The purpose of this study was to design a valid and reliable instrument that contains original scales measuring learning resistance behaviors and cognitions, along with four other hypothetically related factors, resentment, disinterest, overconfidence, and perceived social norms. This process entailed constructing valid items for each of the five included scales; testing those scales for reliability using internal consistency analysis; and validating those scales using external criteria. The multiple scales were tested for intra-correlations to support or disconfirm a series of hypotheses reflecting the hypothetical relationships between learning resistance and the other four included factors. The resultant instrument contains five reliable scales, and the Openness Scale shows a strong negative correlation with the resistance scale, providing some criterion-related validity. Very strong positive correlations exist between all included scales, which suggest the need to provide additional indicators of discriminant validity in future validation studies on this instrument.

Lecionar Física para turmas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA – é um grande desafio, trabalhar com alunos de diferentes idades e de diferentes experiências de vida no mesmo ambiente, torna-se um obstáculo difícil de ser superado com esta modalidade de ensino. Esta pesquisa destina-se a identificar as causas do desinteresse pela Física em turmas da EJA, a partir de uma investigação em diferentes escolas do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Aplicamos um questionário estruturado a alunos e professores de Física que atuam na EJA, em ambos os casos utilizamos a metodologia da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD) como ferramenta para análise de dados. Nossa pesquisa está dividida em três artigos, o primeiro foi elaborado com base na análise do questionário aplicado aos discentes. Os resultados indicam uma diversidade de fatores que levam o aluno a não gostar de Física, dentre os quais destacamos a não realização de atividades experimentais por parte dos professores e a ocorrência da matematização da Física em detrimento de uma análise mais profunda do fenômeno estudado (mais contextualizada). O segundo artigo teve como principal objetivo identificar a percepção que os professores têm acerca do interesse dos alunos nas aulas de Física, a coleta de dados ocorreu através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado aplicado aos professores Os resultados indicam que 69% dos professores percebem os alunos desmotivados e sem interesse pelas aulas de Física. A maioria dos pesquisados admite utilizar a mesma metodologia empregada nas aulas do ensino regular nas aulas da EJA, bem como utilizam os mesmos instrumentos de avaliação. Aqueles que consideram o aluno desinteressado atribuem o desinteresse ao cansaço e à falta de base matemática, já os que consideram o aluno interessado atribuem o interesse às aulas contextualizadas e atrativas. No terceiro artigo descrevemos proposições metodológicas, fundamentadas na Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel, que conseguiram reduzir a evasão e elevaram a assiduidade e participação nas aulas de Física na EJA, propostas que superaram as dificuldades característica desta modalidade e também superaram as limitações físicas das estruturas das escolas. Por fim, concluímos que as causas do fracasso do ensino de Física na EJA são diversificadas, devem-se, sobretudo, à postura do professor que repete a mesma metodologia no ensino regular e na EJA, à forma pouco contextualizada de como o conteúdo é apresentado, à não realização de experimentos, à má formação do professor e à matematização demasiada da Física, tornando uma ciência de aplicação de fórmulas. / Teach physics classes for the Youth and Adult Education – YAE – is a major challenge, working with students of different ages and from different backgrounds in the same environment, it becomes a difficult obstacle to be overcome with this type of education. This research aims to identify the causes of the lack of interest in Physics in the YEA classes from an investigation in different schools of the Vale do Rio dos Sinos. We apply a structured questionnaire to students and physics teachers who work in adult education, in both cases we use the methodology of Textual Analysis Discursive (TAD) as a tool for data analysis. Our research is divided into three articles, the first was based on the analysis of the questionnaire administered to students. The results indicate a variety of factors that lead students to dislike Physics, among which the non-realization of experimental activities by teachers and the occurrence of Physics mathematisation to the detriment of a deeper analysis of the phenomenon studied (more contextualized). The second article aimed to identify the perception that teachers have about the interest of students in physics classes, the data were collected through the application of a structured questionnaire administered to teachers The results indicate that 69% of teachers perceive students unmotivated and without interest in Physics classes. Most surveyed admitted using the same methodology used in ordinary classes in the classes of EJA and use the same assessment tools. Those who consider the disinterested student attribute the indifference to fatigue and lack of basic math, since those who consider the interested student attribute the interest to contextualized and attractive classes. In the third article we describe methodological proposals, based on the Theory of David Ausubel meaningful learning, which managed to reduce evasion and increased attendance and participation in Physics classes in adult education, proposals to overcome the characteristic difficulties of this type and also overcome the physical limitations of school structures. Finally, we conclude that the causes of the failure of physical education in adult education are diverse, are due mainly to the teacher's stance that repeats the same methodology in regular education and adult education, the little contextualized way of how the content is presented, non-performing experiments, poor teacher training and mathematisation too much of Physics, becoming a formula applying science.

Problem: Many women experience problems when trying to enter the construction industry and perceive several barriers in professional practice. As a result, day by day women are losing their interest in building their career within this male-dominated industry and diverting towards other professions. The fact that women are showing less interest to work within construction industry and leaving the industry has been found as a major problem. Since in this male dominated industry around ninety percent labour are men and expecting a large numbers of retirement in the future, therefore today’s construction industry has a strong demand for labour. The construction industry’s representatives want to increase the number of women in this trade, but because of the previous reputation and discriminatory work environment it’s become difficult to attract more women. Therefore, to enhance the participation of women in construction trades, it is necessary to understand women’s perceptions about the nature of work and level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the job. It is also important to know what kind of changes in the work environment can motivate women not to leave this industry? How to eliminate the barriers in professional practice?                      Purpose: This thesis explores the current position of women in construction industry, and seeks to identify the reasons of women’s disinterest about the industry, job satisfaction and the barriers (professional and social) that compel women to think to change career and leave the construction industry.   Method: This study has been performed through a qualitative interview study based on themes, on the subject of women in male-dominated industry. The research data is collected by conducting semi-structured interviews with professionals from Sweden, the USA, Canada, Latvia, Greece, The Netherlands and Bangladesh. The participants were active within the construction industry, and had the designation of project manager, construction engineer or structural engineer. To analysis the data in this research the Thematic Analysis approach has been adopted.   Findings: The interviewed women stated that the unpleasant work environment, gender discriminatory behaviours from the male colleagues, less career development opportunities, unfair promotion system and unequal salary compel them to rethink about their career choice and leave the construction industry. The results of this study showed that the barriers women face in professional practice also depends on the geographical position and societal culture.

Abstract Many pupils struggleto read. Teachers must therefore know how to motivate these pupils. In this qualitative study the aim is to investigate what some teachers do to motivate pupils to read. Data were collected through interviews with four teachers from two schools. The teachers said that the choice of book was extremely important for making pupils interested in reading, and that reading aloud and cooperation with parents and libraries are of great importance. Through the interviews it emerged that there is an association between lack of interest in reading and difficulties in reading.

Cette thèse est consacrée au travail dans un essai médical à caractère préventif sur la maladie d’Alzheimer en France. L’enquête s’est déroulée essentiellement au sein de deux Centres mémoire de ressources et de recherches (CMRR), lesquels ont été parmi les principaux recruteurs du protocole de recherche. Elle a surtout reposé sur la volonté de donner à voir les multiples formes d’incertitude entourant l’essai clinique, depuis le travail de recrutement jusqu’à celui de gestion des participants. Plus précisément, le présent travail a pour objectif d’examiner empiriquement, d’une part, dans quelle mesure certaines propriétés sociales des travailleurs influent sur les logiques professionnelles et scientifiques et quels sont, d’autre part, les facteurs qui ont conduit au départ de nombreux participants de l’essai clinique multi-sites. / This thesis is devoted to work in a preventive medical trial on Alzheimer's disease in France. The survey was carried out mainly at two “Centres Mémoire de Ressources et de Recherches” (CMRR) which were among the main recruiters of the research protocol. Above all, it sought to highlight the many forms of uncertainty surrounding the clinical trial, from the recruitment work to the management of the participants. More precisely, this work aims to lookat, on the one hand, the extent to which certain social properties of workers influence the professional and scientific logics and, on the other hand, what factors led to the departure of many participants in the multi-site clinical trial.

Lecionar Física para turmas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA – é um grande desafio, trabalhar com alunos de diferentes idades e de diferentes experiências de vida no mesmo ambiente, torna-se um obstáculo difícil de ser superado com esta modalidade de ensino. Esta pesquisa destina-se a identificar as causas do desinteresse pela Física em turmas da EJA, a partir de uma investigação em diferentes escolas do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Aplicamos um questionário estruturado a alunos e professores de Física que atuam na EJA, em ambos os casos utilizamos a metodologia da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD) como ferramenta para análise de dados. Nossa pesquisa está dividida em três artigos, o primeiro foi elaborado com base na análise do questionário aplicado aos discentes. Os resultados indicam uma diversidade de fatores que levam o aluno a não gostar de Física, dentre os quais destacamos a não realização de atividades experimentais por parte dos professores e a ocorrência da matematização da Física em detrimento de uma análise mais profunda do fenômeno estudado (mais contextualizada). O segundo artigo teve como principal objetivo identificar a percepção que os professores têm acerca do interesse dos alunos nas aulas de Física, a coleta de dados ocorreu através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado aplicado aos professores Os resultados indicam que 69% dos professores percebem os alunos desmotivados e sem interesse pelas aulas de Física. A maioria dos pesquisados admite utilizar a mesma metodologia empregada nas aulas do ensino regular nas aulas da EJA, bem como utilizam os mesmos instrumentos de avaliação. Aqueles que consideram o aluno desinteressado atribuem o desinteresse ao cansaço e à falta de base matemática, já os que consideram o aluno interessado atribuem o interesse às aulas contextualizadas e atrativas. No terceiro artigo descrevemos proposições metodológicas, fundamentadas na Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel, que conseguiram reduzir a evasão e elevaram a assiduidade e participação nas aulas de Física na EJA, propostas que superaram as dificuldades característica desta modalidade e também superaram as limitações físicas das estruturas das escolas. Por fim, concluímos que as causas do fracasso do ensino de Física na EJA são diversificadas, devem-se, sobretudo, à postura do professor que repete a mesma metodologia no ensino regular e na EJA, à forma pouco contextualizada de como o conteúdo é apresentado, à não realização de experimentos, à má formação do professor e à matematização demasiada da Física, tornando uma ciência de aplicação de fórmulas. / Teach physics classes for the Youth and Adult Education – YAE – is a major challenge, working with students of different ages and from different backgrounds in the same environment, it becomes a difficult obstacle to be overcome with this type of education. This research aims to identify the causes of the lack of interest in Physics in the YEA classes from an investigation in different schools of the Vale do Rio dos Sinos. We apply a structured questionnaire to students and physics teachers who work in adult education, in both cases we use the methodology of Textual Analysis Discursive (TAD) as a tool for data analysis. Our research is divided into three articles, the first was based on the analysis of the questionnaire administered to students. The results indicate a variety of factors that lead students to dislike Physics, among which the non-realization of experimental activities by teachers and the occurrence of Physics mathematisation to the detriment of a deeper analysis of the phenomenon studied (more contextualized). The second article aimed to identify the perception that teachers have about the interest of students in physics classes, the data were collected through the application of a structured questionnaire administered to teachers The results indicate that 69% of teachers perceive students unmotivated and without interest in Physics classes. Most surveyed admitted using the same methodology used in ordinary classes in the classes of EJA and use the same assessment tools. Those who consider the disinterested student attribute the indifference to fatigue and lack of basic math, since those who consider the interested student attribute the interest to contextualized and attractive classes. In the third article we describe methodological proposals, based on the Theory of David Ausubel meaningful learning, which managed to reduce evasion and increased attendance and participation in Physics classes in adult education, proposals to overcome the characteristic difficulties of this type and also overcome the physical limitations of school structures. Finally, we conclude that the causes of the failure of physical education in adult education are diverse, are due mainly to the teacher's stance that repeats the same methodology in regular education and adult education, the little contextualized way of how the content is presented, non-performing experiments, poor teacher training and mathematisation too much of Physics, becoming a formula applying science.

Lecionar Física para turmas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos – EJA – é um grande desafio, trabalhar com alunos de diferentes idades e de diferentes experiências de vida no mesmo ambiente, torna-se um obstáculo difícil de ser superado com esta modalidade de ensino. Esta pesquisa destina-se a identificar as causas do desinteresse pela Física em turmas da EJA, a partir de uma investigação em diferentes escolas do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Aplicamos um questionário estruturado a alunos e professores de Física que atuam na EJA, em ambos os casos utilizamos a metodologia da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD) como ferramenta para análise de dados. Nossa pesquisa está dividida em três artigos, o primeiro foi elaborado com base na análise do questionário aplicado aos discentes. Os resultados indicam uma diversidade de fatores que levam o aluno a não gostar de Física, dentre os quais destacamos a não realização de atividades experimentais por parte dos professores e a ocorrência da matematização da Física em detrimento de uma análise mais profunda do fenômeno estudado (mais contextualizada). O segundo artigo teve como principal objetivo identificar a percepção que os professores têm acerca do interesse dos alunos nas aulas de Física, a coleta de dados ocorreu através da aplicação de um questionário estruturado aplicado aos professores Os resultados indicam que 69% dos professores percebem os alunos desmotivados e sem interesse pelas aulas de Física. A maioria dos pesquisados admite utilizar a mesma metodologia empregada nas aulas do ensino regular nas aulas da EJA, bem como utilizam os mesmos instrumentos de avaliação. Aqueles que consideram o aluno desinteressado atribuem o desinteresse ao cansaço e à falta de base matemática, já os que consideram o aluno interessado atribuem o interesse às aulas contextualizadas e atrativas. No terceiro artigo descrevemos proposições metodológicas, fundamentadas na Teoria da Aprendizagem Significativa de David Ausubel, que conseguiram reduzir a evasão e elevaram a assiduidade e participação nas aulas de Física na EJA, propostas que superaram as dificuldades característica desta modalidade e também superaram as limitações físicas das estruturas das escolas. Por fim, concluímos que as causas do fracasso do ensino de Física na EJA são diversificadas, devem-se, sobretudo, à postura do professor que repete a mesma metodologia no ensino regular e na EJA, à forma pouco contextualizada de como o conteúdo é apresentado, à não realização de experimentos, à má formação do professor e à matematização demasiada da Física, tornando uma ciência de aplicação de fórmulas. / Teach physics classes for the Youth and Adult Education – YAE – is a major challenge, working with students of different ages and from different backgrounds in the same environment, it becomes a difficult obstacle to be overcome with this type of education. This research aims to identify the causes of the lack of interest in Physics in the YEA classes from an investigation in different schools of the Vale do Rio dos Sinos. We apply a structured questionnaire to students and physics teachers who work in adult education, in both cases we use the methodology of Textual Analysis Discursive (TAD) as a tool for data analysis. Our research is divided into three articles, the first was based on the analysis of the questionnaire administered to students. The results indicate a variety of factors that lead students to dislike Physics, among which the non-realization of experimental activities by teachers and the occurrence of Physics mathematisation to the detriment of a deeper analysis of the phenomenon studied (more contextualized). The second article aimed to identify the perception that teachers have about the interest of students in physics classes, the data were collected through the application of a structured questionnaire administered to teachers The results indicate that 69% of teachers perceive students unmotivated and without interest in Physics classes. Most surveyed admitted using the same methodology used in ordinary classes in the classes of EJA and use the same assessment tools. Those who consider the disinterested student attribute the indifference to fatigue and lack of basic math, since those who consider the interested student attribute the interest to contextualized and attractive classes. In the third article we describe methodological proposals, based on the Theory of David Ausubel meaningful learning, which managed to reduce evasion and increased attendance and participation in Physics classes in adult education, proposals to overcome the characteristic difficulties of this type and also overcome the physical limitations of school structures. Finally, we conclude that the causes of the failure of physical education in adult education are diverse, are due mainly to the teacher's stance that repeats the same methodology in regular education and adult education, the little contextualized way of how the content is presented, non-performing experiments, poor teacher training and mathematisation too much of Physics, becoming a formula applying science.

The present paper has the purpose of analyzing the notion of disinterest in Kant’s aesthetics. The first part focuses on Shaftesbury’s and Schopenhauer’s aesthetic approaches, wherein the presence of disinterest in relation to the appraisal of beauty is highlighted –albeit, as will be seen, in very different senses than the one proposed by Kant. The second part approaches the Analytics of beauty, around which some reflections about disinterest will be attempted in order to pay attention to disinterest as proposed by Kant, not only as a negative element, but also with an open, positive, connotation that enables a relationship with the world different than usual. / El presente trabajo tiene como propósito analizar la noción de desinterés en la estética kantiana. Para ello, en la primera parte, se revisará brevemente el planteamiento estético de Shaftesbury y Schopenhauer, en los que se advierte la presencia del desinterés en relación con la apreciación de lo bello; aunque, como se verá, en sentidos muy distintos de lo propuesto por Kant. La segunda parte se centrará en la Analítica de lo bello, sobre la base de la cual se ensayarán algunas reflexiones sobre el desinterés; de esta manera se busca poner atención al desinterés propuesto por Kant no solo como un elemento negativo, sino además con una connotación abierta, positiva, que hace posible una relación distinta de la habitual con el mundo.

Redovisningskonsulternas roll på marknaden för redovisning och revision har förändrats sedan revisionsplikten avskaffades i november 2010. Från att ha varit ett komplement till revisorn, med största fokus på att sköta ett företags ekonomiska handhavanden, till att bli ensam extern ekonomisk handläggare och rådgivare har gjort att även förväntningarna på redovisningskonsulternas prestation har förändrats.  Den tidigare genomförda forskningen på fenomenet förväntningsgap inom redovisning och revision har haft störst fokus på revisionen och revisorerna och hur allmänheten förväntar sig att den ska vara. Denna studie vill bidra till en ökad förståelse över det förväntningsgap som förekommer mellan redovisningskonsulter och egenföretagare som idag är väldigt lite forskat om.  Syftet med studien är att utforska relationen och förväntningsgapet mellan redovisningskonsulter och redovisningskonsulters kunder. Genom att utgå från både redovisningskonsulters och kunders perspektiv avser studien identifiera faktorer som påverkar relationen och därmed bidra till en ökad förståelse av fenomenet förväntningsgap. Den teoretiska referensram som studien bygger på utgår ifrån att ge läsaren en förförståelse om fenomenet förväntningsgap, följt av de teorier som uppsatsen bygger på, nämligen professions-, agent-, intressent- och legitimitetsteorierna. Vidare i kapitlet förs diskussioner om förväntningsgapet, hur samhället ser på redovisningskonsulter och avslutas med uppsatsens analysmodell.   För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställning genomfördes intervjuer med redovisningskonsulter och egenföretagare och genom analys och tolkning av intervjuerna framträdde ett mönster. Dessa mönster kategoriserades i olika attribut som sedan utmynnade i faktorerna legitimitet, kunskap, erfarenhet, ointresse och personkemi.  Slutsatsen av föreliggande studie är att faktorerna erfarenhet och ointresse är de faktorer där förväntningsgapet blir tydligast, samtidigt är det personkemin och legitimiteten som får kunderna att stanna kvar hos sin redovisningskonsult. / The accountants and auditors market situation has changed since the audit requirement was abolished in November 2010. From being a complement to the auditor, with main focus on managing a company's financial dealings, to become the exclusive external financial officers and advisers, the expectations on the accountant’s performance has changed as well. Earlier conducted research on the phenomena audit expectation gap have had its main focus on the auditor and the auditing and how the public expect it to be. With this study, we want to contribute to a better understanding of the expectation gap that appears in the relation between the accountants and entrepreneurs that we have found very little research about. The purpose of the study is to explore the relation and the expectation gap between accountants and accountants customers. By study both sides of the relation the study will identify factors that’s effect the relation and contribute to an increased understanding of the phenomena of the expectation gap. The theoretical framework of this study will give the reader a pre-understanding on the definition of the expectation gap, followed by theories such as profession-, agency-, stakeholder- and legitimacy theory. Furthermore discussions of the expectation gap and a description of the accountants preconditions will follow.  To answer the study's purpose and research question, interviews was conducted with accountants and entrepreneurs, and through analysis and interpretation of the interviews a pattern was emerged. These patterns were categorized into different attributes which then resulted in the factors of legitimacy, knowledge, experience, disinterest and personal chemistry. The conclusion of this study is that factors of experience and lack of interest are the factors where the expectation gap becomes evident, while it is the personal chemistry and the legitimacy that makes the entrepreneur to stay with its accountant.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T18:24:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Zico Ferreira de Souza.pdf: 1387090 bytes, checksum: 316b278b647ffa18ea3e80a633a24adc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-16 / Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo / This research aims to investigate the students representations of the English Language teaching-learning process in Elementary School (Ensino Fundamental) at a São Paulo State Government School. It also examines the relationship between those representations and the reasons why students are leaded to disinterest or lose of interest in studying English in this context. This research is grounded on the Behaviorist, Cognitivist, Humanist and Socio-intereactionist teaching-learning theories as well as on the Brazilian National Curriculum Parameters (Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais LE, 1998) and the view of language as social practice (Bakhtin, 1977/2006). This research is also based on the social representation theory of Jodelet (2001) and Moscovic (2003). This study took place in a state government school located in a suburb of Diadema, a city in Greater São Paulo, where 16 students were investigated (4 students from each grade). The data were collected through interviews and questionnaires in October and November, 2007. The results show that the students were not disinterested nor did they lose their interest in studying English. In some cases, the interest decreased because the students felt they could not learn the language. This way, we may conclude that getting to know the representations and the factors that lead to students interest decrease in their English classes may suggest that teaching- learning strategies should take into account the relevance of what to teach and how to teach so as to keep and increase the students interest in learning English / Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar as representações sobre o processo de ensino-aprendizagem da língua inglesa no Ensino Fundamental da rede pública estadual de São Paulo bem como suas relações com desinteresse ou com a perda de interesse dos alunos em estudar essa disciplina. A fundamentação teórica deste estudo foi baseada nas abordagens de ensino-aprendizagem behaviorista, cognitivista, humanista e sociointeracionista, além dos Parâmetros Curriculares Nacionais (PCN) e o papel da linguagem como prática social (Bakhtin, 1977/2006). Esta pesquisa está embasada na teoria das Representações sociais de Moscovici (2003) e Jodelet (2001). A pesquisa foi desenvolvida em uma escola da rede pública estadual de ensino localizada na periferia de Diadema, uma cidade da região da grande São Paulo. Seus participantes foram dezesseis alunos do Ensino Fundamental II (quatro de cada série). Os dados foram coletados por meio de questionário e entrevista, nos meses de outubro e novembro de 2007. Os resultados obtidos mostram que não houve desinteresse nem perda de interesse. Houve, em alguns casos, uma diminuição do interesse devido ao fato de o aluno não ter aprendido. Portanto, o reconhecimento das representações dos alunos e dos fatores que levam à diminuição de interesse possibilita traçar estratégias de ensino-aprendizagem que considerem a relevância do que ensinar e como ensinar para a manutenção e aumento do interesse em aprender inglês