- / -

This dissertation is a comparative case study of British policy towards and perceptions of Persia/Iran during the latter's two modern revolutions, 1906-1909 (Constitutional) and 1976-1979 ('Islamic'). The study covers both official perceptions and policy, meaning that of the Foreign Office and Diplomatic Service and the perceptions of the press, civil society, Parliament and wider public opinion; thus it is not a traditional exercise in diplomatic history. It explores British views of both the Shah/government and opposition forces during these two periods in detail and presents these views in a comparative perspective. The research paints a broad social and historical picture of how changes in both British and Iranian government, society and global status affected their mutual relations. Key themes relate to how the decline of (Edwardian) Liberalism, the transformation of the Left in the twentieth century and Britain's decline as an imperial power affected its perceptions and policy-making in Iran; how civil society and public opinion exerted a disproportionately strong influence in the earlier period before Britain was even a fully democratic society; how notions of Orientalism and Aryanism shaped official and public perceptions; and how changing geopolitics impacted perceptions, particularly in the case of Tsarist Russia versus the Soviet Union. This study has revealed numerous counter-intuitive points about the foreign relations and perceptions of British government and society vis-à-vis Iran and prompts a reconsideration of the evolution of British public and official attitudes during the twentieth century as manifested in the case of Iran at two critical historical junctures.

Quels rapports entretenaient avec l’écrit une société urbaine du Nord comme celle de Douai au XIIIe s.? Très rare pour les siècles antérieurs, la documentation conservée abonda alors avec près de 2.200 actes de la pratique juridique, des registres échevinaux, des comptes… L’écrit était devenu un outil indispensable de la vie sociale, qui en fut bouleversée. S’appuyant sur les acquis de la « 1ère révolution de l’écrit » de la fin du XIe s., cette profonde mutation socio-culturelle se déroula en deux temps : l’une d’intensification, d’ouverture aux laïcs et au vernaculaire (« 2e révolution de l’écrit », c. 1170-1240), l’autre de large intensification, de diversification typologique et de diffusion sociale de l’écrit (« 3e révolution de l’écrit », c. 1250-1300). Tentant de prendre en compte les divers acteurs et usagers de l’écrit, l’étude se concentre sur les 1.300 chirographes échevinaux conservés, dont les premières étapes d’une histoire totale sont esquissées (production, usages et archivage). Ces actes de juridiction gracieuse de l’élite bourgeoise se banalisèrent à la fin du siècle pour toucher des couches sociales qu’on croyait étrangères à la culture de l’écrit. / How did an urban society like the Flemish town of Douai deal with the written word in the 13th century? Up to then, archives were very rare, but at that time a documentary boom can be observed with nearly 2,200 acts of legal practice, several aldermen’s registers, accounts…The written word had become a required tool of social life, which had been changed drastically by it. Based on the experience of the “1st revolution of the written word” at the end of the 11th century, this deep socio-cultural mutation took place in two stages: one characterized by intensification, opening to lay people and to vernacular language (“2nd revolution of the writtenword”, circa 1170-1240), the other by large-scale intensification, typological diversification and social diffusion of literacy (“3rd revolution of the written word”, circa 1250-1300). Trying to take into account the various agents and users of the written word, this work focuses on the 1,300 preserved aldermen’s chirographs, of which the first stages of a total history (making, using and storing) are sketched out. Those acts of voluntary jurisdiction issued from the burgher elite had become commonplace at the end of the 13th century so as to reach social groups thought to be closed to literacy.

This submission for PhD by Publication includes two studies I conducted during 8 years of dedicated field research examining the US role in mediating the Arab-Israeli conflict. These studies developed from my collection of in-depth oral testimonies and were buttressed by my recovery and examination of troves of original documents that had been previously denied any public, much less academic, scrutiny. The scope of this qualitative research and my political and historical analysis of it resulted in two published books that chronicle the unsuccessful American efforts to negotiate Arab-Israeli peace agreements during the presidencies of William Clinton, George W. Bush, and the first term of Barack Obama. In order of publication, they are The Truth About Camp David (New York: Nation Books, 2004) and The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road? (London: Hesperus Press, 2011). The original academic contribution of both works was the presentation of new empirical evidence to advance understanding of how heavily biased American mediation severely damaged this diplomatic undertaking. Despite being a solidly pro-Israel country, the United States had previously been able to achieve some notable mediation successes when it made efforts to adopt an “even-handed” approach. Yet in the period covered by both my books, I demonstrated how top American mediators—comprised of mostly pro-Israel partisans—dismissed any pretext of impartiality, and in most instances even escalated their mediation bias. This behavior has exacerbated the Arab-Israeli conflict and made the stated aim of a comprehensive peace a very distant prospect. The Truth About Camp David was intended as a first rough draft of history. The title references the famous summit convened by President Clinton in July 2000 that failed to forge peace between Israelis and Palestinians and the overarching US-led “peace process” around it which contributed to the outbreak of the Second Intifada. The book also details the effort to conclude an Israeli-Syrian peace agreement at Geneva just months before, which also failed. My research advanced the thesis that both the Geneva and Camp David summits were historic miscarriages of diplomacy by my presentation of granular insider accounts revealing the intensity of American mediation bias. I also exposed the general disorganization of its negotiating team, a dysfunction that was largely unknown to the public prior to my book’s release. My primary purpose in writing The Truth About Camp David was thus to enable its reinterpretation by making public new evidence about this watershed moment and the period surrounding it. Relying primarily on oral history, I interviewed US, Arab, Israeli and European officials who were first-hand participants to collect their personal narratives. I sought to identify discrepancies in their accounts, and attempted to reconcile them through further interviews, document interrogation, and my own analysis. A key challenge of The Truth About Camp David was thus to weave a thread through the various testimonies and present, as best as I could, a coherent historical narrative. Following that, my aim was to have it reviewed and discussed among credible scholars and the foreign policy community. The testimonies within The Truth About Camp David directly challenged the official narrative and prevailing media orthodoxy at the time of Palestinian blame and Syrian intransigence. As a result, it helped reframe both political debate and academic scholarship concerning this crucial period of American diplomatic intervention. In 2006, The Truth About Camp David was translated into Arabic, giving its contents even greater reach. My 2011 book “The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road?” continued my earlier line of inquiry and was largely based on documents given to me the year prior, referred to as “The Palestine Papers,” the largest leak of confidential negotiating records in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Published in full by Al Jazeera Media Network, and in limited partnership with the UK’s Guardian newspaper, the content of the files generated headlines around the world from January 24-27, 2011. My additional research for The Palestine Papers was released in May 2011 as an anthology of select papers with my accompanying qualitative analysis and interpretation rather than a stylistic mediation critique. My aim in writing “The Palestine Papers: The End of the Road?” publication was to reach beyond Al Jazeera and Guardian audiences and equip interested scholars, practitioners, and skeptics with essential highlights from the papers as well as an analytical framework to put them into context. My research for The Palestine Papers sought to help reconcile the intervening gap of negotiating history from Truth About Camp David, following the trajectory of how Israelis and Palestinians alike had grown even more conditioned to expect if not rely upon biased American mediation that excessively tilts toward Israel. The Palestine Papers also catalogues for the first time the dynamics that enabled US negotiators to escalate its role from being the self-appointed judge of Palestinian negotiating behavior during the talks (in the Camp David 2000 era) to the unilateral “juror” of its final-status positions (evidenced by the presidencies of George W Bush and Barack Obama). A supplemental essay included in this submission analyzes an earlier diplomatic era to advance my thesis of how far US mediation bias has traveled since America assumed the principal negotiator role of the Arab-Israeli conflict in the early 1970’s. Indeed, based on the overarching narrative that evolve from both those publications and this essay, it is entirely predictable to see how America’s mediation posture has matured into the era of extreme pro-Israel bias that now characterizes the approach of the Trump Administration. I will interpret this collective diplomatic history using a range of multidisciplinary academic theories addressing biased mediation in international conflict resolution. Then, by drawing on the scholarship from my previous books, I will assess and critique the theoretical benefits of employing biased mediators in conflict resolution—as some prominent scholars have advocated for. By taking a fresh look at earlier Arab-Israeli negotiations led by Henry Kissinger under President’s Richard Nixon and Gerald Ford, I am able to make even greater contrast to that very limited era when biased American mediation in the Arab-Israeli conflict appeared to yield limited success. The process of applying the scholarship of others against the knowledge created from my own published works enable me to demonstrate in this essay that the present day American negotiating bias toward Israel largely exceeds what the normative scholarship on mediation bias envisaged.

Este trabalho apresenta a edição semidiplomática de 68 documentos manuscritos da segunda metade do século XVIII, entre os anos de 1767 e 1775, referentes ao período de governo de Dom Luís Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourão como Capitão General da Capitania de São Paulo. O conjunto desses documentos, originalmente avulsos, encontra-se reunido em um livro manuscrito de número 170 no Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo (AESP). A fim de melhor estudar tal livro manuscrito, esse trabalho compõe-se de um capítulo acerca da descrição codicológica e paleográfica, seguido da classificação das espécies documentais existentes no corpus transcrito. Além de um capítulo sobre o momento histórico em que foram executados os documentos. Após os capítulos de análise do corpus, há o núcleo do trabalho: a transcrição semidiplomática e justalinear face a face com a reprodução facsimilar de cada fólio dos documentos. No livro manuscrito há também páginas impressas, que foram anexadas após as transcrições, embora não façam parte do presente estudo. Uma vez que os documentos aqui publicados encontravam-se inéditos, a sua divulgação certamente contribuirá para os estudos filológicos, linguísticos e históricos da época. / This essay presents the facsimilar copies and the semi diplomatic editions of 68 manuscripts from the second half of the eighteenth century, between the years 1767 and 1775, during the government of the General Captain of the São Paulo Captaincy, Dom Luis Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourão. This corpus was selected in the Arquivo do Estado de São Paulo (AESP) and all of the documents are covered in the manuscript book number 170, where they follow the same order as presented here. In order to study the manuscript book, this work is composed by a chapter about Codicology and Palaeography of the studied documents, followed by the classifications of the documental species of the corpus. Before the transcriptions, there is a chapter about the historical moment in which the documents were executed. The transcription of the handwriting part of the codex is semi diplomatic, line by line and face to face with the respective facsimilar reproduction of each manuscript. There are also printed documents in the manuscript book, which were attached to this work, though they are not the object of study. Since the documents are not yet published, their divulgation can certainly contribute to the philological, linguistic and historical studies.

Edição semidiplomática de corpus selecionado a partir do códice ?Ofícios do Vice-Rei para o Governador da Capitania 1793/98?, visando a fornecer fonte fidedigna para futuros estudos filológicos, lingüísticos, históricos e culturais do período. Trata-se também de um estudo mais detalhado desse códice catarinense que contextualiza historicamente os documentos que o compõem, assim como aborda aspectos paleográficos, codicológicos e diplomáticos com o propósito de responder a questionamentos e hipóteses surgidos durante a edição acerca de sua composição, criação e origem. Este trabalho descreve codicológica e paleograficamente o códice em geral, apresenta uma demonstração de diferentes punhos e procura levantar traços de natureza fonológica de um manuscrito dentro do códice. Consta também deste trabalho uma tentativa de identificação tipológica mais adequada através da composição de um verbete descritivo do corpus. / Semidiplomatic edition of the selected corpus from the codex ?Oficios do Vice Rei para o Governador da Capitania 1793/98? (Memorandums from the Vice-king to the Governor of the Province 1793/98?) seeking to provide a trustworthy source to further philological, linguistical, historical and cultural studies of such period. It is also a thorough study of this Catarinense (from Santa Catarina) codex that put its documents into a historical perspective. It touches its paleographic, codicological and diplomatic aspects aiming to address questionings and hypotheses raised during the editing process concerning its composition, how it was assembled, and its origin. This work describes the codex general paleography and codicology. It presents a demonstration of different handwritings and attempts to raise traces of phonological aspects from the codex. This project also proposes a more adequate typological identification of the documents, through descriptive summaries of each memo.

Nesta dissertação analisamos as relações culturais construídas pelo escritor e diplomata colombiano Germán Arciniegas com os meios intelectuais argentinos entre 1939 e 1960, concentrando o estudo nas mediações culturais promovidas por ele. No primeiro momento as atividades de Arciniegas estiveram relacionadas com as funções diplomáticas e contemplaram o controle de informação sobre o governo colombiano e a promoção de tratados comerciais. Mas foram assuntos relativos à arte a à literatura os que concentraram os esforços de Arciniegas para estimular o diálogo e o conhecimento das tradições culturais de cada país. No segundo momento Arciniegas continuou impulsionando a integração intelectual, articulando a própria carreira e as perspectivas da consagração aos editores argentinos, e transmitindo uma imagem da história e da cultura argentina ao público do jornal colombiano El Tiempo. / This work analyses the intellectual relationships built by Colombian writer and diplomat Germán Arciniegas with Argentinian cultural institutions between 1939 and 1960. It focuses on cultural mediations arranged by him. Although initially his activities were related to diplomatic functions and contemplated the control of information about the Colombian government and the promotion of commercial deals, artistic and literary issues became what concentrated Arciniega´s efforts to stimulate the dialogue and knowledge of the cultural traditions of both countries. Subsequently, Arciniegas continues to promote intellectual integration by articulating his own career and perspective of intellectual success with Argentinian publishers, becoming the Colombian consultant for the editors and transmitting an image of Argentinian history and culture to the Colombian journal El Tiempo´s public. The work explores the political-ideological means of these activities and partnerships by the analysis of Arciniega´s correspondence archive

A presente dissertação apresenta a edição semidiplomática de documentos eclesiásticos, manuscritos entre meados do século XVIII e fim do XIX, provenientes do Convento de Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Lapa, localizado em Salvador Bahia. Este estudo visa fornecer fonte fidedigna para futuros estudos filológicos, históricos, culturais, religiosos e linguísticos do período. O corpus é constituído de 63 (sessenta e três) fólios avulsos, totalizando um conjunto de 46 (quarenta e seis) documentos. Para complementar a edição, apresenta-se a contextualização histórica dos documentos, detalhando a vida monacal das religiosas que possuem a guarda da documentação. Também aborda-se o estudo dos aspectos codicológicos, diplomáticos e paleográficos. Elaboraram-se os verbetes de cada documento, adaptando-os segundo o estudo apresentado pelo Projeto Resgate. As fichas com a descrição codicológica dos documentos estudados organizam e apresentam os principais elementos sobre a materialidade do corpus. O estudo paleográfico apresenta um quadro contrastivo entre a escrita dos cinco punhos mais variáveis no corpus. Esse corpus é relevante para o estudo da história do período, da instituição e representativo do estado de língua da época. / This thesis presents a semidiplomatic edition of Church documents, manuscripts from the mid eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, from the Convent of Nossa Senhora da Conceição da Lapa, Salvador Bahia. This study aims to provide a reliable source for future philological studies, historical, cultural, religious and linguistic studies of the period. The corpus is constitued of 63 (sixty three) loose folios, totaling a set of 46 (forty six) documents. Complementing the issue, it presents the historical context of the documents. It also addresses the study aspects of aspects codicological, diplomatic and paleography. Were of each document was studies elabored, adapting them acording studies of the study presented by the Projeto Resgate. The codicological chips organize and present the main elements that detail the mateariality of the corpus of each item, besides the description of the origin of the paper, etc. The palaeographic study presents the picture of five wrists, which deals with the contrastive of the spelling of period in question. This corpus is relevant to the study of the history of the period, the institution and representative of state language studies of the time.

La basilique du martyr saint Julien de Brioude devint à la fin de l'Antiquité tardive le sanctuaire du saint patron des Arvernes. Le prestige du saint de Brioude et de son église resta constant en Aquitaine et au-delà dans toutes les Gaules. L'inhumation décisive de l'Empereur gaulois Avitus en 455 en ce lieu, suivie plus tard par celle duc et abbé Guillaume « le Pieux » témoigne de l'importance capitale du site. Cette aura suscita tout au long du Moyen ge la production d'une documentation diversifiée et continue. Le croisement des sources relatives à ce saint militaire et à son culte éclaire de façon originale la nature de cette ancienne institution. Au cœur du vicus rural de Brioude, la communauté des desservants de la basilique, précocement placée sous la tuitio royale des souverains mérovingiens, se comportait à la façon d'un petit senatus. Le monumental Grand cartulaire ou Liber de honoribus témoigne intensément de la remise des richesses foncières de la contrée à Saint-Julien aux temps carolingiens et lors des premiers capétiens. Dans celui-ci, l'omniprésence de la clause d'usufruit à réserve viagère caractérise la diplomatique brivadoise du haut Moyen ge. Au bénéfice du donateur, contre acquittement d'un cens, l'usufruit permettait aux cadets des familles aristocratiques, se succédant d'oncle à neveu au canonicat, de réitérer sans cesse la traditio symbolique de la propriété de biens domaniaux au saint Patron, tout en garantissant aux familles la jouissance effective de leurs produits. L'usufruit, technique propre à la romanité juridique vulgaire et provinciale, s'avère être le régime particulier aux res maternae, c'est-à-dire aux biens à disposition de la mère mais destinés à la communauté des enfants du lit. Cette origine des droits ecclésiastiques, consistant en une propriété éminente ou un dominium largement délégataire, reposait donc sur la mise en gage auprès de l'église du saint Patron des biens paraphernaux (dots et douaires) circulant et négociés entre les familles aristocratiques lors de leurs alliances. Telle était la routine de l'administration de ces territoires de confins d'Auvergne, où Fisc et Église étaient jusqu'alors intimement liés, sous la majesté du roi et du saint Patron. Les fortunes du culte et du patronage de Julien, amènent à reconsidérer les effets de l'installation massive et concurrentielle des ordres monastiques nouvellement constitués dans ces territoires, et partant à y évaluer la façon dont ils accompagnèrent le processus de « Féodalité ». L'étude est accompagnée pour ce faire d'un recueil de Pièces justificatives proposant quelques textes inédits, une reprise ecdotique des éditions antérieures ou encore le commentaire de textes importants : les Tables originales ou falsifiées du Grand cartulaire, le Petit cartulaire ou Liber viridis inédit, le martyrologe et livre de chapitre de la communauté, un florilège de chartes remarquables et de communautés voisines, un point sur les formules d'Auvergne, sur la généalogie comtale ou encore sur la géographie institutionnelle du pays avant et après l'an mil, adjoints d'un compendium sur l'usufruit dans le droit provincial impérial et « barbare » et les représentations graphiques anciennes de la parenté en Romania. Enfin l'ouvrage se clôt par l'adjonction d'annexes monographiques sur l'église de Saint-Julien : révision des listes de dignitaires, point sur le dossier hagiographique du saint, étude de l'inventaire ancien des reliques du sanctuaire, publication du calendrier liturgique médiéval de l'église, mise-à-jour du commentaire de l'unique pièce liturgique composée in loco Sancti Juliani, le Cantum ducis, et enfin une étude numismatique systématique des émissions du vicus ou de la basilique de Brioude. / At the end of late antiquity, the Basilica of the Holy Martyr St. Julian of Brioude became the sanctuary of the patron saint of the Arverni. The prestige of the saint of Brioude and of his church remained constant both in Aquitaine and beyond, in all the Gauls. The decisive burial, in 455, of the Gallic emperor Avitus in this pivotal location, followed later by that of the Duke and Abbot William “the Pious”, demonstrates the capital importance of the site. This aura led to the production of continuous and diverse documentation throughout the Middle Ages. The comparison of the sources concerning this military saint and his veneration casts an original light on the nature of this ancient institution. In the heart of the rural vicus of Brioude, the community of the basilica, precociously placed under the royal tuitio of the Merovingian sovereigns, functioned in the manner of a small senatus. The monumental Grand Cartulaire or Liber de Honoribus reflects with force the pledging of the real estate of the region to Saint Julian in Carolingian times and during the early reigns of the Capetians. In this work, the omnipresence of the clause of lifetime usufruct characterises the Carolingian and late-Carolingian charters of Brioude during the High Middle Ages.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier, à travers deux quotidiens libanais, An-Naharet As-Safir, les négociations de paix entre le Liban, la Syrie et Israël, de 1991 à 2000, période sensible de l’histoire contemporaine libanaise, phase d’après-guerre marquée par une forte influence politique syrienne sur le pays et intervalle stratégique quant au processus de paix lancé entre Israël et les pays arabes. Il s’agit d’analyser l’évolution de la couverture de ces deux quotidiens, représentatifs de la presse quotidienne nationale libanaise et des divergences politiques que connaît le pays dans le traitement d’un sujet géopolitique sensible qui touche à la souveraineté du Liban, ainsi qu’aux relations entre la Syrie et Israël. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi un corpus qui couvre l’ensemble de la décennie, en se limitant à la Une de chaque journal. Afin de réaliser cette étude avec le recul scientifique nécessaire, nous avons mis au point un logiciel de tri spécialement conçu à cette fin. Il permet de mettre en place une grille d’organisation et d’analyse des informations textuelles et de la production médiatique.L’étude du corpus a été faite dans un premier temps de manière horizontale, afin de croiser les propos des différents acteurs et d’effectuer les mises en parallèle entre le traitement des deux quotidiens. Elle a ensuite été poursuivie de manière verticale, au sein de chaque journal et pour chaque auteur, dans le but de déterminer l’évolution des discours politiques et journalistiques retenus, tout en croisant les différents propos pour en faire ressortir les divergences et les convergences, ainsi que les constantes et les variantes au fil du temps. / The main purpose of this thesis is to study, peace negotiations between Lebanon,Syria and Israel from 1991 to 2000, via their coverage in two Lebanese news papers An-Naharand As-Safir. This was a tense period in the recent history of Lebanon; it was marked by thepolitical influence of Syria on Lebanon, and a strategic period during which the peace processbetween Israel and Arab countries began. It consists primarily in an analysis of the changingnature of the coverage and discourse of two major Lebanese daily newspapers - An-Nahar andAs-Safir. The “copy” here analyzed related to a sensitive geopolitical issue affecting Lebanese independence and relations between Syria and Israel. The survey spans à decade: it is limited to front-page coverage of each newspaper. In order to examine the subject scientifically, aspecific software was specially designed and developed for this purpose. A matrix fororganizing and analyzing textual information and media production was devised. First thestudy was affected horizontally, in order to compare various actors and their related newspaper coverage. Then the study was elaborated in a vertical manner, i.e. by handlingeach newspaper and each author separately, in order to establish the evolution of different discourse. This was achieved by cross-comparing differences and similarities in the discourse,and constants and variables over time.