Although Skilled Birth Attendance has been universally acknowledged as essential to progress in the field of maternal health (WHO, 2004), Human Resources for Health (HRH) deficits are currently impeding the sustainability of essential maternal health interventions on a global scale. Over the past 30 years, the Shoklo Malaria Research Unit (SMRU), along with other agencies such as non-governmental organizations and community-based organizations, have developed a self-contained health system, which provides health services, including maternity care, to migrants and refugees at the Thailand-Myanmar Border. The staff necessary to the provision of care in SMRU’s clinics are mostly recruited from within the migrant and refugee populations, and trained internally by SMRU. In the last decade, SMRU has experienced high-turnover rates and shortages of Skilled Birth Attendants (SBA). Consequently, their current maternity workforce is characterized by an acute shortage of SBAs who have attained senior status, and a higher concentration of SBAs at the assistant and junior levels. As a response to these HRH challenges, this case study aimed to conduct a multi-level analysis of obstacles and enablers to professional development amongst Skilled Birth Attendants working for SMRU. This single descriptive case study with embedded units of analysis, which incorporated non-participant observation, a template-based personnel file review, individual interviews, and focus groups at two of SMRU’s Birthing Units, represented a unique opportunity to observe and analyze the multiple influences that interact at various levels of a relatively self-contained health system. By highlighting the obstacles and enablers present within the system, this study purposed to identify means by which to empower lower level SBAs, support their professional development, and create a more sustainable maternity workforce. The study found that SMRU has been successful in providing its SBAs with the appropriate midwifery skills to fulfill a limited scope of practice, and in fostering strong intra-professional relationships that allow the SBAs to motivate and mentor each other. Achieving workforce sustainability with a model of care that implements task-shifting requires a balance of appropriate and constructive consultation structures without enabling the stagnation of SBAs’ skills and confidence. This study also reveals the importance of context and culture to a health system’s capacity to optimally plan and implement its HRH functions. Finally, in the case of SMRU, persistent recruitment and retention concerns underscore that workforce sustainability cannot be achieved through professional development alone. Therefore, this study reveals a need for further inquiry into the complexities of maternal health workforce planning in contexts of protracted displacement, and the challenges associated with developing appropriate supervisory structures for lower level health professionals.

The increasing demand for more sustainable construction has led to the development of new structural systems that include wood as building material. Cross laminated timber (CLT) has been identified as a potential system to address this need and to provide alternative options in the range of low- to medium-rise construction. The appeal in using CLT as a shearwall is driven by the combination of the rigid panels and small dimension fasteners, which allows for significant energy dissipation in the structure. However, there is currently no reliable analytical model to accurately predict the behaviour of multi-segment CLT shearwalls. The current study aims to develop an analytical model capable of predicting the elastic and plastic phases associated with the behaviour of multi-panel CLT shearwalls. The model describes the wall behaviour as a function of the connectors’ properties in terms of stiffness, strength and ductility. This dependency means that the only input required in the model is the behavioural parameters of the connections. The proposed model contains six cases with a total of 36 different failure mechanisms. Two final wall behaviours were developed, and it was found that behaviour (i.e. single wall) could be achieved if the yielding in the hold-down occurred prior to yielding in the panel joints. Inversely, the other behaviour (i.e. coupled panels) was achieved if the yielding in the vertical joint occur prior to yielding in the hold-down. The analytical model was validated using a numerical model, and the results of the comparison showed very close match between the two models. The study proposed simplified design provisions with the aim to optimize the walls ductility (CP behaviour) or strength and stiffness (SW behaviour).

<p>U disertaciji je prikazano teorijsko i praktično istraživanje koje se odnosi na projektovanje, fabrikaciju i karakterizaciju heterogeno integrisanih induktivnih senzora za mjerenje sile, pritiska i pomjeraja. Cilj istraživanja doktorske disertacije je kombinovanje različitih tehnologija izrade i materijala, kako bi se projektovali senzori koji će biti konkurentni aktuelnim rešenjima, i koji bi se mogli koristiti za konkretne primjene. U okviru istraživanja, heterogenom integracijom su kombinovane prednosti tehnologije štampanih ploča (Printed Circuit Board - PCB), fleksibilne tehnologije i tehnologije niskotemperaturne zajedno-pečene keramike (Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics &ndash; LTCC). Razvijena su tri prototipa senzora za mjerenje sile, pritiska i pomjeraja korišćenjem struktura sa induktorom i feritom u njegovoj blizini. Mjerenje realizovanih prototipova senzora vrši se bežično pomoću spregnutog antenskog namotaja. Na osnovu početnih rezultata ispitivanja, senzori su modifikovani u cilju poboljšanja i optimizovanja performansi. Projektovani senzori omogućavaju bežično mjerenje, jeftini su, kompaktni i jednostavni. Na osnovu teorijske analize, simulacija, eksperimetnalnih mjerenja, ustanovljena je ispravnost rada i primjenljivost realizovanih senzora.</p> / <p>In doctoral thesis theoretical and practical investigation on design, fabrication and characterisation of heterogenous integrated inductive sensors for measuring force, pressure and displacement are shown. The aim of the thesis is to investige the usage of different technologies and materials in order to design sensors which will be competitive to actual solutions and usable for specific aplications. Using heterogenous integraton, advantages of Printed Circuit Board technology (PCB), flexible and Low Temperature Co-fired Ceramics (LTCC) technologies are used. Three sensor prototypes for measuring force, pressure and displacement are developed using inductor and ferrite in its near proximity. Measurements of the realised sensor prototypes are wirelessly done using an external surrounding coil as an antenna. Based on the initial measuring results, sensors are redesigned in order to improve and optimize their performance. Projected sensors are low-cost, compact, simple, and enable wireless measurement. The proper operation and applicability of realized sensors are confirmed using theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental testing with presented results.</p>

[pt] Os relatos de viagem marcaram a história da América Latina e, consequentemente, a literatura e os escritores da região. A presente pesquisa procura pensar se a viagem continua sendo um tema recorrente na literatura contemporânea produzida no local. Nesses relatos o deslocamento veloz e a mobilidade constante são traços pertinentes, que alguns teóricos consideram como marcas da contemporaneidade. Tais características afetariam de forma diferente os escritores latino-americanos e seus escritos, já acostumados a um ponto de vista periférico, a ter como referência outras culturas? Ainda é possível detectar resquícios e heranças da tradição dos relatos de viagem na produção contemporânea? Para pensar esta questão, quatro diários de viagem ficcionalizados foram selecionados, de escritores argentinos e brasileiros: Una luna, de Martín Caparrós; Nove noites, de Bernardo Carvalho; Mis dos mundos, de Sergio Chejfec, e Lorde, de João Gilberto Noll. Todos os textos tratam de autoficções, em que o protagonista, com as mesmas características do autor do livro, cruza fronteiras em uma viagem a trabalho. Assim como os escritos dos navegantes e muitos dos relatos de viagem que marcaram a região, há um outro que estimula e pauta aquele deslocamento. A construção de uma figura de escritor, o lugar ou a forma de inserção encontrados pelo autor latino-americano no mundo contemporâneo são alguns temas recorrentes dessas narrativas. / [en] The travel texts are a mark for the history of Latin America, and, consequently, the literature and the writers from there. This work analyses if the travel still a recurring theme in contemporary latin america literature. In this narratives the displacement and the mobility are relevant characteristics, that some thinkers consider as a brand of the contemporanity. The latin american writers feel it in a diferent way? It is still possible to detected remnants and legacies of the tradition of travel accounts in contemporary production? To think about that, four fictionalized travel diaries were analyses, from brazilian and argentine writers: Una luna, from Martín Caparrós; Nove noites, from Bernardo Carvalho; Mis dos mundos, from Sergio Chejfec, and Lorde, from João Gilberto Noll. In all of them the character seems like the author of the book, and go to other countries in a work travel. Like many travel texts that marks the latin america, there is an other that estimulate the displacement. The construction of a writer figure, the place of the latin america writer in the contemporary world are some recurring themes of those narratives.

Les parasitoïdes du genre Trichogramma sont des micro-hyménoptères oophages très utilisés comme auxiliaires de lutte biologique. Ma thèse a pour objet la caractérisation phénotypique des stratégies de mouvement de cet auxiliaire, spécifiquement les mouvements impliqués dans l’exploration de l’espace et la recherche des œufs hôtes. Ces derniers sont des phénotypes de grande importance dans le cycle de vie des trichogrammes, et aussi des caractères d’intérêt pour évaluer leur efficacité en lutte biologique. Les trichogrammes étant des organismes de très petite taille (moins de 0,5 mm), difficilement observables, l’étude de leur mouvement peut tirer profit des avancées technologiques dans l’acquisition et l’analyse automatique des images. C’est cette stratégie que j’ai suivi en combinant un volet de développement méthodologique et un volet expérimental. Dans une première partie méthodologique, je présente trois grands types de méthodes d’analyse d’images que j’ai utilisées et contribué à développer au cours de ma thèse. Dans un second temps, je présente trois applications de ces méthodes à l’étude du mouvement chez le trichogramme. Premièrement, nous avons caractérisé au laboratoire les préférences d’orientation (phototaxie, géotaxie et leur interaction) lors de la ponte chez 18 souches de trichogramme, appartenant à 6 espèces. Ce type d’étude requérant le dénombrement d’un très grand nombre d’œufs (sains et parasités), il a été développé un nouvel outil dédié, sous forme d’un plugin ImageJ/FIJI mis à disposition de la communauté. Ce plugin flexible automatise et rend plus productible les tâches de dénombrement et d’évaluation de taux de parasitisme, rendant possible des screenings de plus grande ampleur. Une grande variabilité a pu être mise en évidence au sein du genre, y compris entre souches d’une même espèce. Cela suggère qu’en fonction de la strate végétale à protéger (herbacée, arbustive, arborée), il serait possible de sélectionner des souches afin d’optimiser leur exploitation de la zone ciblée. Dans un second temps, nous avons caractérisé les stratégies d’exploration (vitesses, trajectoires, ...) d’un ensemble de souches et d’espèces de trichogramme pour rechercher des traits propres à chaque souche ou espèce. Pour cela, j’ai mis en œuvre une méthode de tracking de groupes de trichogrammes sur enregistrement vidéo sur de courtes échelles de temps à l’aide du logiciel Ctrax et de scripts R. L’objectif était de développer un protocole de caractérisation haut-débit du mouvement de souches de trichogrammes et d’étudier la variabilité de ces traits au sein du genre. Enfin, nous avons conduit une étude de la dynamique de propagation dans l’espace de groupes de trichogrammes chez l’espèce T. cacoeciae, en mettant au point un dispositif expérimental innovant permettant de couvrir des échelles de temps et d’espace supérieures à celles habituellement imposées par les contraintes de laboratoire.Grâce à l’utilisation de prises de vue très haute résolution / basse fréquence et d’un pipeline d’analyse dédié, la diffusion des individus peut être suivie dans un tunnel de plus 6 mètres de long pendant toute une journée. J’ai notamment pu identifier un effet de la densité en individus ainsi que de la distribution des ressources sur la dynamique de propagation (coefficient de diffusion) des trichogrammes testés. / Parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma are oophagous micro-hymenoptera widely used as biological control agents. My PhD is about the phenotypic characterization of this auxiliary's movement strategies, specifically the movements involved in the exploration of space and the search for host eggs. These phenotypes have great importance in the life cycle of trichogramma, and also of characters of interest to evaluate their effectiveness in biological control program. Trichogramma being very small organisms (less than 0.5 mm), difficult to observe, the study of their movement can take advantage of technological advances in the acquisition and automatic analysis of images. This is the strategy I followed by combining a methodological development component and an experimental component. In a first methodological part, I present three main types of image analysis methods that I used and helped to develop during my thesis. In a second time, I present three applications of these methods to the study of the movement of Trichogramma. First, we characterized in the laboratory the orientation preferences (phototaxis, geotaxis and their interaction) during egg laying in 22 trichogram strains belonging to 6 species. This type of study requires the counting of a large number of eggs (healthy and parasitized), it was developed a new dedicated tool in the form of an ImageJ / FIJI plugin made available to the community. This flexible plugin automates and makes more productive the tasks of counting and evaluation of parasitism rate, making possible screenings of greater magnitude. A great variability could be highlighted within the genus, including between strains of the same species. This suggests that depending on the plant layer to be protected (grass, shrub, tree), it would be possible to select trichogramma’s strains to optimize their exploitation of the targeted area. In a second time, we characterized the exploration strategies (velocities, trajectories, ...) of a set of 22 strains from 7 trichogramma species to look for traits specific to each strain or species. I implemented a method for tracking a trichogramma group on video recorded on short time scales using the Ctrax software and R scripts. The aim was to develop a protocol for high-throughput characterization of trichogramma strains movement and to study the variability of these traits within the genus. Finally, we conducted a study of the propagation dynamics in trichogramma group from the species T. cacoeciae, by developing an innovative experimental device to cover scales of time and space greater than those usually imposed by laboratory constraints. Through the use of pictures taken at very high resolution / low frequency and a dedicated analysis pipeline, the diffusion of individuals can be followed in a tunnel longer than 6 meters during a whole day. In particular, I was able to identify the effect of the population density as well as the distribution of resources on the propagation dynamics (diffusion coefficient) and the parasitism efficiency of the tested strain.

Apresenta-se uma metodologia para análise de interação solo-estrutura aplicada ao estudo da estabilidade global de estruturas de concreto armado sobre fundações profundas. A metodologia de análise de interação solo-estrutura consiste num processo iterativo no qual, inicialmente, determinam-se as reações da superestrutura, considerando os apoios indeslocáveis. Com estas reações, por meio do programa EDRR, calculam-se os deslocamentos dos blocos de fundação. Com as reações e estes deslocamentos calcula-se os coeficientes das molas que substituirão os apoios fixos da superestrutura, cujas reações são recalculadas. Repete-se o processo até que as reações de duas iterações consecutivas sejam aproximadamente iguais. O programa EDRR (estaqueamento, deslocamento horizontal, recalque, rotação), elaborado em linguagem FORTRAN, determina os esforços no estaqueamento através de análise matricial considerando a reação horizontal do solo. Os deslocamentos horizontais e rotações são calculados através da teoria de viga sobre apoio elástico, enquanto os recalques no maciço de solos são calculados considerando o efeito de grupo através da continuidade do meio. Através de exemplos de casos reais, com medida de recalques, demonstra-se a eficiência da metodologia na previsão dos recalques. Além disso, procura-se mostrar que os recalques influenciam na estabilidade global da superestrutura. / This work presents a methodology for the analysis of soil-structure interaction applied to the study of the global stability of reinforced concrete structures on deep foundations. The soil-structure interaction methodology consists of an iterative process in which, at the beginning, the superstructure support reactions are computed, assuming fixed supports. Using the computed reactions, with aid of the EDRR program, foundation cap displacements are computed. Then, with the computed support reactions and displacements, spring coefficients, which will replace the fixed supports, are calculated. The process is repeated until reactions determined in two consecutive iterations are close to each other. The EDRR program, written in FORTRAN language, computes the forces at the top of piles by means of matrix analysis, taking into account the horizontal soil reaction. Horizontal linear displacements and rotations are computed using the elastic foundation beam theory, and soil mass settlements are computed taking into account the group effect considering the mass continuity. Thro ugh real case examples, with settlement monitoring, the proposed methodology efficiency is demonstrated. Furthermore, the influence of settlements on the structure global stability is shown.

A Finite Element Analysis (FEA) investigation of concrete tunnel systems traversing seismic faults is carried out to determine how to effectively mitigate the stresses induced in the liner when subject to fault displacement. A parametric study of various fault parameters, both in the damage zone and competent rock, is carried out to determine the site conditions which induce the most stress on the tunnel liner system. Results indicate that friction angle, cohesion, and elastic modulus of fault zones have varying effects on the stresses induced on the liner. The width of damage zone and expected displacements are also investigated and it has been shown that even small displacements over narrow damage zones, around 10 m, can still result in significant damage to the concrete liner whereas in wider damage zones the effects of the displacement are more evident. The use of flexible joints in what is known as the articulated design method is investigated to mitigate the stresses induced by fault displacement and discussed. Several orientations, lengths and variations in relative stiffness of these flexible joints are investigated to determine their optimal effectiveness. Results show that this is an effective solution which can be used in design and repair of tunnels to mitigate the stresses and resulting damages to concrete tunnel liners subject to fault displacement.

My doctoral studies contribute toward situating the health of mothering women who have been forcibly displaced within the nursing discipline. Specifically, public health nursing processes used while working with and supporting mothering women who have been forcibly displaced were explored. I use the terms mothering women who have been forcibly displaced to convey and articulate the locations shaping this specific population of women. In doing so, I put emphasis on the women who have been impacted by forcible displacement and pushed into a marginalized state. This approach to terminology also conveys the multiple complexities experienced by these women which public health nurses have the opportunity to engage with. The following question guided this dissertation: How do public health nurses work with women who are mothering and managing the effects of their refugee status? This question was approached using two distinct methodologies. The first was a Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) qualitative systematic review in which I identified, critically appraised and synthesized current knowledge on nurses’ experiences of providing care to mothering women who have been forcibly displaced. Of note, the JBI review question was broadened to include nurses caring for women experiencing any form of precarious migrant status. This was due to the limited number of articles addressing the concept of nurses caring specifically for maternal refugee women. The second approach was a constructivist grounded theory (CGT) using intersectionality as an analytical tool. In this study I described the processes public health nurses used to establish trusting relationships with mothering refugee women. Findings within the JBI review and CGT study included nurses identifying inequities women faced as stemming from their precarious migrant status and thereby needing to flex care provision to meet women’s needs. The findings also demonstrated the need to examine uptake of trauma-informed principles within care with focus on how organizations are structurally supporting nursing in their practice. I conclude this dissertation with the Afterword Chapter which is a summary and synthesis of significant findings and nursing implications. / Graduate / 2022-07-27

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23481号 / 工博第4893号 / 新制||工||1764(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科社会基盤工学専攻 / (主査)教授 森 信人, 教授 立川 康人, 准教授 志村 智也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

In this thesis project, the aim is to explore displacements beyond the familiar usage in migration studies associated with ’human’ by using a new materialist/s understanding ofontology and agency. This approach opens the possibility to move beyond the understanding of displacements as referring only to human agency. The fictionalised story, Parable of theSower, is used in the thesis as the real-world ontological world-building storytelling and the questions that flow from the aim of this thesis is used as a guiding navigator within the mainstory to see what other stories emerges; The Earthseed Story, The More-Than-Human Storiesand The Human Stories. Displacement(s) beyond human agency from a new materialist outlook show the complexity and challenges of being interconnected and codependent in a world containing multiple stories that move in and out of spacetime refuturing. This occursboth as dystopia and utopia, as agency is in-the-making and ongoing reshaping of territorialization and deterritorialization making all-the-flesh moving boundaries of being displaced and in-place in a belongings-non-belongings continuum. For future research,multispecies displacement(s) is discussed as ongoing processes of both; dystopian and utopian storytelling, and the possibilities for refuturing shared worlds.