The paper is titled: Phraseology updates in the contemporary Czech language The aim of this paper is to collect and describe phraseological updates. The collection of materials (resources) took place from January 2013 to June 2015. Updates were sought out from various sources - the media, books, the theater, the internet and landline calls. With the help of professional literature we first limited the theoretical framework of the issue and based on these theoretical attainments we classified the material according to the sources and types of resources from which it originated. In the summary of updates we can see for every idiom update its original version, its type of update, its specific description and its source with a comment specifying its occurrence etc. With the performed analysis we determined that the most common kinds of updates are contamination and lexical updates.

This thesis focuses on problems of Spanish proverbs and their equivalents in Czech language. The theoretical part is devoted to comparison between Czech and Spanish linguistic theory, phraseology and paremiology, definition of the proverb and description of its properties. The aim of the practical part is to investigate the frequency of use of Spanish proverbs, their semantic and syntactic analysis, as well as their relation to other variants or synonymous expressions, as well as their comparison with Czech proverbs. The practical part is based on the book of Czech author Zdeněk Jirotka Saturnin, translated into Spanish. Key words: phraseology, paremiology, phrasemes, proverbs

This study will examine the representation and embodiment of the body part eye(s), in proverbs. The research is cross-linguistic as the proverbs analysed are in the languages English, Swedish, and Japanese. Information about the origins of proverbs, their expansion across the globe, their use in order to embellish everyday communication in all different types of languages, even those belonging to cultures not similar to the Western norm, will be discussed with references to sources based in the area of Paremiology. The study will also investigate cultural markers found in the proverbs and how the metaphoric interpretations of eye(s) are displayed through our bodily experiences. In order to analyse the representation of eye(s) in the proverbs, through metaphoric concepts, this study will employ Lakoff and Johnson’s conceptual metaphor theory. Categories which will accompany the conceptual metaphors are based on one of the Oxford English Dictionary’s definitions of ‘eye’. Thereafter, an analysis is conducted regarding eyes(s) in the example proverbs. The results of the analysis showed that there are quite a few similarities in all three languages. However, the western languages differ from the Japanese language in regards to how the proverbs are worded. Further, cultural markers could only be found in one example in the Japanese proverbs.

This diploma thesis is focused on the analysis of German language equivalents of Czech proverbs in the dictionary of František Čermák Dictionary of Czech Phraseology and Idiomatics 4 (DCPI 4). The introductory part of the thesis characterizes proverbs as a phraseological unit and reflects the current state of Czech and German paremiography on the basis of selected dictionaries. Another theoretical starting point is the issue of equivalence, which in contrastive phraseology or, more precisely, paremiology plays an important role. The analytical part contains of multi-level analysis of German language equivalents of the Czech paremiological minimum in DPCI 4. Equivalents were verified using Hugo Siebenschein's Great Czech-German Dictionary, Duden 11, Hans Schemann's German Idiomatics, the corpuses InterCorp and DeReKo and the Google full-text search engine. The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the current state of German-language equivalents in DCPI 4 and offer possible suggestions for improvement. The chosen approach is therefore not only contemplative, but also constructive. Keywords lexikology, phraseology, paremiology, lexicography, phraseography, Corpus Linguistics, equivalence

This thesis has three main aims. First, I will propose and explain a genre ascription for the sayings in Prov 10:1-22:16 – the ‘didactic proverb’. Second, I will analyse ‘openness’ as a textual feature, and show its contribution to the functions of this genre. Third, I will demonstrate how reading this way may influence our understanding of some key issues in Proverbs’ scholarship. Part 1 tackles the first and second aims. In ch. 1, I suggest that the sayings in Prov 10:1-22:16 have something of a hybrid genre, displaying features akin to both ‘didactic’ texts and ‘proverbs’. This can be seen from their: generically related texts, probable social settings, media, self-presentation, and literary forms. As ‘didactic’ texts, the sayings shape the worldview, character and intellect of their students. As ‘proverbs’, they apply to specific situations with specific purposes. In ch. 2, I explain three manifestations of literary ‘openness’: polysemy can give a text multiple meanings; parallelism makes the relationship between lines unclear; imagery opens up worlds for exploration. Ch. 3 begins to show how this ‘openness’ enhances the sayings’ ‘didactic’ and ‘proverbial’ functions. Here I move beyond openness in interpretation to openness in application, and draw on the field of ‘paremiology’ (the technical study of the ‘proverb’ as a genre), which has been somewhat neglected in Proverbs’ scholarship. In Part 2, I turn to the text, drawing out the openness of key verses, and showing how they function ‘didactically’ and ‘as proverbs’. This proves to have implications for certain classic debates in Proverbs’ scholarship (my third aim). Ch. 4 considers ‘character’ terms (e.g. wise/foolish, righteous/wicked). I use cognitive linguistic theories to examine the terms as open categories with ‘prototype structure’. Viewed this way, the terms are not (as some have argued) abstract and cut off from the world, but profoundly useful for life. Ch. 5 considers the apparent ‘act-consequence connection’ in Proverbs. The connection is predictable but not inviolable, may come about through a number of agencies, and has strong motivational potential. Ch. 6 looks at proverbs about the king. These do not necessitate an actual court context, for the ‘king’ figure may encapsulate wider principles, and function as a teaching tool. Even when he appears to be glorified, his role may be subverted, requiring students to exercise their minds. In ch. 7, I consider the way wisdom is acquired in the ‘didactic proverb’ genre, and suggest a principle for gaining it: students must ‘trust and scrutinise’. They are thereby empowered in their quest for wisdom, whilst also becoming aware of their limitations. Throughout Part 2, I find ‘openness’ to be an important facilitator for didactic and proverbial goals. Prov 10:1-22:16 presents its readers with a panoply of fascinating texts. By exploring them as ‘open’, ‘didactic’, and ‘proverbial’, this thesis offers a fruitful reading strategy; new insights into functions and meanings; and some fresh perspectives on old debates.

The submitted Master's thesis deals with the linguistic picture of the human body and its parts in proverbs, which are listed in Václav Flajšhans's dictionary Česká přísloví (Czech proverbs). The material is processed using approaches and methodological tools of cognitive linguistics and ethnolinguistics. First of all the theoretical and methodological framework of the thesis is outlined, these are in particular approaches of cognitive linguistics and ethnolinguistics to language and the theory of linguistic picture of the world. These methods are then used to analyse the linguistic picture of human body and its parts in Czech, as arises from proverbs. Then the research paremiological context is defined and possible approaches to proverbs are characterized. The proverb is then defined using specialized literature. Individual chapters that focus on parts of human body present meanings of somatic idioms that are explained with help of monolingual dictionaries. Also there are lists of the most common collocations and idioms in which these somatic idioms occur. The linguistic picture of the human body and its parts in the Czech language picture of the world is then worked out on the basis of the analysed proverbs. These proverbs are used to present linguistic pictures of the sense of sight and hearing...

Partint d’una concepció àmplia de la fraseologia i d'una perspectiva etnolingüística, l’anàlisi es centra en fraseologismes espanyols (especialment, parèmies) per als quals pot establir-se un origen llatí o una motivació en el món grecoromà, analitzant contrastivament les particularitats culturals de dites unitats fraseològiques i dels seus corresponents precedents clàssics. Temàticament, el corpus s’ha limitat a ítems lingüístics que giren al voltant de la concepció clàssica d’ ‘amistat’, entesa com l’harmònic motor de les relacions humanes i socials. La major amplitud semàntica d’aquest concepte crucial de la filosofia antiga implica que en el treball es tractin, a part del tema de l’amistat pròpiament dita, altres temes que en deriven, com ara l’amor, la família i les relacions cíviques entre ciutadans. A banda de les relacions diacròniques entre els més de 10.000 ítems analitzats, la perspectiva d’estudi es centra en la parcialitat de la visió de la realitat presentada per aquests, en particular en el biaix cultural i social que suposen les consideracions que inclouen, presentant com universals apreciacions que, en realitat, són parcials i interessades, com a conseqüència de les relacions de poder que enterboleixen les relacions humanes que s’estudien. / Partiendo de una concepción amplia de la fraseología y de una perspectiva etnolingüística, el análisis se centra en fraseologismos españoles (especialmente, paremias) para los cuales puede establecerse un origen latino o una motivación en el mundo grecorromano, analizando contrastivamente las particularidades culturales de dichas unidades fraseológicas y sus correspondientes precedentes clásicos. Temáticamente, el corpus se ha limitado a ítems lingüísticos que giran en torno a la concepción clásica de ‘amistad’, entendida como el armónico motor de las relaciones humanas y sociales. La mayor amplitud semántica de este concepto crucial de la filosofía antigua implica que en el trabajo se aborden, aparte del tema de la amistad propiamente dicha, otros temas derivados de éste, tales como el amor, la familia y las relaciones cívicas entre ciudadanos. Además de las relaciones diacrónicas entre los más de 10.000 ítems analizados, la perspectiva de estudio se centra en la parcialidad de la visión de la realidad presentada por éstos, en particular en el sesgo cultural y social que suponen las consideraciones que encierran, presentando como universales apreciaciones que, en realidad, son parciales e interesadas como consecuencia de las relaciones de poder que enturbian las relaciones humanas que se estudian. / Starting from a wide conception of Phraseology as a discipline and from an ethnolinguistical perspective, the analysis focus on Spanish set phrases (specially proverbs) whose Latin origin or motivation in Greco-Roman world can be established, carrying out a contrastive analysis of the culturally special features of those Spanish items and the corresponding classical ones. Corpus has been thematically restricted to those which center around the classical conception of ‘friendship’, understood as the driving force of all harmonious human and social relationships. The wider sense of this concept—crucial to classical philosophy—entails the treatment of other topics besides friendship itself, such as love, family or civil relations between citizens. In addition to the diachronic relations between the more than 10 000 items analyzed, this doctoral thesis focus on how partial is the view of reality they show, particularly the cultural and social bias implicit in these linguistic chunks, presenting as universal some assessments that, in fact, are biased, as a result of the power relations that mar the different kinds of relationships which are being analyzed.

Political language's power to influence public opinion drives the present investigation into proverbs used by presidents during 1945-2008. The study’s purpose is to explore the proverbial language of American presidents, employing a digital methods approach. In addition to the predominant use of quantitative and comparative analyses, qualitative analysis is also occasionally employed. The research examines proverb frequency, patterns, and shifts in political speeches, revealing shared trends and distinctive usage of the proverbs. It also considers presidency duration and political circumstances, uncovering the presidents that favored proverbs in their discourses. Adopting computational means and tools, the study intends to cover gaps in existing research by quantifying proverb usage, focusing on the nuanced sociopolitical fabric. The research is based on vast bibliographic references including studies conducted by old paremiologists, as well as modern computational endeavors. Although the proverbs’ nature involves challenges such as metaphoricity, and existence of variants can cause difficulties in their identification by the tools, the research has been completed, answered all research questions that spanned proverb presence, evolution, and disparities among presidents' speeches, and produced interesting results. Overall, the research enhances understanding of proverbs' role in political discourse, revealing how politicians shape leadership communication through language. Due to the fact that all data was retrieved by open accessed sources, the research has not encountered any copyright issues. Some of the findings were expected, while others were unpredicted. The alternating sequence of challenges and achievements resulted in an understanding of previously raised questions as well as the need to tackle new ones.