well as the payment of pensions and other remunerations. Finally, the Italian princes and their Houses are also studied. Between the promises and threats by the Crowns, the princes’ choices are made in function of a complex and variable set of factors.

Nesta dissertação analisamos as relações culturais construídas pelo escritor e diplomata colombiano Germán Arciniegas com os meios intelectuais argentinos entre 1939 e 1960, concentrando o estudo nas mediações culturais promovidas por ele. No primeiro momento as atividades de Arciniegas estiveram relacionadas com as funções diplomáticas e contemplaram o controle de informação sobre o governo colombiano e a promoção de tratados comerciais. Mas foram assuntos relativos à arte a à literatura os que concentraram os esforços de Arciniegas para estimular o diálogo e o conhecimento das tradições culturais de cada país. No segundo momento Arciniegas continuou impulsionando a integração intelectual, articulando a própria carreira e as perspectivas da consagração aos editores argentinos, e transmitindo uma imagem da história e da cultura argentina ao público do jornal colombiano El Tiempo. / This work analyses the intellectual relationships built by Colombian writer and diplomat Germán Arciniegas with Argentinian cultural institutions between 1939 and 1960. It focuses on cultural mediations arranged by him. Although initially his activities were related to diplomatic functions and contemplated the control of information about the Colombian government and the promotion of commercial deals, artistic and literary issues became what concentrated Arciniega´s efforts to stimulate the dialogue and knowledge of the cultural traditions of both countries. Subsequently, Arciniegas continues to promote intellectual integration by articulating his own career and perspective of intellectual success with Argentinian publishers, becoming the Colombian consultant for the editors and transmitting an image of Argentinian history and culture to the Colombian journal El Tiempo´s public. The work explores the political-ideological means of these activities and partnerships by the analysis of Arciniega´s correspondence archive

Edição semidiplomática de corpus selecionado a partir do códice ?Ofícios do Vice-Rei para o Governador da Capitania 1793/98?, visando a fornecer fonte fidedigna para futuros estudos filológicos, lingüísticos, históricos e culturais do período. Trata-se também de um estudo mais detalhado desse códice catarinense que contextualiza historicamente os documentos que o compõem, assim como aborda aspectos paleográficos, codicológicos e diplomáticos com o propósito de responder a questionamentos e hipóteses surgidos durante a edição acerca de sua composição, criação e origem. Este trabalho descreve codicológica e paleograficamente o códice em geral, apresenta uma demonstração de diferentes punhos e procura levantar traços de natureza fonológica de um manuscrito dentro do códice. Consta também deste trabalho uma tentativa de identificação tipológica mais adequada através da composição de um verbete descritivo do corpus. / Semidiplomatic edition of the selected corpus from the codex ?Oficios do Vice Rei para o Governador da Capitania 1793/98? (Memorandums from the Vice-king to the Governor of the Province 1793/98?) seeking to provide a trustworthy source to further philological, linguistical, historical and cultural studies of such period. It is also a thorough study of this Catarinense (from Santa Catarina) codex that put its documents into a historical perspective. It touches its paleographic, codicological and diplomatic aspects aiming to address questionings and hypotheses raised during the editing process concerning its composition, how it was assembled, and its origin. This work describes the codex general paleography and codicology. It presents a demonstration of different handwritings and attempts to raise traces of phonological aspects from the codex. This project also proposes a more adequate typological identification of the documents, through descriptive summaries of each memo.

Este trabalho apresenta a edição semidiplomática de 68 documentos manuscritos da segunda metade do século XVIII, entre os anos de 1767 e 1775, referentes ao período de governo de Dom Luís Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourão como Capitão General da Capitania de São Paulo. O conjunto desses documentos, originalmente avulsos, encontra-se reunido em um livro manuscrito de número 170 no Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo (AESP). A fim de melhor estudar tal livro manuscrito, esse trabalho compõe-se de um capítulo acerca da descrição codicológica e paleográfica, seguido da classificação das espécies documentais existentes no corpus transcrito. Além de um capítulo sobre o momento histórico em que foram executados os documentos. Após os capítulos de análise do corpus, há o núcleo do trabalho: a transcrição semidiplomática e justalinear face a face com a reprodução facsimilar de cada fólio dos documentos. No livro manuscrito há também páginas impressas, que foram anexadas após as transcrições, embora não façam parte do presente estudo. Uma vez que os documentos aqui publicados encontravam-se inéditos, a sua divulgação certamente contribuirá para os estudos filológicos, linguísticos e históricos da época. / This essay presents the facsimilar copies and the semi diplomatic editions of 68 manuscripts from the second half of the eighteenth century, between the years 1767 and 1775, during the government of the General Captain of the São Paulo Captaincy, Dom Luis Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourão. This corpus was selected in the Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo (AESP) and all of the documents are covered in the manuscript book number 170, where they follow the same order as presented here. In order to study the manuscript book, this work is composed by a chapter about Codicology and Palaeography of the studied documents, followed by the classifications of the documental species of the corpus. Before the transcriptions, there is a chapter about the historical moment in which the documents were executed. The transcription of the handwriting part of the codex is semi diplomatic, line by line and face to face with the respective facsimilar reproduction of each manuscript. There are also printed documents in the manuscript book, which were attached to this work, though they are not the object of study. Since the documents are not yet published, their divulgation can certainly contribute to the philological, linguistic and historical studies.

A presente dissertação apresenta a edição semidiplomática de documentos eclesiásticos, manuscritos entre meados do século XVIII e fim do XIX, provenientes do Convento de Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Lapa, localizado em Salvador Bahia. Este estudo visa fornecer fonte fidedigna para futuros estudos filológicos, históricos, culturais, religiosos e linguísticos do período. O corpus é constituído de 63 (sessenta e três) fólios avulsos, totalizando um conjunto de 46 (quarenta e seis) documentos. Para complementar a edição, apresenta-se a contextualização histórica dos documentos, detalhando a vida monacal das religiosas que possuem a guarda da documentação. Também aborda-se o estudo dos aspectos codicológicos, diplomáticos e paleográficos. Elaboraram-se os verbetes de cada documento, adaptando-os segundo o estudo apresentado pelo Projeto Resgate. As fichas com a descrição codicológica dos documentos estudados organizam e apresentam os principais elementos sobre a materialidade do corpus. O estudo paleográfico apresenta um quadro contrastivo entre a escrita dos cinco punhos mais variáveis no corpus. Esse corpus é relevante para o estudo da história do período, da instituição e representativo do estado de língua da época. / This thesis presents a semidiplomatic edition of Church documents, manuscripts from the mid eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from the Convent of Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Lapa, Salvador Bahia. This study aims to provide a reliable source for future philological studies, historical, cultural, religious and linguistic studies of the period. The corpus is constitued of 63 (sixty three) loose folios, totaling a set of 46 (forty six) documents. Complementing the issue, it presents the historical context of the documents. It also addresses the study aspects of aspects codicological, diplomatic and paleography. Were of each document was studies elabored, adapting them acording studies of the study presented by the Projeto Resgate. The codicological chips organize and present the main elements that detail the mateariality of the corpus of each item, besides the description of the origin of the paper, etc. The palaeographic study presents the picture of five wrists, which deals with the contrastive of the spelling of period in question. This corpus is relevant to the study of the history of the period, the institution and representative of state language studies of the time.

One of the most significant events in the Cold War-dominated years of the 1950's and early1960's was the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. It not only has been reputed by most authorities as a major turning point in the Soviet Union-American struggle, but it dramatically illustrated the critical dimension of thermo-nuclear weapons in international relations. In addition, and of particular interest to one directly involved, it showed that firmness in policy and proper application of military power are key factors in obtaining favorable and peaceful settlements of international disputes.

The essential objective of this study was to reveal the degree to which one man, Nicholas Muraviev, was instrumental in bringing about Russia's annexation of The Amur basin, as well as the territory that became the Maritime Province of Siberia. Introductory chapters provide: a) a background summary of Muraviev's education and of his career prior to his service in Siberia and b) a brief historical survey of the area in which his achievements raised Russia to the position of a Far Eastern Power. The main body of the study comprises an analytical narrative of Muraviev's activities during the decade that culminated in the Chinese capitulation at Aigun in 1858. Closing chapters explain the factors that turned the newly acquired territories into a burden for the Russian Government until it decided to build the trans-Siberian railway, and set forth some conclusions regarding the historical significance of Muraviev's role as Russia's pro-consul in Eastern Siberia. Extensive use was made of the prime single source of information on Muraviev's life, Ivan Barsukov's Graf N. N. Muraviev-Amurskii, po ego pismam, ofitsialnym dokumentam, razskazam sovremmenikov it pechatnym istochnikam (materialy d1ia biografii). Also of significant assistance was the bibliography contained in J. L. Sullivan's doctoral dissertation, Count N. N. Muraviev-Amurskii, a full-scale biography. Sullivan's dissertation preceded two important works bearing on the Muraviev period in Siberia and drawn on extensively in the present study; R. K. I. Quested's The Expansion of Russia in East Asia, 1858-1860, and P. I. Kabanov's Amurskii Vopross. Among other particularly valuable sources was P. V. Schumacher's long article, K istorii priobretenia Amurai. Snoshenias Kitaem s 1848 po 1860 g.” contained in Russki Arkhiv, which, together with Russkaia Starina and Krasny Arkhiv, also contain numerous other documents, memoirs and contemporary accounts that were consulted. Of signal value, too, among the special studies, surveys and reference works consulted was the introductory chapter of Andrew Malozemoff's " Russian Far Eastern Policy, 1881-1904. A complete selected bibliography is included. The research undertaken for this study has led to the conclusion that had it not been for Muraviev's imagination and ingenuity, his willingness, on occasion, to flout authority and his dedication and extraordinary stamina, the annexation to Eastern Siberia of almost 400,000 square miles of territory might never have taken place. Muraviev was sometimes impatient, perhaps sometimes insufficiently impressed by broader politico-military considerations that dictated what he regarded as an inexcusably over-cautious attitude toward Russo-Chinese relations in St. Petersburg. He also tended to exaggerate the immediate benefits that would accrue to Russia once she acted boldly on the Amur. Yet the salient fact remains that it was the intensity with which he pursued his idee fixe, both with words and actions, the years of his methodical preparation, with minimal support from the Russian Government, that made it possible for that Government to nullify the Treaty of Nerchinsk and to extend the Russian Empire's realms on the Pacific's shores down to the Korean frontier. It took important external factors, such as the Crimean War, and the resulting replacement of Muraviev's nemesis, Nesselrode, and his clique, with more capable and far sighted officials, to bring Muraviev's plans to fruition. But to say this is simply to say that the authorities in St. Petersburg, viewing the confluence of events on the international scene, finally recognized that in Muraviev they had the right man at the right place at the right time.

acase@tulane.edu

本文主要目的在研究西德政府的安全政策為何。第二次世界大戰後,德國一分為二,直到一九九0年才再度統一,分裂過程總計四十年之中久。在這段漫長路途中,德國問題不只和心繫祖國一統的德意志人民有密切關係,也牽涉到忽緊忽鬆的東西關係。畢竟,德國問題不只是德國人的家務事,也牽動著東西兩大陣營在歐洲的均勢角逐。由於是牽一髮而動全局的關鍵所在,在這場零合競爭中,德國的再統一在一九八九年之前似乎只是個夢想而已。固然,德國的再統一印證了天下合久必分,分久必合的說法,但是過於強調這種說法,所可能犯的錯誤就在於,將統一視為一種只是水到渠成的時 間問題,而忽略了過程的探討。僅管戈巴契夫的新思維(New Thinking)和東歐人心思變是兩股將兩德推向統一的重大力量,但之前西德政府長期的努力也是功不可沒。倘若沒有艾德諾(Konrad Adenauer)政府的固本培元,布朗德(Willy Brandt)政府的認清時機及順水推舟以及施密特(Helmut Schmidt)政府的前瞻務實,那麼統一是否能在柯爾(Helmut Kohl)政府時期順利和平的完成,不也是個疑問。因此,本文的研就希望瞭解,在戰後的國際體係下,艾德諾政府及施密特政府的安全政策為何,成就為何?三者差異為何?所面臨的困境為何?