Submitted by Noeme Timbo (noeme.timbo@metodista.br) on 2017-01-18T13:47:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Fátima Penha Leone.pdf: 1274991 bytes, checksum: 0608f2984cd5de26527877fe43d76fba (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-18T13:47:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fátima Penha Leone.pdf: 1274991 bytes, checksum: 0608f2984cd5de26527877fe43d76fba (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-25 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study aimed to verify the existence of relationship between the indebtedness of companies and the earnings management, trying to analyze if the debt influences somehow this kind of practice used by companies in order to change the perception of users of accounting statements. The objective includes: (i) to verify if companies with higher debt levels incurred with greater intensity in the earnings management practice; ii) to identify whether the companies practiced earnings management in the period prior to fundraising through debentures or financial debt; (iii) check for differences in earnings management practices in companies that own debentures and those that do not have debentures; and (iv) to investigate whether there is difference in the practice of earnings management regarding short-term or long-term debts. The sample was collected in the Economatica database, considering the period from 2008 to 2015. After using Model KS (1995) and Model Dechow et al (2012) it was possible to verify the relationship between earnings management practices and indebtedness of companies. A positive relationship between the short-term financial debts and the earnings management practices was found, suggesting that companies with higher debt levels close to maturity, would have a greater concern with funding costs. As for the long-term debt, no relationship was found between the variables, denying the expectation that companies that need third-party capital to maintain their operations manage results to meet requirements linked to contracts loans. Regarding total indebtedness, relationship between debt and management results was found, indicating that companies incur in earnings management practice to change the perception of risk and raise funds with lower rates. / O presente estudo teve como objetivo verificar a existência de relação entre o endividamento de empresas e o gerenciamento de resultados, buscando analisar se a dívida influencia de algum modo esse tipo de prática utilizada por empresas com o intuito de alterar a percepção de usuários das demonstrações contábeis. Quanto aos objetivos propostos para a pesquisa têm-se: (i)verificar se empresas com maiores níveis de endividamento incorrem com maior intensidade na prática de gerenciamento de resultados; (ii) identificar se as empresas praticaram gerenciamento de resultados no período de captação dos recursos por meio de debêntures e ou dívidas financeiras; (iii) verificar se há diferenças quanto ao gerenciamento de resultados em empresas que possuem debêntures e aquelas que não possuem debêntures; e, (iv) investigar se existe diferença quanto à pratica de gerenciamento de resultados e dívidas de curto prazo e ou dívidas de longo prazo. A amostra foi coletada no banco de dados da Economática, considerando o período de 2008 a 2015 e, após a utilização do Modelo KS (1995) e do Modelo Dechow et al (2012), foi possível verificar a relação entre o gerenciamento de resultados e endividamento de empresas. Foi encontrada relação positiva entre as dívidas financeiras de curto prazo e o gerenciamento de resultados, sugerindo que empresas que possuem maiores níveis de endividamento próximos ao vencimento, teriam maior preocupação com os custos de captação. Quanto ao endividamento de longo prazo não foi verificada relação entre as variáveis, não confirmando a expectativa de que empresas que necessitam de capital de terceiros para a manutenção de suas operações possuam motivação para gerenciar os resultados visando atender as exigências de cláusulas restritivas atreladas aos contratos de empréstimos. Em relação ao endividamento total, verificou-se a relação entre o endividamento e gerenciamento de resultados, indicando que empresas incorrem no gerenciamento de resultados para alterarem a percepção de risco e captarem recursos com menores juros.

Sob a teoria de agência e o contexto de gerenciamento de resultados, o objetivo do trabalho foi estudar a relação entre o gerenciamento de resultados (GR) e o custo da dívida (Ki) das empresas brasileiras de capital aberto, no período de 1996 a 2007. Para isso, foram levantadas duas hipóteses de pesquisa quanto à possível relação entre GR e Ki: H1- as variáveis são inter-relacionadas; e H2- a relação é unidirecional, em que o Ki é influenciado positivamente pelo GR. Os pressupostos levantados, por meio da literatura existente, para a formulação da primeira hipótese são de que, almejando melhores condições contratuais, como o custo da dívida, o custo atual ou passado motiva a empresa a gerenciar o resultado corrente para obter melhores condições de custo futuro ou corrente. Dessa forma, as empresas, intencionalmente, procurariam gerenciar seus resultados, motivadas pelo custo da dívida. Todavia, há suporte teórico para que a relação entre essas variáveis seja unidirecional, com o gerenciamento de resultados influenciando o custo da dívida, sustentando a segunda hipótese. Um por exemplo disso é o gerenciamento de resultados, que é percebido como fator de assimetria de informação pelos credores, os quais, ao identificarem o gerenciamento, exigirão um prêmio maior pelo risco da falta de informação, elevando o custo da dívida das empresas. Assim, para testar as hipóteses do trabalho, a proxy de GR foi definida com o uso do modelo para cálculo dos accruals discricionários proposto por Kang e Sivaramakrishnan (1995) e a variável representativa do custo da dívida foi a relação entre a despesa financeira e o passivo oneroso total. A análise inicial foi feita utilizando-se o índice de correlação de Spearman e análise de média, por meio do teste não-paramétrico U de Mann-Whitney. Em seguida, utilizou-se o teste de especificação de Hausman para análise de simultaneidade, seguido da análise de regressão com dados dispostos em painel com correção de Newey-West, correção por cluster - ambas nas situações em que havia heterocedasticidade e correlação serial-, e estimador MQ2E. Os testes de correlação e de média apontaram para uma relação positiva entre GR e Ki, mas o teste de simultaneidade não indicou haver inter-relação entre as variáveis. Os resultados das regressões em painel indicaram que o Ki, atual ou passado, não influencia o GR, mas apontam para uma relação positiva, em que quanto maior o gerenciamento de resultados, maior o custo da dívida, ou seja, este é influenciado por aquele. Desse modo, os resultados permitem rejeitar a hipótese 1, mas confirmam a segunda hipótese. A princípio, tais resultados indicam que não há uma inter-relação entre GR e Ki e que as empresas não gerenciam com a intenção de impactar no custo da dívida, mas que o gerenciamento de resultados pode ter outras motivações para as empresas brasileiras. Todavia pode ser percebido pelos credores como maneira de reduzir a transparência das demonstrações contábeis, levando-os a cobrar maiores taxas de empresas com gerenciamento de resultados, gerando maior custo da dívida para as companhias. / Under the theory of agency and the context of earnings management, the objective of this research was to study the relationship between the earnings management (EM) and the cost of debt (Ki) of Brazilian open-capital companies, from 1996 to 2007. For this, two hypotheses of research have been raised as to the possible relationship between GR and Ki: H1: the variables are interrelated and H2: the relation is unidirectional where Ki is influenced positively by the GR. The hypothesis raised, by means of existing literature, to elaborate the first hypothesis are that, longing for better contractual conditions, such as the cost of the debt, the current or past costs motivate the company to manage the current result to get better conditions for future or current costs. Therefore, the companies, intentionally, would manage their results, motivated by the cost of debt. However, there is theoretical support that relations between these variables are unidirectional, with the earnings management influencing the cost of debt, supporting the second hypothesis. For example, the earnings management is perceived as a factor of asymmetric information by the creditors, who will demand a bigger prize for the risk regarding the lack of information, which raises the cost of debt of the companies. Thus, to test the hypotheses of this research, the proxy of GR was defined with the use of the model for calculation of discretionary accruals considered by Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995) and the representative variable of the cost of debt was the relationship between the financial expense and the total financial liability. The initial analysis was made using the index of correlation of Spearman and analysis of average, by means of non-parametric test U of Mann-Whitney. After that the test of specification of Hausman was used, for analysis of simultaneity, followed by the analysis of regression with data disposed on panel corrected by Newey-West, correction by cluster - both under the condition where there were heteroskedasticity and serial correlation, and estimator MQ2E. The average and correlation tests pointed out a positive relation between GR and Ki, but the concurrence test did not indicate to have interrelation between the variables. The results of the regressions in the panel indicated that the Ki, current or past, does not influence the GR, but point a positive relationship, where the bigger the earnings management, greater is the cost of debt, that is, this is influenced by management. Then, the results allow rejecting the first hypothesis, confirming the second hypothesis. Such results indicate that there is not an interrelation between GR and Ki and that the companies do not manage with the intention of impacting the cost of the debt, but that the earnings management can have other motivations for the Brazilian companies, however it can be perceived, by the creditors, as a way to reduce the transparency of the accounting demonstrations, leading to charge greater fees from companies with earnings management, generating bigger cost of debt for the companies.

This study uses an institutional theory perspective to examine whether significant changes to the audit work and engagement practices required under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) lead to improved audit quality in nonprofit hospitals. Unlike their for-profit counterparts, nonprofit organizations have been subject to audits of internal controls over financial reporting and program compliance for decades under Circular A-133 of the Single Audit Act of 1984, as amended. Circular A-133 audits represent the primary accountability tool over the billions of grant dollars awarded annually by the federal government. Despite the enormity of these awards and the substantial informational effect of the audit reports, prior empirical research suggests that the quality of these audits is problematic. Using the archival data of nonprofit hospital Circular A-133 audits and related hand-collected financial data from IRS Form 990s, bivariate and multivariate analyses are conducted on a cross-sectional sample of 875 audits for 141 nonprofit hospitals with audits during both pre-SOX (2001-2004) and post-SOX (2008-2011) periods. Audit quality is inferred from discretionary accruals (Modified Jones model) and auditor-reported internal control deficiencies (reportable conditions and material weaknesses). The results indicate support for improved audit quality from the pre- to the post-SOX period for all measures of audit quality. The results are different for the measures of audit quality used to examine the association between audit firm size and audit quality. Non-Big 4 audit firms experienced a significant improvement in audit quality when discretionary accruals are used as a proxy for audit quality. Conversely, Big 4 audit firms experienced a significant improvement in audit quality when internal control deficiencies are proxies for audit quality. In the post-SOX period audit firms provide approximately the same level of audit quality regardless of firm size when discretionary accruals or material weaknesses are the proxy for audit quality. When reportable conditions are the proxy, non-Big 4 firms have higher audit quality than Big 4 firms post-SOX. Client characteristics, specifically hospital size and the interaction of leverage and risk, are attributable to differences in post-SOX audit quality. Finally, the study fails to support the hypothesis that large audit firms self-select low risk clients.

The adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) has been a significant event in the accounting profession, as it provides a common language for financial reporting across the globe. The impact of IFRS adoption on earnings management practices in South Korean and Swedish manufacturing companies is studied in this research. The study aims to explore the influence of accounting regulation on companies' behavior towards earnings management practices. Applying insights from the Positive accounting theory (PAT) and Enforcement theory, the research provides a nuanced understanding of the role of regulations and enforcement in shaping corporate earnings management behaviors following the adoption of FRS. The study uses a comparative approach to examine the differences in IFRS adoption and earnings management practices in South Korea and Sweden. Data are collected from 21 manufacturing companies in each country, using secondary sources such as annual reports, financial statements, and other public records. South Korea shows the high frequency of manipulating income reports, while Sweden is among the countries with the lowest earning management level. Despite the difference in earnings management behavior, this study results indicate that after adoption of IFRS has reduced earnings management in both South Korean and Swedish manufacturing companies. The study concludes that the regulatory environment in each country had a bigger impact on Korean manufacturing companies on earnings management practices, compared to Sweden.

A literatura trata a suavização do lucro líquido como uma das proxies para medir a qualidade da informação contábil (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). Porém, pesquisas sobre suavização do lucro líquido são divergentes em responder se essa suavização aumenta ou diminui a qualidade da informação. Existem trabalhos que testam se o aumento da suavização do lucro líquido aumenta a qualidade da informação por meio da persistência do lucro (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Sabe-se, todavia, que os investidores não projetam fluxos de caixa futuros das empresas utilizando somente o lucro líquido, mas as contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro, pois são consideradas relevantes no processo de decisão sobre determinado investimento (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). Entretanto, desconhecese qual o impacto da suavização sobre as contas de resultado que compõem o lucro líquido. Assim, esta pesquisa procura analisar como o objetivo de suavizar o lucro líquido afeta a persistência das contas de resultado que compõem esse lucro. Nesse sentido, as empresas que fazem parte da amostra foram separadas em empresas que mais e menos suavizam o lucro líquido de acordo com três modelos de suavização encontrados na literatura (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Posteriormente, foram testadas a persistência das contas de resultado, utilizando o modelo de persistência adaptado de Dechow; Ge e Schrand (2010). Os resultados apontam que as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido possuem contas de resultado mais persistentes em relação às contas das empresas que menos suavizam esse lucro. Além disso, as empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários possuem determinadas contas de resultado mais persistentes quando comparadas às empresas que mais suavizam esse lucro com menor quantidade de accruals discricionários. Portanto, os resultados sugerem que o gestor esteja suavizando o lucro artificialmente aumentando a persistência de determinadas contas de resultado, o que caracteriza estas persistências como artificiais. Assim, o investidor que projetar fluxos de caixa de empresas que mais suavizam o lucro líquido com maior quantidade de accruals discricionários poderá ter sua decisão prejudicada / The literature treats the income smoothing as one of the proxies to measure the earnings quality (DECHOW; GE; SCHRAND, 2010). However, research on the income smoothing diverges in whether this smoothing increases or decreases the earnings quality. There are studies that test whether the increase in income smoothing increases the quality of information through the earnings persistence (TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). It is known, however, that investors do not project future cash flows of companies using only net income, but the profit and loss accounts that make up this profit since they are considered relevant in the decision process on an investment (BARTON; HANSEN; POWNALL, 2010). However, the impact of income smoothing on the income statements that make up net income is not known. Thus, this research seeks to analyze how the objective of smoothing the net profit affects the persistence of the income accounts that compose this profit. In this sense, the companies that are part of the sample were separated into companies that more and less smooth the net profit according to three models of income smoothing found in the literature (LEUZ; NANDA; WYSOCKI , 2003; TUCKER; ZAROWIN, 2006). Subsequently, the persistence of the profit and loss accounts was tested using the persistence model adapted from Dechow; Ge and Schrand (2010). The results show that the companies that smoothed the net profit have more persistent profit and loss accounts in relation to the accounts of the companies that least smooth their profit. In addition, companies that the most smoothed their net income with greater amount of discretionary accruals have more persistent profit and loss accounts when compared to the companies that most smooth their profit with less amount of discretionary accruals. Therefore, the results suggest that it is possible for the manager being artificially smoothing the profit, making certain profit and loss accounts more persistent, which characterizes persistence as artificial. Thus, the investor who projects future cash flow from companies that the most smooth the net income with greater discretionary accruals may have their decision impaired, since the projection of future cash flow may not represent the expected future financial performance of the company

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T18:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francisco Carvalho Costa Neto.pdf: 762917 bytes, checksum: 44113e152debcb26d594697c9c12e312 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-16 / With the evolution of markets, mainly after globalization, investors started to demand more detailed information about the financial reality of organizations. To the extent that the accounting information is introduced in the process of decisions, it starts to have important economic implications to the several agents. This aspect is particularly crucial when one is dealing with an investor who considers investing resources in stock portfolio. The aim of this paper is to identify, through statistical techniques, the possibility of evidence on the existence of Discretionary Accruals concerning the financial statements presented to the Stock Exchange Comission of Brazil (CVM) to those 56 companies listed in São Paulo Stock Market (Bovespa) during the year of 2007. The reference to the Discretionary Accruals were worked on according the techniques developed by Kang and Sivaramakrishnan (1995), aiming at establishing whether such accruals can be found. The levels of Bovespa s Corporate Governance (NM, N1GC e N2GC), in which each company s stock was listed in the Initial Public Offering, were considered, with the goal of investigating if this indicator can have been a decisive factor to the results of Discretionary Accrual. The present study is limited to the public information obtained in CVM website through the program DivEx. The statistical work was developed through the software SPSS. The result of emphirical test shows that possibly Discretionary Accruals could be used by management as positive and negative, and, also, that the accounting treatment is given by different ways for the three levels of Corporate Governance / Com a evolução dos mercados, principalmente a partir da globalização, os investidores passaram a demandar informações mais detalhadas sobre a realidade financeira das organizações. Na medida em que a informação contábil insere-se no processo de decisões, ela passa a ter importantes implicações econômicas para os diversos agentes. Esse aspecto é particularmente crucial quando se está lidando com investidor que cogite investir recursos numa carteira de ações. Este trabalho tem por objetivo identificar, através de técnicas estatísticas, evidências da possibilidade da existência de Acumulação Discricionária com relação às demonstrações contábeis apresentadas à Comissão de Valores Mobiliários (CVM) para aquelas 56 empresas que foram listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo durante o ano de 2007. A referência às Acumulações Discricionárias foi trabalhada de acordo com as técnicas desenvolvidas por Kang e Sivaramakrishnan (1995), com o objetivo de constatar se tais acumulações podem ser encontradas. Considerou-se os níveis de Governança Corporativa da Bovespa (NM, N1GC e N2GC) em que a ação de cada empresa foi listada quando da abertura de capital, com o objetivo de verificar se este indicador pode ter sido um fator decisivo para a os resultados da Acumulação Discricionária. O estudo é limitado às informações públicas obtidas no site da CVM, através do programa DivEx. Os trabalhos estatísticos foram desenvolvidos através do software SPSS. O resultado dos testes empíricos demonstra que possivelmente, a Acumulação Discricionária pode ter sido utilizada pelos gestores tanto de forma positiva como negativa, e adicionalmente, que o tratamento contábil é dado de forma diferenciada para os três níveis de Governança Corporativa

<p>Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra hur förekomsten av resultatmanipulering ser ut i företag med olika ägarstrukturer noterade på de svenska börslistorna under åren 2005-2008. Vi har valt att definiera tre grupper av företag: familjeägda företag, företag ägda av investmentbolag och övriga företag. För att identifiera skillnader i resultatmanipulering väljer vi att jämföra medelvärden på godtyckliga periodiseringar hos de olika företagsgrupperna genom ett oberoende t-test, sedan utförs regressioner för att försöka förklara potentiella skillnader. Studiens resultat visar i likhet med tidigare forskning att förekomsten av resultatmanipulering är lägre i familjeföretag i jämförelse med övriga företag. Vårt resultat tyder även på att det inte existerar någon signifikant skillnad mellan företag ägda av investmentbolag och övriga företag vad gäller förekomsten av resultatmanipulering.</p>

Syftet med denna studie är att jämföra hur förekomsten av resultatmanipulering ser ut i företag med olika ägarstrukturer noterade på de svenska börslistorna under åren 2005-2008. Vi har valt att definiera tre grupper av företag: familjeägda företag, företag ägda av investmentbolag och övriga företag. För att identifiera skillnader i resultatmanipulering väljer vi att jämföra medelvärden på godtyckliga periodiseringar hos de olika företagsgrupperna genom ett oberoende t-test, sedan utförs regressioner för att försöka förklara potentiella skillnader. Studiens resultat visar i likhet med tidigare forskning att förekomsten av resultatmanipulering är lägre i familjeföretag i jämförelse med övriga företag. Vårt resultat tyder även på att det inte existerar någon signifikant skillnad mellan företag ägda av investmentbolag och övriga företag vad gäller förekomsten av resultatmanipulering.

Denna studie fokuserar på effekten av IFRS/IAS på earnings management. Huvudsyftet är att identifiera earnings management före och efter införandet av IFRS/IAS för att klargöra om de internationella redovisningsstandarderna har påverkat förekomsten av resultatmanipulering inom svenska börsbolag. Perioden som studeras är åren 2002-2008. För att identifiera earnings management används den modifierade Jones-modellen som går ut på att detektera förekomsten av godtyckliga periodiseringar som ett mått på resultatmanipulering. Vi kontrollerar även för om variablerna storlek och bransch kan förklara förekomsten av företeelsen före och efter införandet av IFRS/IAS. Urvalet är de 144 företag som var listade på Small-Cap, Mid-Cap och Large-Cap på stockholmsbörsen november 2011. Resultaten visar att IFRS/IAS inte har påverkat earnings management då förekomsten av godtyckliga periodiseringar förhåller sig relativt konstant under tidsperioden. Slutligen kunde vi finna resultat som visar att förekomsten av earnings management förekommer i större utsträckning bland företagen på Small-Cap och i IT- &amp; Telekombranschen. / This study focuses on the effect of IFRS/IAS on earnings management. The main purpose is to identify earnings management before and after the adoption of IFRS/IAS to clarify if the international accounting standards have had any effect on the presence of earnings management in Swedish listed companies. The studied period is the years between 2002 and 2008. In order to identify earnings management we use the modified Jones-model which detects the presence of discretionary accruals as a measure of earnings management. Other variables such as firm-size and industry are also examined to see whether these firm specific features may explain the amount of discretionary accruals before and after implementation of IFRS/IAS. We consider a sample of 144 firms listed on Small-Cap, Mid-Cap and Large-Cap on the Swedish stock market in November 2011. The results show that IFRS/IAS has had no effect on earnings management, as discretionary accruals have remained relatively constant during the period before and after the adoption. Finally, the results indicate that firms listed on Small-Cap tend to manage earnings in a larger proportion than firms listed on Mid-Cap and Large-Cap. Also, there seems to occur significant more earnings management in firms of the Information Technology &amp; Telecom Industry.

To consider the international trend and enhance the global competitiveness of Taiwan enterprises, the Government committed to convert the domestic accounting standards to International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS). Taiwan Statement of Financial Accounting Standards (SFAS) No.10, ¡§Inventories¡¨, was revised to adopt IFRS and effective on January 1, 2009 under this background. New SFAS No.10 has different rules on inventory evaluation and has significant impacts on inventory decision-making and operating profits, which may cause much high pressure on companies¡¦ operating performance. Based on this assumption, this research would like to know whether adopting the new SFAS No.10 can affect earnings management behavior by studying the relations between inventories related financial factors and accrual-based earnings management. This research takes the absolute value of discretionary accruals (ADA) from the Modified Jones Model as a measuring indicator of earnings management; and selects six sequential quarterly financial statements of listed companies in Taiwan Stock Exchange Market before and after adopting new SFAS No.10. The total sampling periods are twelve quarters from the third quarter of 2007 to the second quarter of 2010. The empirical results of this study are summarized as follows: 1.After adopting New SFAS No.10, the levels of using discretionary accruals for earnings management are significantly reduced. 2.Gross Profit Margin and Inventory Turnover Rate both have significant correlations with using discretionary accruals for earnings management. 3.Companies have shorter product life cycles are more evident in using discretionary accruals for earnings management. 4.Fixed Assets to Total Assets Rate and Provision of Inventory Loss both have no significant correlations with using the discretionary accruals for earnings management.