Os Discorsi dellarte poetica, ed in particolare sopra il poema eroico são um texto de preceptiva poética relativa ao gênero épico escrito por Torquato Tasso. Sua primeira edição foi publicada em Veneza no ano de 1587, porém sua produção data da década de 1560, durante a qual o poeta dava curso a sua formação humanista junto a letrados proeminentes das academias de Pádua, como Sperone Speroni e Scipione Gonzaga. O texto situa-se no âmbito das discussões quinhentistas acerca do poema épico, em que a retomada dos estudos aristotélicos, em meados daquele século, ensejou a recodificação dos romanzi, narrativas em língua vulgar versificadas sobre os feitos de cavaleiros andantes. A Gerusalemme liberata, obra-prima de Tasso, representa a consubstanciação desse processo. Para este trabalho, ao lado da tradução integral em língua portuguesa das três partes que compõem os Discorsi, apresentamos um estudo monográfico, abrangente, porém não exaustivo, de interfaces possíveis entre o texto italiano e os escritos críticos de alguns dos mais representativos letrados portugueses do século XVII, como Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Manuel Severim e Faria, Manuel Pires de Almeida e João Franco Barreto. Desejamos com isso evidenciar a presença de ideias italianas entre os leitores seiscentistas de Camões e a existência de uma pauta de discussões comum, em Itália e Portugal, referente à constituição do poema épico, considerado, nos séculos XVI e XVII, o mais elevado entre as espécies de poesia. / The Discorsi dell\'arte poetica, ed in particolare sopra il poema eroico are a text by Torquato Tasso regarding poetic precepts of the epic genre. It was first published in Venice, in 1587, although its production dates back to the decade of 1560, a period in which the poet cultivated his humanistic formation along with prominent literates from the academies of Padua, such as Sperone Speroni and Scipione Gonzaga. The text is situated in the scope of 15th century discussions about the epic poem, in which the resume of the Aristotelian studies, in the middle of that century, gave rise to the recodification of the romanzi, versified narratives in vernacular on the achievements of knights-errant. Gerusalemme liberata, Tasso\'s masterpiece, represents the consubstantiation of such process. For this work, along with the literal translation to Portuguese of the three parts that compose the Discorsi, we present a monographic study extensive, but not exhaustive of possible interfaces between the Italian text and the critical writings of some of the most representative Portuguese literates of the 17th century, such as Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Manuel Severim e Faria, Manuel Pires de Almeida and João Franco Barreto. Thus we aim at evidencing the presence of Italian ideas among the 16th century readers of Camões and the existence of a common agenda of discussions, in Italy and in Portugal, concerning the constitution of the epic poem, considered in the 16th and the 17th centuries the most elevated among the species of poetry.

Os Discorsi dellarte poetica, ed in particolare sopra il poema eroico são um texto de preceptiva poética relativa ao gênero épico escrito por Torquato Tasso. Sua primeira edição foi publicada em Veneza no ano de 1587, porém sua produção data da década de 1560, durante a qual o poeta dava curso a sua formação humanista junto a letrados proeminentes das academias de Pádua, como Sperone Speroni e Scipione Gonzaga. O texto situa-se no âmbito das discussões quinhentistas acerca do poema épico, em que a retomada dos estudos aristotélicos, em meados daquele século, ensejou a recodificação dos romanzi, narrativas em língua vulgar versificadas sobre os feitos de cavaleiros andantes. A Gerusalemme liberata, obra-prima de Tasso, representa a consubstanciação desse processo. Para este trabalho, ao lado da tradução integral em língua portuguesa das três partes que compõem os Discorsi, apresentamos um estudo monográfico, abrangente, porém não exaustivo, de interfaces possíveis entre o texto italiano e os escritos críticos de alguns dos mais representativos letrados portugueses do século XVII, como Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Manuel Severim e Faria, Manuel Pires de Almeida e João Franco Barreto. Desejamos com isso evidenciar a presença de ideias italianas entre os leitores seiscentistas de Camões e a existência de uma pauta de discussões comum, em Itália e Portugal, referente à constituição do poema épico, considerado, nos séculos XVI e XVII, o mais elevado entre as espécies de poesia. / The Discorsi dell\'arte poetica, ed in particolare sopra il poema eroico are a text by Torquato Tasso regarding poetic precepts of the epic genre. It was first published in Venice, in 1587, although its production dates back to the decade of 1560, a period in which the poet cultivated his humanistic formation along with prominent literates from the academies of Padua, such as Sperone Speroni and Scipione Gonzaga. The text is situated in the scope of 15th century discussions about the epic poem, in which the resume of the Aristotelian studies, in the middle of that century, gave rise to the recodification of the romanzi, versified narratives in vernacular on the achievements of knights-errant. Gerusalemme liberata, Tasso\'s masterpiece, represents the consubstantiation of such process. For this work, along with the literal translation to Portuguese of the three parts that compose the Discorsi, we present a monographic study extensive, but not exhaustive of possible interfaces between the Italian text and the critical writings of some of the most representative Portuguese literates of the 17th century, such as Manuel de Faria e Sousa, Manuel Severim e Faria, Manuel Pires de Almeida and João Franco Barreto. Thus we aim at evidencing the presence of Italian ideas among the 16th century readers of Camões and the existence of a common agenda of discussions, in Italy and in Portugal, concerning the constitution of the epic poem, considered in the 16th and the 17th centuries the most elevated among the species of poetry.

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Ce mémoire traite des Discours sur la Première Décade de Tite-Live de Nicolas Machiavel. Notre problématique est de savoir pourquoi Machiavel s'est intéressé à l'Histoire Romaine de Tite-Live, dans quelle optique il la lit, la commente et comment il en tire des leçons pour la vie politique de Florence. Dans un premier chapitre, nous présentons notre méthode qui s'inspire de l'école contextualiste de Cambridge. Nous replaçons ensuite Machiavel dans son époque à travers une brève biographie puis nous présentons l'Histoire Romaine de Tite-Live, ainsi que son auteur. Dans un second chapitre nous présentons les Discours sur la Première Décade de Tite-Live et le contexte de leur rédaction. Nous démontrons pourquoi cette œuvre de Machiavel est à la fois en continuité et en rupture avec leur époque (la Renaissance). Nous étudions les liens possibles entre l'antique Rome et Florence au XVIe siècle. Nous commentons ensuite certains chapitres des Discours à titre d'exemple. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous traitons des enjeux philosophiques des Discours: la vision de l'Histoire qui en ressort, le rôle des concepts de virtù et de fortuna et enfin, la possibilité d'actualiser l'approche de Machiavel, c'est-à-dire prendre en compte - ou non - les exemples de l'Histoire pour décider aujourd'hui des modes de l'agir politique. / This master thesis is about Niccolò Machiavelli's Discourses on Livy. Our main issue is to know why did Machiavelli interest in Livy's History of Rome, from which point of view did he read and comment on it, and the political lessons he taught Florence from it. In chapter one, we present our method inspired from the Cambridge contextualist school. Next, we put Machiavelli back in his time through a short biography; then we present Livy's History of Rome, and the author himself. In chapter two, we present the Discourses on Livy and the background in which Machiavellli wrote it. We demonstrate how this work follows on from the Renaissance litterature and at the same time breaks with it. Then we study the possible connections between the ancient Rome and the 16th century Florence. Afterwards, we comment some chapters of the Discourses, as an exemple. The last chapter deals with the philosophical issues in the Discourses: which view on History reveals through it, which part do play the concepts of virtù and fortuna and finally, the possibility of updating Machiavelli's approach, that is to say taking - or not - into account the historical exemples as a guide for today's political action.

Political language's power to influence public opinion drives the present investigation into proverbs used by presidents during 1945-2008. The study’s purpose is to explore the proverbial language of American presidents, employing a digital methods approach. In addition to the predominant use of quantitative and comparative analyses, qualitative analysis is also occasionally employed. The research examines proverb frequency, patterns, and shifts in political speeches, revealing shared trends and distinctive usage of the proverbs. It also considers presidency duration and political circumstances, uncovering the presidents that favored proverbs in their discourses. Adopting computational means and tools, the study intends to cover gaps in existing research by quantifying proverb usage, focusing on the nuanced sociopolitical fabric. The research is based on vast bibliographic references including studies conducted by old paremiologists, as well as modern computational endeavors. Although the proverbs’ nature involves challenges such as metaphoricity, and existence of variants can cause difficulties in their identification by the tools, the research has been completed, answered all research questions that spanned proverb presence, evolution, and disparities among presidents' speeches, and produced interesting results. Overall, the research enhances understanding of proverbs' role in political discourse, revealing how politicians shape leadership communication through language. Due to the fact that all data was retrieved by open accessed sources, the research has not encountered any copyright issues. Some of the findings were expected, while others were unpredicted. The alternating sequence of challenges and achievements resulted in an understanding of previously raised questions as well as the need to tackle new ones.