Title: Analysis of interventions of detached units from Czech Armed Forces Objectives of work: to make overview of interventions of Czech Armed Forces for Integrated rescue system in the period 2001-2010 and divided by the nature of the emergencies. The results will be analysed in order to make conclusions in five areas: 1. overall use of Czech Armed Forces for Integrated rescue system 2. factors limiting use of Czech Armed Forces for Integrated rescue system 3. strengths and weaknesses in the internal management of Czech Armed Forces during deployment 4. cooperation of Czech Armed Forces and Integrated rescue system including a focus on functionality of established principles and algorithms required to deploy forces and equipment of Czech Armed Forces to rescue or liquidation operations. 5. financial costs of interventions of Czech Armed Forces for Integrated rescue system Method: Search in literature and writing the results in logical order. Procedures of reduced PEST analysis are used to assess the general risks of environment in the Czech Republic. The analytical part is processed with the help of elements of system analysis. Keywords: Integrated rescue system, Czech Arrned forces, natural disasters, epizootic, anthropogenic emergencies.

This study examines the phenomenon of student resiliency as it relates to Nunez Community College students who returned to attend school in the community of St. Bernard Parish following Hurricane Katrina. Nunez Community College is located in Chalmette, Louisiana, fifteen miles east of the City of New Orleans. The community is adjacent to the Lower Ninth Ward. This study seeks to answer the questions of why the students returned to a disaster-stricken area to continue their studies and how the students coped in the aftermath. There is a significant gap in the literature on post-disaster resiliency and in particular, the role of education in post-disaster recovery. Twelve students who returned to Nunez Community College post-Katrina were interviewed using a Student Resilience Model as a conceptual framework. The perceptions of the students' post-disaster experiences resulted in five themes which included Individual Resilience, Post-Disaster Academic Integration, Post-Disaster Social Int

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Science in Development Planning to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2017 / Throughout the 21st century, floods have caused major disasters in urban areas worldwide and especially in Africa. Several factors influence the ability of government to manage flood disasters through the phases of, preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery at a local level. The vulnerability of poor communities to flood disasters exacerbates the impact of the flooding on their livelihoods. The inability of governments to communicate effectively with communities about preparedness strategies for flood mitigation has resulted in much damage in urban areas. The study used semi-structured interviews with Disaster Management officials and community members involved in flooding to evaluate the Disaster Risk Management in Bramfischerville. The fieldwork took place in Bramfischerville that was affected by the 2009 floods. The research revealed that the 2009 Bramfischerville floods were caused by heavy rains, the building of RDP housing on a floodplain and ineffective implementation of Disaster Management strategies by the CoJ. This research argues that in order to understand flood disasters, cooperation between all stakeholders involved in Disaster Management is vital in knowledge accumulation. The 2009 floods had negatively impacted the livelihoods of people in Bramfischerville. Their houses were damaged and they had difficulty traveling to work and school. In this view, the costs associated with floods are continuously being a debt for the people living in Bramfischerville. This research found that the disjuncture between the community and the City of Johannesburg (CoJ) officials exacerbates the negative impacts floods have on people’s livelihoods in Bramfischerville. / MT2018

Os dados espaciais têm sido utilizados para o monitoramento ambiental de consequências de acidentes com produtos químicos no transporte de produtos perigosos. A Infraestrutura de Dados Espaciais (IDE), que foi criada para a disponibilização e uso de dados espaciais, esbarra na ausência de políticas para dar suporte a essa realização. O objetivo principal deste trabalho é explorar o uso da teoria de Análise de Rede Social (ARS) para diagnosticar a articulação entre as organizações do setor, e discutir as políticas e acordos institucionais vigentes e criar um esquema conceitual de uma IDE para gerenciamento de acidentes relacionados ao Transporte Rodoviário de Produtos Perigosos (TRPP). Neste contexto, esta pesquisa identificou as instituições que tratam do tema TRPP, para que informações sobre o interesse no uso e compartilhamento de dados espaciais através de uma IDE pudessem ser coletadas através de entrevistas, e desta forma, consolidadas. As entrevistas foram aplicadas de forma presencial em 39 instituições. A aplicação da teoria Análise de Rede Social (ARS) pôde diagnosticar o fluxo dos dados entre as instituições através da representação gráfica das redes de disponibilização e utilização de dados espaciais entre as organizações participantes. A partir de então, foram analisados e discutidos os acordos vigentes para compartilhamento de dados espaciais. Os resultados compilados permitiram propor um esquema conceitual de uma IDE para apoio a desastres envolvendo o TRPP, para, então, prover a elaboração de metodologia para o suporte ao diagnóstico da articulação entre os diversos atores de uma IDE. A finalidade é a possível a formulação de políticas para disponibilização de dados espaciais para tomada de decisões preventivas e de enfrentamento de desastres. Os resultados indicaram que as 39 instituições compartilham dados espaciais entre si, ainda que nem sempre por acordos formais preestabelecidos. Constatou-se ainda que há um grande anseio por parte das instituições que fazem o gerenciamento de acidentes envolvendo o TRPP para que haja mecanismos legais para compartilhamento de dados estruturantes para planejamento territorial - para que o uso desses dados possa auxiliar na preparação, prevenção, gerenciamento e socorro imediato aos incidentes que envolvem o TRPP. / Spatial data have been used for environmental monitoring of chemical accidents on the road transportation of dangerous goods. The Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) has been created to availability and use of spatial data, however, it emphasizes that there are no policies to support this realization. The main aim of this work is to create a conceptual scheme of a Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI) for management of transport of Dangerous Goods by road, focusing on the political context. It was identified the institutions that deal with the subject of road transportation of hazardous materials, Moreover the interviews could be consolidated. The interviews were administered by face, in 39 institutions. Interview data were ran in software UCINET, 2000 to obtain metrics related to centrality measures. The application of the theory of Social Network Analysis (ARS) could recognize the flow of data between institutions through the enrolled institutions. Furthermore, it was analyzed the network availability and use aspects of spatial data sharing between the organizations. Besides, the compiled results allowed to propose a conceptual scheme of a SDI to support technological disasters with road transportation of hazardous materials throw the SNA theory applied to investigation of spatial data sharing between different stakeholders to make prevention and risk management of the sector. Therefore, the analysis of the theory of Social Network Analysis (ARS) found that 39 (thirty-nine) institutions share spatial data between themselves, but not always in formal agreements previously established. It was further observed that there is a great desire on the part of the institutions that make the management of the accidents of this kind of transportation mode, so there are legal frameworks for data sharing for land cover uses, as a result the use of such data can be shared between different stakeholders to assist the preparedness, mitigation, response and recovery from incidents related to road dangerous goods transportation.

This study examines the recovery process of businesses in Homestead, Florida after Hurricane Andrew in 1992. The goal of this study was to determine which organizational characteristics were useful in predicting the level of physical damage and the length of time to reopen for affected businesses. The organizational characteristics examined were age, size, pre-disaster gross sales, ownership of the business location, membership in the Chamber of Commerce, and property insurance. Three-hundred and fifty businesses in the area were surveyed. Because of the complexity of the recovery process, the disaster experiences of businesses were examined using three paradigms, organizational ecology, contingency theory, and configuration theory. Models were developed and tested for each paradigm. The models used the contextual variables to explain the outcome variables; level of physical damage and length of time to reopen. The SIC was modified so that it could form the framework for a taxonomic examination of the businesses. The organizations were examined at the level of division, class, subclass, and order. While the taxa and consistent levels of physical damage, the length of time needed to reopen varied greatly. The homogeneous level of damage within the groups is linked to similarity in assets and transformation processes. When examined using the contingency perspective, there were no significant relationships between the level of physical damage and the contextual variables. Only predisaster gross sales and level of physical damage had moderate strength associations with the length of time to reopen. The configuration perspective was applied by identifying clusters of organizations using the contextual variables. Clusters were identified and examined to determine if they had significantly different disaster experiences. The clusters varied significantly only by the length of time to reopen. The disaster experience of businesses is conceptualized as a process of accumulation-deaccumulation-reaccumulation. The level of physical damage is driven by selection while the lenght of time to reopen is determined by both adaptation and selection.

O cenário competitivo e globalizado em que as empresas estão inseridas, sobretudo a partir do século XXI, associados a ciclos de vida cada vez menores dos produtos, rigorosos requisitos de qualidade, além de políticas de preservação do meio ambiente, com redução de consumo energético e de recursos hídricos, somadas às exigências legais de melhores condições de trabalho, resultaram em uma quebra de paradigma nos processos produtivos até então concebidos. Como solução a este novo cenário produtivo pode-se citar o extenso uso da automação industrial, fato que resultou em sistemas cada vez mais complexos, tanto do ponto de vista estrutural, em função do elevado número de componentes, quanto da complexidade dos sistemas de controle. A previsibilidade de todos os estados possíveis do sistema torna-se praticamente impossível. Dentre os estados possíveis pode-se citar os estados de falha que, dependendo da severidade do efeito associado à sua ocorrência, podem resultar em sérios danos para o homem, o meio ambiente e às próprias instalações, caso não sejam corretamente diagnosticados e tratados. Fatos recentes de catástrofes relacionadas à sistemas produtivos revelam a necessidade de se implementar medidas para prevenir e para mitigar os efeitos da ocorrência de falhas, com o objetivo de se evitar a ocorrência de catástrofes. De acordo com especialistas, os Sistemas Instrumentados de Segurança SIS, referenciados em normas como a IEC 61508 e IEC 61511, são uma solução para este tipo de problema. Trabalhos publicados tratam de métodos para a implementação de camadas SIS de prevenção, porém com escassez de trabalhos para camadas SIS de mitigação. Em função do desconhecimento da dinâmica do sistema em estado de falha, técnicas tradicionais de modelagem tornam-se inviáveis. Neste caso, o uso de inteligência artificial, como por exemplo a lógica fuzzy, pode se tornar uma solução para o desenvolvimento do algoritmo de controle, associadas a ferramentas de edição, modelagem e geração dos códigos de controle. A proposta deste trabalho é apresentar uma sistemática para a implementação de um sistema de controle para a mitigação de falhas críticas em sistemas produtivos, com referência às normas IEC 61508/61511, com ação antecipativa à ocorrência de catástrofes. / The competitive and globalized scenario in which the companies operate, especially from the twenty-first century, associated with shrinking life cycles of products, stringent quality requirements, and environmental preservation policies, reducing energy consumption and water resources, in addition of legal requirements for better working conditions, resulted in a paradigm shift in production processes previously designed. As a solution to this new production scenario may be mentioned the extensive use of industrial automation, which has resulted in ever more complex systems, both from a structural point of view, due to the high number of components, the complexity of control systems. The predictability of all possible states of the system becomes practically impossible. Among the possible states can mention the states of fault, depending on the severity of the effect associated with its occurrence, can result in serious damage to man, the environment and own facilities, if not properly diagnosed and treated. Recent events for disasters related to production systems show the need to implement measures to prevent and mitigate the effects of the occurrence of faults in order to prevent the occurrence of disasters. According to experts, the Safety Instrumented Systems - SIS, referenced in standards such as IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, are a solution to this problem. Published papers deal with methods for the implementation of SIS layers of prevention, but with shortage of jobs for mitigation SIS layers. Depending on the system dynamics of ignorance in a fault state, traditional modeling techniques become unviable. In this case, the use of artificial intelligence, such as fuzzy logic can become a solution to the development of the control algorithm, associated with editing tools, modeling and generation of control codes. The purpose of this paper is to present a systematic for implementing a control system for the mitigation of critical failures in production systems, with reference to IEC 61508/61511 standards, with preemptive action to the occurrence of disasters.

A presente tese tem como pano de fundo a crescente preocupação com os impactos das alterações no meio ambiente global e objetiva a análise da dimensão humana dessas mudanças, que emergem do cenário de insegurança, riscos e incertezas acentuado com o recente debate internacional sobre mudanças climáticas. A ocorrência cada vez mais frequente de desastres ambientais e a progressiva degradação de recursos ambientais essenciais, comprometendo gravemente a vida e a segurança de indivíduos, grupos e comunidades inteiras em todo o mundo, a ponto de inviabilizar a sobrevivência em seus locais de origem, ensejam novas situações jurídicas que precisam ser reguladas pelo Direito Internacional. Nesse contexto, dois pontos centrais conduzem o presente estudo: a emergência de uma nova categoria de pessoas na ordem internacional e a ausência de proteção jurídica pelos instrumentos internacionais vigentes. As dificuldades em torno do consenso sobre uma definição jurídica e a natureza do regime de proteção, tomando-se como base as normas vigentes de Direito Internacional dos Refugiados, de Direito Internacional dos Direitos Humanos e do Direito Internacional do Meio Ambiente, deixam à mostra as limitações do Direito Internacional Público atual para conferir um tratamento adequado à complexidade do problema em questão. Nesse sentido, uma resposta internacional adequada exige, de um lado, o reconhecimento do status jurídico próprio para a nova categoria; de outro, a construção de estratégias de prevenção e combate das múltiplas causas que forçam os deslocamentos. Para suprir a lacuna normativa existente propõe-se uma abordagem integrada, identificando elementos importantes nos regimes internacionais que possam contribuir para a construção de um compromisso global inovador e compatível com a nova dinâmica internacional. / This thesis has as its background the growing concern about the impacts of global environmental changes and aims the analysis of the human dimension of these changes, which emerge from the scenario of insecurity, risks and uncertainties highlighted with the recent international debate on climate change. The increasingly frequent occurrence of environmental disasters and a gradual deterioration of essential environmental resources, severely compromising the lives and safety of individuals, groups and entire communities around the world as to render them unfit for survival in their homes, create new legal situations which need to be regulated by International Law. In this context, two central points lead this study: the emergence of a new category of people in the international order and the absence of legal protection by the international instruments in force. The difficulties surrounding the consensus on a legal definition and nature of the regime of protection, taking as basis the standards of International Refugee Law, International Law of Human Rights and International Law on the Environment show the limitations of current Public International Law to give a proper treatment of the complexity of the problem. Accordingly, an appropriate international response requires on the one hand, recognition of a special legal status to the new category, and second, the construction of strategies to prevent and combat the multiple causes that force displacements. To fill the existing normative gap, we propose an integrated approach, identifying important elements in the international regimes that can contribute to building an innovative global compromise, compatible with the new international dynamics.

O conceito de resiliência urbana colabora nas discussões de como as cidades podem se preparar ou se adaptar para lidar com desastres naturais num contexto de eventos extremos. Resiliência urbana entende-se enquanto processo que envolve capacidades de aprendizado e adaptação com vistas à redução do risco de desastres naturais, ao retorno às funções desejadas e à melhoria da qualidade de vida das pessoas. Os escorregamentos configuram um dos desastres que mais causaram mortes no município de Santos, no litoral do Estado de São Paulo; no entanto, o número de vítimas fatais reduziu-se significativamente após a implementação do Plano Preventivo de Defesa Civil (PPDC) operado anualmente desde 1989. Entendendo que a Defesa Civil municipal é a instituição que lida diretamente com a questão dos desastres, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar os instrumentos relativos à gestão de risco de escorregamentos utilizados pela Defesa Civil de Santos e analisar a aplicação dos mesmos na promoção da resiliência urbana. A partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa que envolveu revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa documental e pesquisa de campo, identificaram-se os seguintes instrumentos: Monitoramento Meteorológico; Carta de Suscetibilidade a Movimentos Gravitacionais de Massa e Inundações, Plano Municipal de Redução de Riscos e Carta Geotécnica Morros de Santos e São Vicente. Concluiu-se que a promoção da resiliência urbana pela Defesa Civil de Santos ocorre parcialmente, pois os instrumentos ainda estão em processo de implementação e desafios precisam ser superados como a articulação das secretarias municipais em prol da redução de risco. / The concept of urban resilience has entered discussions of how cities can prepare, adapt and deal with natural disasters in a context of extreme events. Urban resilience is understood as a process that involves learning and adaptation capabilities in order to reduce the risk of disasters, restore desired functions and improve quality of life. Landslides constitute one of the disasters that caused more deaths in the municipality of Santos (the São Paulo state coast), however, the number of fatalities dropped significantly after the implementation of the Civil Defense Preventive Plan (PPDC) operated annually since 1989. Taking into consideration that the municipal civil defense is the institution that deals directly with the issue of disasters, the aim of this research was to identify the instruments concerning the landslide risk management used by the Civil Defense and analyze their application in promoting urban resilience. From qualitative research including literature reviews, as well as document research and field research, the following instruments were identified: weather monitoring; a chart mapping susceptibility to gravitational mass movements and floods, a risk reduction plan and a geotechnical aptitude to an urbanization chart. In conclusion, the promotion of urban resilience by the Civil Defense of Santos is partially because the instruments are still in the implementation process and challenges need to be overcome as the articulation of municipal departments in favor of risk reduction.

Submitted by William Justo Figueiro (williamjf) on 2015-06-25T23:24:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 39.pdf: 998593 bytes, checksum: 3cfc49edfd5cf25808e441bbf0e21716 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T23:24:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 39.pdf: 998593 bytes, checksum: 3cfc49edfd5cf25808e441bbf0e21716 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar quais os fatores que contribuem para o aumento e intensidade de desastres ambientais nas últimas décadas, buscando compreender a vulnerabilidade das populações envolvidas, analisar a proteção jurídica dessas e como a gestão de riscos está estruturada. Utilizou-se uma metodologia analítica descritiva para identificar os desastres ambientais, suas causas e efeitos, sua vinculação aos riscos e suas consequências para as pessoas em situações de vulnerabilidade, analisando seus direitos fundamentais. Dessa maneira, o ordenamento jurídico brasileiro e as normas internacionais são analisados, a fim de verificar se o Estado contempla o tema de forma a preservar os Direitos Fundamentais das pessoas vulneráveis, mantendo a universalidade desses direitos. Como resultado, obteve-se um amplo referencial teórico sobre os desastres ambientais, suas causas, tipologia e transformação no tempo e no espaço, além de relacionar tais desastres a conceitos como risco, vulnerabilidade, Direitos Fundamentais e arcabouço jurídico. Concluise que mudanças climáticas, aumento demográfico em áreas de riscos e pobreza têm contribuído para a consolidação de sociedades vulneráveis, as quais se vinculam a locais vulneráveis, passíveis de desastres ambientais, e onde as pessoas envolvidas não têm seus Direitos Fundamentais garantidos, resultando em uma ineficácia estatal. Desastres ambientais estão se intensificando ano após ano, tanto em frequência quanto em magnitude; os danos humanos e os prejuízos econômicos têm sido cada vez maiores. A Lei 12.608/2012 traz novos enfoques, mas ainda não contempla muitos aspectos que precisam de uma proteção legal. Diante disso, constata-se urgência em priorizar a proteção das populações vulneráveis, as quais precisam de tratamento diferenciado para que usufruam seus Direitos Fundamentais de forma mais equilibrada. / This study aimed to investigate which factors contribute to the frequency and intensity increase of environmental disasters in recent decades, and seek to understand the vulnerability of the populations involved, analyzing their legal protection and how the risk management is structured. A descriptive analytical methodology was used to identify environmental disasters, their causes and effects, its relationship to the risks and consequences for vulnerable population, analyzing their fundamental rights. Thus, the Brazilian legal system and international standards are analyzed, in order to verify whether the State contemplates the subject in order to preserve the fundamental rights of vulnerable people, keeping the universality of these rights. As a result we obtained a broad theoretical framework on environmental disasters, their causes, typology and transformation in time and space, and relate it to concepts such as disaster risk, vulnerability, human rights and legal framework. We conclude that climate change, population growth in areas of risk and poverty have contributed to the consolidation of vulnerable societies, which are linked to vulnerable areas, susceptible to environmental disasters, and where the people involved don´t have their fundamental rights guaranteed, resulting in an ineffective state. Environmental disasters are increasing year after year, both in frequency and in magnitude, the human damage and economic losses have been increasing; Law 12.608/2012 brings new focuses, but still does not address many aspects that need legal protection . Therefore, there is a urgent need to prioritize the protection of vulnerable populations, which need different treatment to enjoy their fundamental rights more evenly.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-05-02T12:40:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa Maria Duarte Galvão_.pdf: 783789 bytes, checksum: 55594dce850ee124a388cb48f22dfa8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-02T12:40:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rosa Maria Duarte Galvão_.pdf: 783789 bytes, checksum: 55594dce850ee124a388cb48f22dfa8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-20 / Nenhuma / O presente trabalho objetiva estruturar a descrição e repensar a acerca dos desastres naturais ambientais e dos riscos globais causados pelas mudanças climáticas, no âmbito do Direito Ambiental. A sociedade contemporânea, como produtora de riscos abstratos e globais, instiga a reflexão sobre um novo paradigma da questão ecológica mundial, diante da exigência de uma nova postura no que se refere aos sistemas sociais - especificamente, o sistema jurídico e o sistema político. Assim, através da Teoria dos Sistemas Sociais Autopoiéticos de Niklas Luhmann, sustentou-se o embasamento teórico sobre sociedade, no desenvolvimento desta pesquisa. Ademais, os riscos advindos do meio ambiente provocam irritações nos sistemas sociais, os quais produzem ressonâncias tanto nos próprios sistemas, quanto nos demais sistemas sociais. Os desastres ambientais sempre existiram - e provavelmente continuarão a acontecer onde ocorrer um nexo de causalidade com os extremos climáticos. A compreensão, a assimilação e a gestão do fato requerem conhecimento transdisciplinar, cujo traço marcante é a incerteza de sua probabilidade. Outrossim, são sistêmicos, tanto em motivos - econômicos, sociais, políticos - quanto em consequências, e bastante comumente conduzem a catástrofes. O Direito Ambiental é, portanto, uma resposta às (auto)irritações produzidas pelos sistemas sociais, para os quais o Direito Clássico já não consegue fornecer as respostas adequadas de que a sociedade necessita. Neste contexto, os desastres devem ser vistos como oportunidade política, social e jurídica de suplantar o desrespeito aos limites da natureza, e uma construção de uma racionalidade e de sustentabilidade ambiental, para a qual não somente os Estados têm a missão de proteger o meio ambiente, mas toda a sociedade, assegurando condições de uso para cada ser humano habitante do planeta Terra. / The present study aims to structure the description and rethink environmental natural disasters and global risks posed by climate change, under Environmental Law. The contemporary society, as a creator of abstract and global risks, instigates reflection on a new paradigm of global ecological issue given the requirement of a new position regarding social systems - specifically legal and political systems. Thus, through his Theory of Autopoietic Systems, Niklas Luhmann held up the theoretical foundation about society in the development of this research. Besides that, the risks arising from environment cause exasperation in social systems, which produce resonances both in systems themselves as well as in other social systems. Environmental disasters have always existed - and will probably continue to happen wherever there is a causal link with climate extremes. The understanding, assimilation and fact management require interdisciplinary knowledge, whose striking feature is the uncertainty of its likelihood. Furthermore, they are systemic, both in reasons - economic, social, and political – as well as in consequences, and quite often lead to disasters. Therefore, Environmental Law is a response to the (self) exasperation produced by social systems, for which Classic Law can no longer provide the appropriate answers society needs. In this context disasters should be seen as political, social and legal opportunities of supplanting disregard to the limits of nature, and a construction of rationality and environmental sustainability, for which not only the States have the mission to protect the environment, but also the whole society, ensuring use conditions for every human being inhabiting planet Earth.