CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial produtivo de genÃtipos de feijÃo-caupi para a produÃÃo de feijÃo-verde, e selecionar o mais adequado para recomendar como cultivar aos produtores do estado do CearÃ. Foram avaliados 16 genÃtipos de feijÃo-caupi em Pentecoste e Baixo AcaraÃ, municÃpios do estado do CearÃ. O delineamento experimental adotado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro repetiÃÃes. As variÃveis avaliadas foram: comprimento de vagem verde, massa de vagem verde, massa de grÃos de vagem verde, nÃmero de grÃos de vagem verde, massa de 100 grÃos verdes, Ãndice de grÃos verdes, produtividade de vagens verdes e produtividade de grÃos verdes. Realizou-se a correÃÃo de umidade das vagens verdes, sendo esta realizada pelo mÃtodo da embebiÃÃo de Ãgua das vagens e grÃos verdes atà atingir peso constante. As anÃlises de variÃncia univariada e conjunta foram utilizadas para a determinaÃÃo da variabilidade genÃtica entre os genÃtipos avaliados. Os valores mÃdios de cada variÃvel foram agrupados pelo teste de Scott-Knott. As correlaÃÃes foram estimadas por meio da anÃlise de trilha seguindo o modelo proposto por Li, determinando-se os efeitos diretos e indiretos dos componentes da produtividade. Em relaÃÃo à correÃÃo de umidade das vagens e grÃos verdes apÃs a colheita, observou-se que os dados originais apresentam maiores representatividades da massa seca e pressupÃem uma maior precisÃo experimental, sendo a correÃÃo de umidade das vagens e dos grÃos verdes nas condiÃÃes ambientais avaliadas desnecessÃria. Com relaÃÃo à produtividade e seus componentes, observou-se resposta diferenciada dos genÃtipos para todos os caracteres avaliados, demonstrando presenÃa de variabilidade genÃtica. O genÃtipo BRS Tumucumaque apresentou as maiores mÃdias de produtividade de grÃos verdes e componentes primÃrios da produÃÃo em relaÃÃo aos demais genÃtipos em Pentecoste. Jà para o municÃpio de Baixo AcaraÃ, os genÃtipos MNC05-841B-49 e Paulistinha apresentaram as maiores mÃdias de produtividade de grÃos verdes e componentes primÃrios da produÃÃo em relaÃÃo aos demais genÃtipos. Observou-se resposta diferenciada dos genÃtipos nos ambientes, indicando a necessidade da realizaÃÃo da anÃlise de trilha para cada situaÃÃo. A seleÃÃo de genÃtipos mais produtivos em Baixo Acaraà deve ser realizada por meio de seleÃÃo indireta pelo componente massa de grÃos de vagem verde, pelo fato de apresentar maior efeito direto sobre a produtividade, alta herdabilidade e alto coeficiente de variabilidade genÃtico e relaÃÃo CVg/CVe maior que a unidade. Jà a seleÃÃo de genÃtipos mais produtivos em Pentecoste deve ser realizada por meio de seleÃÃo indireta do componente produtividade de vagens verdes, pelo fato de apresentar correlaÃÃo positiva alta com a produtividade de grÃos verdes. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the yield potential of cowpea genotypes for the production of green beans, and select the most appropriate to recommend to farmers how to cultivate the state of CearÃ. We evaluated 16 genotypes of cowpea at Pentecost and Low Acaraà municipalities of CearÃ. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. The variables evaluated were: green pod length, green pod mass, bulk grain green pod, number of pod green beans, green beans 100 mass index, green beans, yield of green pods and grain yield green. Was performed to correct moisture from green pods, being performed by the method of soaking water from beans and green beans until constant weight. Analyses of variance were combined and used to determine the genetic variability among the genotypes. Mean values for each variable were grouped by Scott-Knott. Correlations were estimated using path analysis following the model proposed by Li, determining the direct and indirect effects of yield components. Regarding the correction of moisture pods and green beans after harvest, it was observed that the original data have higher representativeness of the dry mass and require increased experimental precision, and correction of moisture from the pods of green beans and environmental conditions evaluated not necessary. With respect to yield and its components, we observed differential response of genotypes for all traits, indicating the presence of genetic variability. The BRS Tumucumaque genotype had the highest average grain yield components and green primary production in comparison with other genotypes at Pentecost. As for the municipality of Low Acaraà genotypes MNC05-841B-49 and Paulistinha had the highest average grain yield components and green primary production in comparison with other genotypes. Observed differential response of genotypes in the environments, indicating the necessity of performing path analysis for each situation. A selection of more productive genotypes in Low Acaraà should be done through indirect selection for grain yield component of green pod, since it presents greater direct effect on productivity, high heritability and high genetic variability coefficient and CVg / CVe greater than unity. Have a selection of more productive genotypes at Pentecost must be performed by indirect selection component yield of green pods, because this has high positive correlation with grain yield green.

La thèse étudie les comportements en matière de structure de capital dans les pays en voie de développement d'Asie. Elle débute avec le cas du Vietnam qui prouve que l'objectif à long terme de ratio d'endettement existe dans le marché Vietnamien tandis que la Pecking Order Theory ne semble pas lui être applicable. Au Vietnam, tant les entreprises privées que publiques s'ajustent rapidement aux niveauxoptimaux d'endettement. La thèse élargit ensuite l'étude en prenant en compte les effets de la concentration bancaire et ceux de la liberté économique dans douze pays émergents d'Asie. Elle décrit une relation négative entre la concentration bancaire et l'endettement dans l'Asie émergente et confirme que ce signe corrélé change à un seuil donné. L'étude trouve aussi des effets significatifs directs etindirects de la concentration bancaire et de la liberté économique sur la dette. Enfin, l'article suggère que le déficit de dette et la fenêtre d'opportunités affectent sensiblement les décisions de financement des entreprises en Asie émergente. Il apporte des preuves qui démontre la domination de l'émission de titres de créances sur tout autre mode de financement en Asie émergente et cette domination s'accroit après la crise financière. / Case and find the results proving that the long-run target debt ratio does exist in the Vietnamese market while the pecking order theory seems not be applicable in Vietnam market. In addition, both Vietnamese private firms and state-owned firms rapidly adjust to their optimal levels of debt. The thesis continues toextend the study by considering the effects of bank concentration and economic freedom effects on debt in 12 developing countries in Asia. It describes a negative relationship between bank concentration and leverage in Asian developing countries and confirms that this correlated sign changes at a given threshold level. It also finds significant direct and indirect effects of bank concentration and economicfreedom on debt. Finally, the paper suggests that the debt deficit and window of opportunities significantly affect firms’ financing decisions in developing Asia. It provides evidence which indicates that pure debt issuance is dominant compared to other financing choices in Asian developing countries, and this dominance becomes more significant after the financial crisis.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The dual purpose wheat has the capacity to produce forage and grain, through the expression of morphological and bromatologic traits and yield components. Thus, the overall goal was to identify biometric models to understand the interrelationships between traits, direct and indirect selection in breeding wheat for dual purposes. The specific objectives of this study were to determine the canonical correlations between groups of morphological traits and grain yield, and identify the direction and the magnitude of the relationship; and identify the phenotypic relationships of cause and effect bromatologic between forage characters in wheat genotypes under different dual purpose cutting managements. The experiments were conducted in the growing seasons 2013 and 2014 in the experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria Campus Frederico Westphalen - RS. A randomized complete block design was used in three trials, the first experiment was arranged in a factorial: five genotypes (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu and BRS 277) x four cutting managements (uncut, a cut, two cuts and three cuts). The second experiment was arranged in a factorial: Five genotypes (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu and BRS 277) x Three cutting managements (first cut, second cut and third cut). The traits evaluated were: number of tillers per plant (AF), stem diameter of tillers (DAF), diameter of the main stem (DCP), number of fertile tillers (AFF), number of ears per square meter (ESPM), number of grains per ear (NGE), grain weight per ear (MGE), thousand grain weight (MMG), grain yield (RG), weight hectolitre (PH), green matter per hectare (MV), dry matter per hectare (MS), percentage of hemicellulose (HEM), cellulose (CEL), mineral matter (MM), neutral detergent fiber (FDN), acid detergent fiber (FDA), lignin (LIG), total carbohydrates (CT), carbohydrates no fiber carbohydrates (CNF), crude protein (PTN), and lipids (LIP). Groups of morphological traits and grain yield in wheat dual purpose reveal highly significant relationships. In the management at uncut and one cut wheat, associations are similarly established for both groups, by increasing the DCP, and determining the ESPM the increase, NGE and MGE, MMG, PH and RG. With two cuts the associations are established through the DAF, which influences an increase in MMG, PH and RG. Three cuts showed that the increase in AF increment the ESPM, NGE and MGE, MMG, PH and RG. The indirect selection aimed at increasing the PTN in the first cut can be based on CT, CNF and MV. The second cut provides indirect selection with LIG, CNF, MV and MS. The increase of PTN in the third cut can be obtained by indirect selection to the FDA, CEL, LIG, MM, MV and MS. Indirect selection through forage characters and bromatologic can be successful, since it considers the effect assigned to each cutting management. / O trigo duplo propósito apresenta capacidade de produzir forragem e grãos, através da expressão de caracteres morfológicos, bromatológicos e componentes do rendimento. Desta maneira, o objetivo geral foi identificar modelos biométricos que permitam compreender as inter-relações entre caracteres, e direcionar a seleção indireta no melhoramento genético de trigo duplo propósito. Os objetivos específicos deste trabalho foram: determinar as correlações canônicas entre grupos de caracteres morfológicos e do rendimento de grãos, e identificar o sentido e a magnitude das relações; e identificar as associações fenotípicas de causa e efeito entre caracteres forrageiros e bromatológicos em genótipos de trigo duplo propósito submetidos a diferentes manejos de corte.Os experimentos foram realizados nas safras agrícolas 2013 e 2014 na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria Campus de Frederico Westphalen RS. Utilizou-se o delineamento de blocos ao acaso em três repetições, o primeiro experimento foi organizado em fatorial: Cinco genótipos (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu e BRS 277) x Quatro manejos de corte (sem corte, um corte, dois cortes e três cortes). O segundo experimento foi organizado em fatorial: Cinco genótipos (BRS Tarumã, BRS Umbu, BRS Figueira, BRS Guatambu e BRS 277) x Três manejos de corte (primeiro corte, segundo corte e terceiro corte). Os caracteres avaliados foram: número de afilhos por planta (AF), diâmetro do colmo dos afilhos (DAF), diâmetro do colmo principal (DCP), número de afilhos férteis (AFF), número de espigas por metro quadrado (ESPM), número de grãos por espiga (NGE), massa de grãos por espiga (MGE), massa de mil grãos (MMG), rendimento de grãos (RG), peso hectolitro (PH), massa verde por hectare (MV), massa seca por hectare (MS), percentual de hemicelulose (HEM), celulose (CEL), material mineral (MM), fibras em detergente neutro (FDN), fibras em detergente ácido (FDA), lignina (LIG), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), proteína bruta (PTN), e lipídios (LIP). Os grupos de caracteres morfológicos e de rendimento de grãos em trigo duplo propósito revelam relações altamente significativas. No manejo sem cortes e com um corte, associações são estabelecidas similarmente para ambos os grupos, através do aumento do DCP, sendo determinante ao acréscimo de ESPM, NGE e MGE, MMG, PH e RG. Com dois cortes as associações são estabelecidas através do DAF, que influencia o aumento da MMG, PH e RG. Com três cortes evidencia-se que o aumento do AF incrementam ESPM,NGE e MGE, MMG, PH e RG.A seleção indireta visando incrementar PTN no primeiro corte pode ser baseada nos CT,CNF e MV. O segundo corte proporciona a seleção indireta com a LIG, CNF, MV e MS. O incremento de PTN no terceiro corte poderá ser obtido através da seleção indireta com FDA, CEL, LIG, MM, MV e MS. A seleção indireta através dos caracteres forrageiros e bromatológicos pode ser realizada com sucesso, desde que se considere o efeito atribuído a cada manejo de corte.

To show how predaceous fish and dragonflies affect benthic community structure, we conducted enclosure experiments in the littoral zone of Bays Mountain Lake, Tennessee. A 'natural' benthic assemblage was subjected to all combinations of 2 densities of 3 predator treatments - small sunfish, 0 or 4/m2; large dragonfly larvae, 0 or 15/m2; and dragonfly eggs at 2 densities, 90 or 900/m2. Treatments were assigned randomly in each of 6 spatiotemporal blocks. Net effects of predation over 4 mo show that small sunfish had 'strong' effects (>50% reduction of densities) on triclads, large daphnid cladocerans, and snails, and 'moderate' effects (50% > reduction > 25%) on small dragonflies and ostracods; all these effects were statistically significant, except the one on ostracods. Large dragonflies had moderate non-significant effects on triclads and ostracods. There were no significant increases in prey density associated with fish predation; but chydorid cladocerans and midge larvae showed 'weak' non-significant increases that might be caused by 'indirect effects' of fish predation on invertebrate predators or grazers. There were only 2 significant interaction terms indicative of 'higher-order interactions': Fish X Dragonfly on the large daphnid Simocephalus, and Fish X Egg Density on snails, which were associated with relatively low probabilities. In both cases, the net effect of dragonflies was to reduce prey densities more when fish were present.

Digital transformation har utvecklats till en central del inom många verksamheter i takt med ökad digitalisering i samhället. En digital transformation påverkar verksamhetsprocesserna samt deltagarna och tekniken inom IT-beroende arbetssystemet. Tidigare forskning framför hur hinder skapas inom en digital transformation. Syftet med studien är att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur IT-beroende arbetssystem påverkas av hinder, vilka effekter det resulterar i och hur framgångsfaktorer kan bidra med hanteringen av hinder. Studien använder sig av en abduktiv ansats, där teorier inom digital transformation väljs och analyseras med empiriska svar. De empiriska svaren grundar sig i djupintervjuer, vilket utgör en kvalitativ studie. Studien har identifierat att hinder ser olika ut beroende på verksamhet, däremot har hindren gemensamma grunder. Icke-kompatibla system, komplexitet och en svag förändringsbenägenhet bland personal är tre faktorer som studien bland annat identifierar. Hinder har resulterat i en förändrad arbetsprestanda, arbetsroller och framväxten av nya tankesätt. Vidare framför studien hur traditionella verksamheter har svårare att hantera hinder, i jämförelse med teknikbaserade verksamheter. Studien har bidragit med flera aspekter som förklarar hur hinder vid digital transformation hanteras inom respektive IT-beroende arbetssystem. Studien identifierar även vilken roll organisationskultur, kunskap och engagemang spelar i hanteringen av hinder. / Digital transformation has developed into a central part of many businesses in line with increased digitization in society. A digital transformation affects the business processes as well as the participants and the technology within the IT-dependent work system. Previous research shows how obstacles are created within a digital transformation. The purpose of the study is to create an increased understanding of how IT-dependent work systems are affected by obstacles, what effects this results in and how success factors can contribute to the management of obstacles. The study uses a abductive approach, where theories within digital transformation are selected and analyzed with empirical answers. The empirical responses are based on in-depth interviews, which constitute a qualitative study. The study has identified that obstacles look different depending on the business, but the obstacles have common grounds. Non-compatible systems, complexity and a weak mindset for changes among staff are three factors that the study identifies, among other things. Obstacles have resulted in a change in work performance, work roles and the emergence of new ways of thinking. Furthermore, the study shows how traditional businesses find it more difficult to deal with obstacles, compared to technology-based businesses. The study has contributed several aspects that explain how obstacles to digital transformation are handled within the respective IT-dependent work systems. The study also identifies the role that organizational culture, knowledge and commitment play in the management of obstacles.