The background in which global organisations operate in at present is very competitive. In an ever faster growing global economy the role of the entrepreneur within the large organisation becomes more and more important to ensure the company keeps the competitive edge. The Linde Group is a world class company with a world class management strategy and systems to support the strategy. Part of the The Linde Group management strategy is being a high performing organisation, wanting to give all employees the opportunity to contribute to improvement by sharing their ideas with the company. This study was done at African Oxygen Limited, South Africa, a regional business unit in Africa for The Linde Group. African Oxygen Limited embarked on various programmes to create opportunities for employees to think in an entrepreneurial way. Middle managers at African Oxygen Limited play an important role in the innovation programs implemented at African Oxygen Limited. Against this background, this study seeks to confirm whether African Oxygen Limited, South Africa has a true entrepreneurial climate and whether the middle management level involved with these initiatives share this perception. Corporate entrepreneurship is characterised by people who are innovative, creative, spend time and take risks. To support these entrepreneurial activities, the organisation needs a climate and culture that is beneficial to these activities. An entrepreneurial orientation within an organisation is marked by dimensions such as innovativeness, pro–activeness, risk–taking, competitive aggressiveness and autonomy. The entrepreneurial behaviour among middle level managers is most critical to the effective implementation of corporate entrepreneurship. The primary objective of this study was to assess the entrepreneurial climate in African Oxygen Limited and to make recommendations to foster corporate entrepreneurship within the organisation. The literature review was instrumental to gather secondary data on corporate entrepreneurship and to understand its dynamics. In order to gain primary data, quantitative research was carried out. The study population comprised lower and middle management, who were requested to complete questionnaires. This was followed by statistical analysis. The empirical results indicate no practical significance in respondents' perception based on the gender of the respondents. However, the results do indicate practical significant differences between the relationship between the groups of middle and lower management level with respect to entrepreneurial climate and the perceived organisational success. An evaluation of the corporate entrepreneurial climate in the organisation was performed and the average mean for the study calculated. Seven out of 13 constructs evaluated had a mean above the average mean of x = 3.502, the other six constructs evaluated had a mean ranked lower than the average mean. All of the constructs still had a mean above three out of five. All four of the used variables measuring the perceived organisational success, were reported by respondents to have a mean above three which is the neutral point. The average mean of the perceived success of the organisation was 3.688. It was clear that the constructs for perceived organisational success had a fairly strong presence, but there is still room for improvement. With reference to the entrepreneurial climate within Afrox the conclusion is that it is not optimally entrepreneurial and initiatives put into practice that should encourage entrepreneurial behaviour, are falling short. The study concludes with practical recommendations on assessment of the achievement of objectives and suggestions for future research. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2011.

Findings through fragmentation Architecture is an obvious remnant of our collective past and gives us a fragment of a former life and a different time. This unique relationship between what’s new and old is a very powerful spatial opportunity. If memory is defined as ‘The faculty by which the mind stores and remembers information’ then the role of architecture comes to play is the prop for our collective and individual memories where it represents past events and people.  If we look closely at the definition of a fragment without it's context it will be read as ‘incomplete’ and subordinate to the completed it is extracted from. Architectural fragments have a power of resisting such expected unity and can be read into an alternative whole of none. By fragmenting industrial buildings that is going to b demolished, representing a time and a group of people in Lövholmen/Stockholm, I wish to embody memory and recall spaces that will be forever lost. / Rummet mellan det som är och det som har varit Arkitektur representerar vår historia och det kollektiva minnet.  Att minnas definieras som ‘förmågan att lagra erfarenheter och göra det möjligt att känna igen och lära’. Minnen placerar oss i förhållande till tid och rum vilket gör att platser och arkitektur kommer att spela en stor roll som bärare av vår kollektiva historia. Byggnader som bär spår av tid där de har varit grunden i en annan kontext kan utgöra ett unikt möte mellan det rum som existerar och det som har varit.  När vårt medvetna väljer ut och sorterar bland minnen fragmenteras det som vi upplevt och bara vissa delar finns kvar. Fragment kan definieras som en pusselbit som tillhört en helhet och blivit en spillra. Styrkan i arkitektonisk fragment är att de kan läsas på nya sätt efter att det isolerats från en helhet och antingen läsas in i en ny kontext eller ingen. Genom att fragmentera byggnader som representerar en specifik tid och grupp av människor som har använt dom vill jag förkroppsliga dessa rumsliga minnen innan de för alltid går förlorade.

Submitted by João Vitor Munari Benetti (jvitormb@live.com) on 2018-09-26T20:06:18Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação Final João.pdf: 2286091 bytes, checksum: d5fc1e4e62e2b830f24943279cdec9af (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Elza Mitiko Sato null (elzasato@ibilce.unesp.br) on 2018-09-27T17:56:01Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 benetti_jvm_me_sjrp.pdf: 2729834 bytes, checksum: 78d52262fcb4441f86f4022910bcb982 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-27T17:56:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 benetti_jvm_me_sjrp.pdf: 2729834 bytes, checksum: 78d52262fcb4441f86f4022910bcb982 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-09-03 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Emulsões óleo em água (O/W) são sistemas formados por dois líquidos imiscíveis, envolvendo a presença de uma fase contínua (água), uma fase dispersa (óleo), um emulsificante e energia introduzida por meio de agitação ou cavitação. A energia transmitida é capaz de aumentar a área interfacial entre as fases dispersa e contínua, enquanto o emulsificante adsorve na interface, estabilizando o sistema. A emulsificação é uma etapa anterior e fundamental à microencapsulação de compostos lipofílicos por spray drying, em que gotas de emulsão são rapidamente desidratadas em uma câmara de secagem, possibilitando a microencapsulação da fase dispersa. Neste trabalho, objetivou-se produzir emulsões O/W utilizando microgéis de isolado proteico de soja (SPI) como estabilizantes, avaliar a estabilidade e o comportamento reológico das emulsões em diferentes concentrações de cloreto de sódio (NaCl) e, posteriormente, produzir microcápsulas por spray drying, avaliando o potencial dos microgéis de SPI como material de parede. Suspensões com 10% m/m de SPI foram preparadas em água deionizada e submetidas à desnaturação por aquecimento a 80 ºC por 30 minutos, seguido de resfriamento a 4 ºC por 12 h. Após a formação do gel, as suspensões foram diluídas para 6% m/m de SPI com água ou soluções de NaCl e homogeneizadas sob alta pressão ou sonicadas para produção dos microgéis, usados para estabilizar emulsões O/W com diferentes teores de óleo produzidas por homogeneização a alta pressão ou sonicação. As emulsões sonicadas foram submetidas à secagem em spray dryer para produção de micropartículas contendo óleo encapsulado. Os microgéis de SPI foram caracterizados quanto à distribuição de tamanhos de partícula e ao potencial zeta. As emulsões O/W foram avaliadas quanto ao comportamento reológico, estabilidade e morfologia. A adição de NaCl influenciou diretamente no tamanho das partículas de SPI e em seu potencial zeta, visto que a presença do sal diminuiu a repulsão eletrostática entre os microgéis e resultou na formação de aglomerados. A reologia das emulsões foi avaliada por cisalhamento em regime permanente, observando-se o aumento do índice de consistência dos fluidos pseudoplásticos com o aumento da concentração de NaCl ou da fase dispersa (óleo) nas emulsões. Todas as emulsões se apresentaram estáveis por, pelo menos, 21 dias a temperatura de 25 ºC. O processo foi caracterizado quanto ao rendimento, e as microcápsulas de óleo foram caracterizadas quanto a retenção de óleo, umidade e morfologia. A secagem se mostrou mais eficiente para emulsões com teor de óleo mais baixo (5 a 7,5 %) e submetidas a secagem em temperaturas mais altas (160 a 170 °C). As microcápsulas apresentaram retenção de óleo acima de 80% e umidade adequada para produtos em pó (< 4%). As imagens das microcápsulas produzidas mostraram a formação de microesferas contendo óleo aprisionado na matriz proteica. Os microgéis de SPI se mostraram capazes de estabilizar emulsões com diferentes teores de óleo, além da possibilidade de serem utilizados como material de parede para microencapsular compostos lipofílicos por spray drying. / Oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions are systems formed by two immiscible liquids, involving a continuous phase (water), a dispersed phase (oil), an emulsifier and energy input by homogenization or cavitation. The transmitted energy is able to increase the interfacial area between the dispersed and continuous phases, while the emulsifier adsorbs at the interface, stabilizing the system. The emulsification is an earlier and fundamental step to microencapsulation of lipophilic compounds by spray drying, wherein emulsion droplets are rapidly dehydrated in a drying chamber, enabling the microencapsulation of the dispersed phase. The objective of this work was to produce emulsions using soybean protein isolate (SPI) microgels as O/W emulsion stabilizers, to evaluate the stability and rheological behavior of the emulsions at different concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl), and to produce microcapsules by spray drying of the emulsions, evaluating the potential of SPI microgels as wall material. Suspensions with 10 wt% SPI were prepared in deionized water and subjected to gelation by heating at 80 °C for 30 minutes, followed by cooling at 4 °C for 12 h. After gel formation, the suspensions were diluted to 6 wt% SPI with water or NaCl solutions and homogenized under high pressure or sonication to produce the microgels, which were used to stabilize O/W emulsions with different oil contents produced by high-pressure or ultrasound homogenization. The emulsions were then submitted to drying in spray dryer for production of oil microcapsules. SPI microgels were characterized regarding their particle size distribution and zeta potential. O/W emulsions were evaluated regarding their rheological behavior, stability and morphology. The addition of NaCl directly influenced the size of the SPI particles and their zeta potential, since the presence of the salt decreased the electrostatic repulsion between the microgels and, consequently, the gel particles were approached, forming agglomerates. The rheological behavior of the emulsions was evaluated by means of steady shear tests, and an increase in the consistency index of the pseudoplastic fluids was observed with increasing NaCl or dispersed phase concentration in the emulsions. All the emulsions were stable for at least 21 days at 25 °C. The process was characterized regarding yield. and the oil microcapsules were characterized regarding oil retention, water content and morphology. The drying process showed to be more efficient to emulsions with lower oil content (5 a 7.5 wt%) and subjected to higher drying temperatures (160 a 170 °C). The microcapsules presented oil retention higher than 80% and water content suitable for powdered products (< 4%). The images of microcapsules showed the formation of microspheres containing oil droplets trapped in the protein matrix. The SPI microgels were able to stabilize emulsions with different oil contents, in addition to the possibility of being used as wall materials to microencapsulate lipophilic compounds by spray drying. / CNPq: 132640/2017-1

Face à l'épuisement des pétroles bruts légers et à la demande en énergies fossiles toujours croissante, l'exploitation des pétroles lourds et le raffinage des résidus pétroliers devient une nécessité. Cependant, la nature de ces résidus pose de nombreuses difficultés aux procédés de raffinage existants. En conséquence, l'industrie pétrolière a actuellement un fort intérêt au développement d'un procédé de conversion profonde de ces résidus pétroliers en carburants valorisables. L'utilisation d'un catalyseur hautement dispersé dans la charge permettrait de minimiser ces difficultés. L'objectif de cette thèse est alors l'étude de quelques aspects du développement d'un procédé d'hydroconversion des résidus pétroliers avec des catalyseurs dispersés. La première partie est dédiée à la génération des données expérimentales de la conversion d'un résidu dans un micro-pilote continu en faisant varier les conditions opératoires. Ensuite, un modèle de cette unité a été développé en couplant la description des cinétiques chimiques déterminée dans un autre réacteur (dans une étude préalable), avec les modèles physiques (hydrodynamique et transfert de matière) et thermodynamiques. Le modèle a été validé en comparant les prédictions du modèle avec les résultats expérimentaux obtenus. La minimisation de la consommation de catalyseur et l'augmentation du rendement en produits désirables sont deux objectifs dans le développement d'un procédé industriel. Le recyclage du catalyseur et de la fraction non-convertie est une stratégie permettant d'atteindre ces objectifs. L'outil expérimental utilisé pour l'étude du fonctionnement en mode recyclage était un réacteur semi-continu. La caractérisation des produits issus d'expériences de la conversion avec un catalyseur recyclé est accompagnée d'une caractérisation de la phase active. De plus, l'étude de l'évolution de la réactivité de la charge recyclée fait partie de cette étude. Les résultats obtenus permettent d'évaluer la faisabilité du fonctionnement en recyclage / With the depletion of light petroleum crude oils and the demand in fossil energies still growing, the exploration of heavy oils and the refining of petroleum residues becomes a necessity. However, the nature of these feedstocks presents numerous difficulties for the existing refining processes. As a consequence, the petroleum industry is currently developing new processes for the deep conversion of these residues to more valuable fuels. The utilization of dispersed catalysts is a promising new strategy for minimizing these difficulties. The aim of this work was to study several aspects of the scale-up of a hydroconversion process of petroleum residues with dispersed catalysts. The first part of this work is dedicated to the generation of experimental data for the conversion of a residue in a continuous micro-pilot unit by varying the operating conditions. Afterwards, a model of the unit was developed by coupling the chemical kinetics determined in a previous batch reactor study with the physical characterization (hydrodynamics and mass transfer) of the continuous micro-pilot unit. The model was validated by comparing its predictions with the experimental data. Minimization of catalyst consummation and the increasing product yields are vital in the development of an industrial process. Recycling the non-converted fraction as well as the catalyst is is a strategy to achieve these two objectives. The second part was thus dedicated to the study of the recycling mode, which was carried out in a semi-continuous reactor. The product characterization of catalyst recycling experiments was accompanied with the characterization of the active phase to evaluate the performance of an aging catalyst. Additionally, the evolution of the reactivity of the recycled product was studied. The results obtained allow us to evaluate the feasibility of the recycling mode

The GMT is an aplanatic Gregorian telescope consisting of 7 primary and secondary mirror segments that must be phased to within a fraction of an imaging wavelength to allow the 25.4 meter telescope to reach its diffraction limit. When operating in Laser Tomographic Adaptive Optics (LTAO) mode, on-axis guide stars will not be available for segment phasing. In this mode, the GMT's Acquisition, Guiding, and Wavefront Sensing system (AGWS) will deploy four pickoff probes to acquire natural guide stars in a 6-10 arcmin annular FOV for guiding, active optics, and segment phasing. The phasing sensor will be able to measure piston phase differences between the seven primary/secondary pairs of up to 50 microns with an accuracy of 50 nm using a J-band dispersed fringe sensor. To test the dispersed fringe sensor design and validate the performance models, SAO has built and commissioned a prototype phasing sensor on the Magellan Clay 6.5 meter telescope. This prototype uses an aperture mask to overlay 6 GMT-sized segment gap patterns on the Magellan 6.5 meter primary mirror reimaged pupil. The six diffraction patterns created by these subaperture pairs are then imaged with a lenslet array and dispersed with a grism. An on-board phase shifter has the ability to simulate an arbitrary phase shift within subaperture pairs. The prototype operates both on-axis and 6 arcmin off-axis either with AO correction from the Magellan adaptive secondary MagAO system on or off in order to replicate as closely as possible the conditions expected at the GMT.

Dispersed particle flows occur in many industrial, biological and geophysical applications. The knowledge of how these flow behave can for example lead to improved material processes, better predictions of vascular diseases or more accurate climate models. These particle flows have certain properties that depend on single particle motion in fluid flows and especially how they are distributed both in terms of spatial position and, if they are non-spherical, in terms of orientation. Much is already known about the motion of perfectly spherical particles. For non-spherical particles, apart from their translation, it is important to know the the rotational motion due to local velocity gradients. Such studies have usually been restricted by the assumption that particles are extremely small compared to fluid length scales. In this limit, both inertia of the particle and inertia of the fluid can be neglected for the particle motion. This thesis gives a complete picture of how a spheroidal particle (a particle described by a rotation of an ellipse around one of its principal axes) behave in a linear shear flow when including both fluid and particle inertia, using numerical simulations. It is observed that this very simple problem possess very interesting dynamical behavior with different stable rotational states appearing as a competition between the two types of inertia. The effect of particle inertia leads to a rotation where the mass of the particle is concentrated as far away from the rotational axis as possible, i.e.\ a rotation around the minor axis. Typically, the effect of fluid inertia is instead that it tries to force the particle in a rotation where the streamlines of the flow remain as straight as possible. The first effect of fluid inertia is thus the opposite of particle inertia and instead leads to a particle rotation around the major axis. Depending on rotational state, the particles also affect the apparent viscosity of the particle dispersion. The different transitions and bifurcations between rotational states are characterized in terms of non-linear dynamics, which reveal that the particle motion probably can be described by some reduced model. The results in this theses provides fundamental knowledge and is necessary to understand flows containing non-spherical particles. / Flöden med dispergerade partiklar påträffas i många industriella, biologiska och geofysiska tillämpningar. Kunskap om hur dessa flöden beter sig kan bl.a. leda till förbättrade materialprocesser, bättre förutsägelser om hjärt- och kärlsjukdomar eller mer noggranna väderprognoser. Dessa flödens egenskaper beror på hur enskilda partiklar rör sig i en fluid och speciellt hur de är fördelade både i termer av position och, om de är icke-sfäriska, i termer av orientering. Mycket är redan känt om rörelsen av perfekt sfäriska partiklar. För icke-sfäriska partiklar är det inte bara translationen som är av intresse utan det är även viktigt att veta hur partiklarna roterar till följd av lokala hastighetsgradienter. Sådana studier har tidigare varit begränsade av antagandet att partiklarna är extremt små jämfört med fluidens typiska längdskalor. I denna gräns kan både partikelns och fluidens tröghet antas försumbar. Den här avhandlingen ger en komplett bild av hur en sfäroidisk partikel (en partikel som beskrivs av en rotation av en ellips runt en av dess huvudaxlar) beter sig i ett linjärt skjuvflöde när tröghetseffekter inkluderas. Resultaten har erhållits genom numeriska simuleringar. Det visar sig att detta enkla problem är väldigt rikt på olika dynamiska beteenden med flera stabila rotationstillstånd som uppstår tilll följd av både partikel- och fluidtröghet. Inverkan av partikeltröghet leder till en rotation där massan av partikeln är koncentrerad så långt ifrån rotationsaxeln som möjligt, d.v.s. en rotation runt lillaxeln. Den typiska inverkan av fluidtröghet är istället att fluiden försöker påtvinga partikeln en rotation där strömlinjer förblir så raka som möjligt. Primärt leder detta till att partikeln istället roterar runt storaxeln. Beroende på rotationstillstånd, så har partikeln även olika inverkan på den märkbara viskositeten av partikeldispersionen. De olika övergångarna och bifurkationerna mellan rotationstillstånd är karaktäriserade i termer av icke-linjär dynamik, vilket visar på att partikelrörelserna förmodligen kan beskrivas med en reducerad modell. Resultaten i denna avhandling är därför fundamental kunskap och ett nödvändigt steg mot att förstå beteendet av flöden med dispergerade, icke-sfäriska partiklar. / <p>QC 20140328</p>

>Magister Scientiae - MSc / Mining has a lengthy history in South Africa, and subsequent beneficiation processes have been conducted with little regard for the environment, thus leaving the land with un-rehabilitated abandoned mines. Currently, most of these abandoned mine sites are no longer operational and they continuously contaminate soil, air and water resources in various areas where mining took place. This study looks at the treatment of contaminated mine water using the Dispersed Alkaline Substrates (DAS) which is a new South African technology that uses a variety of substrates to neutralize and raise the pH of mine water while lowering the solubility of potentially dangerous metals.

Parks and protected areas are often created to protect important social, ecological, or cultural resources from impairment. In the United States, a large majority of these parks and protected areas are also public land where recreational activities such as hiking or scenic driving are allowed. Managers of many parks and protected areas must therefore try to protect resources while also allowing for recreation use that may put these resources at risk for damage. The field of recreation ecology is interested in understanding how recreation use in parks and protected areas can sometimes cause ecological impacts to vegetation, soil, wildlife, water, air, and soundscapes. This information is then used to help managers prevent undesirable ecological change. When visitors to parks and protected areas leave designated sites such as trails or roads, there is a greater chance that ecological impacts will occur. The studies presented here are designed to help managers better understand how visitor behavior off of designated trails may result in damage to plant communities. These studies examine data on both the social aspects of recreation use (such as visitor behavior and the number of visitors recreating) and the ecological aspects (specifically the plant communities found at popular recreation destinations). By looking at social and ecological data together, these studies can predict locations in parks or protected areas where ecological impact may occur as a result of recreation use. Managers can use these predictions to better allocate resources and time to managing recreation use at locations that are most at risk of impairment.

<p> Using a single bubble suspended in a liquid flow regime, the effects of velocity, bubble size, and surfactant levels on the gas transfer process across the bubble interface were investigated. Mass transfer data reported in the literature for non-circulating carbon dioxide bubbles was verified. A mathematical model predicting the mass transfer process for the single bubble system used in this study was formulated and this model provided a reasonable fit for experimental data obtained for the dissolution of a carbon dioxide bubble into an aqueous solution of a second sparingly soluble gas. The fate of a hypothetical air bubble in an aerator was briefly considered.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

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