In Darwinian evolution, a living population evolves when it is exposed to the selection pressures of a new biological medium. Analogously, in my chromatic evolution a chord "evolves" when it is exposed to a new chromatic medium, forcing it to adapt and harmonically modify its pitch content. This is a process by which a diatonic, consonant chord is progressively transformed into a chromatic substitute, over a span of several similar works, without losing or modifying the chord’s resolution tendencies, harmonic function, or formal location. From a Schenkerian perspective—and using Felix Mendelssohn’s Songs without Words as my corpus study—I will demonstrate how the pre-recapitulatory dominant (the root-position dominant that conventionally precedes the recapitulation) progressively evolves into a highly chromatic substitute: the dominant of the mediant.

Au cours des deux dernières décennies, les applications temps réel ont montré des améliorations colossales dans la génération de rendus photoréalistes. Cela est principalement dû à la disponibilité de modèles 3D avec une quantité croissante de détails. L'approche traditionnelle pour représenter et visualiser des objets 3D hautement détaillés est de les décomposer en un maillage basse fréquence et une carte de déplacement encodant les détails. La tessellation matérielle est le support idéal pour implémenter un rendu efficace de cette représentation. Dans ce contexte, nous proposons une méthode générale pour la génération et le rendu de maillages multi-résolutions compatibles avec la tessellation matérielle. Tout d'abord, nous introduisons une métrique dépendant de la vue capturant à la fois les distorsions géométriques et paramétriques, permettant de sélectionner la le niveau de résolution approprié au moment du rendu. Deuxièmement, nous présentons une nouvelle représentation hiérarchique permettant d'une part des transitions temporelles et spatiales continues entre les niveaux et d'autre part une tessellation matérielle non uniforme. Enfin, nous élaborons un processus de simplification pour générer notre représentation hiérarchique tout en minimisant notre métrique d'erreur. Notre méthode conduit à d'énormes améliorations tant en termes du nombre de triangles affiché qu'en temps de rendu par rapport aux méthodes alternatives. / In the last two decades, real-time applications have exhibited colossal improvements in the generation of photo-realistic images. This is mainly due to the availability of 3D models with an increasing amount of details. Currently, the traditional approach to represent and visualize highly detailed 3D objects is to decompose them into a low-frequency mesh and a displacement map encoding the details. The hardware tessellation is the ideal support to implement an efficient rendering of this representation. In this context, we propose a general framework for the generation and the rendering of multi-resolution feature-aware meshes compatible with hardware tessellation. First, we introduce a view-dependent metric capturing both geometric and parametric distortions, allowing to select the appropriate resolution at rendertime. Second, we present a novel hierarchical representation enabling on the one hand smooth temporal and spatial transitions between levels and on the other hand a non-uniform hardware tessellation. Last, we devise a simplification process to generate our hierarchical representation while minimizing our error metric. Our framework leads to huge improvements both in terms of triangle count and rendering time in comparison to alternative methods.

This essay is focused on the search for a true homeland in Jean Rhys’s Wide Sargasso Sea from a Postcolonial point of view. The main protagonist, Antoinette Cosway, struggles with her mixed heritage which is both Caribbean and European. As a result, she suffers from a split identity and searches for a place of belonging. Vital Postcolonial concepts, such as Diaspora and displacement are used in order to investigate the struggle to find a true homeland. Moreover, the main purpose of this essay is to investigate how Rhys uses depictions of nature and colour to convey this search, and thereby introduces yet another aspect for the characters to interact with. Nature provides comfort, sense of belonging and the opposite, but also explores the relationship between the characters. The colours red and white are highly frequent, and refer to Antoinette’s Caribbean and European identity, which alters through the novel. The images of nature are nostalgically depicted and Antoinette longs for a lost Caribbean without the effects of Colonialism, which is merely history. It is also discovered that the homeland she longs for, England, is not what she was searching for. The struggle for the homeland becomes futile, since Antoinette longs for an England of the romantic novels and a Caribbean that does no longer exist.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Understanding the population dynamic processes is fundamental to access its viability (health). Great part of these processes is closely related to the organism densities in a studied population. These data can reveal how the population is arranged in the environment and, in adverse conditions, it is possible to forecast the occurrence of dispersion/migration. This study aims to investigate some ecological parameters of an Aegla longirostri population, a freshwater anomuran from the southern Brazil: (i) to estimate the population density, (ii) the substrate preference, (iii) the home range and (iv) the possible dispersion patterns. The study site was the first order stream Sanga do Caranguejo, located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul State, during 2010 and 2011. For population density and dispersion investigation covo traps were used, distributed through the stream, in different times in the year. The study of the substrate preference used PVC gutters covered by mesh and arranged on the stream substrate, with controlled density population; a surber was used for active search in the stream. The home range analysis used radio telemetry techniques. The population size was estimated in 950 individuals in spring and 210 in autumn (estimated according to the Bayesian Method). With respect to the substrate preference, we found that there is an ontogenetic association regarding the choice. The juveniles, in the first development stages, prefer sandy substrates, while adults (males and females) prefer more complex substrates. The estimates of home range of eglids vary between 8,41 to approximately 45,49 linear meters of stream, and these crustaceans showed the local dislocation, once they perform their activities around a specific point in the stream. To finalize, we identified that the juveniles and adults of eglids are active walkers, not being carried by the flow in a passive way as occurs in larvae stage in other crustaceans. Its activities are related to the environment temperature and density of adult males. We believe that the knowledge about the group has increased, however, as it is a complex group, with a rich evolutionary history, much remain to be investigated about these freshwater crustaceans. / A compreensão dos processos de dinâmica populacional é fundamental para se avaliar a viabilidade (saúde) de uma população. Grande parte desses processos estão estreitamente relacionados com a densidade de organismos da população estudada. Estes dados podem revelar como a população está distribuída no ambiente e, em condições de adversidade ambiental, é possível prever a ocorrência de dispersão/migração. Neste estudo, alicerçado nos fatores ecológicos e biológicos do aeglídeo Aegla longirostri foram investigados: (i) estimativa da densidade populacional, (ii) as preferências de substrato, (iii) a área de vida e (iv) os possíveis padrões de dispersão. Este estudo foi conduzido em um riacho de primeira ordem, Sanga dos Caranguejos, que se localiza na região central do Rio Grande do Sul, durante os anos de 2010 e 2011. Nas investigações sobre densidade populacional e dispersão foram utilizados coletores do tipo covo espaçados pelo riacho, em diferentes estações climáticas do ano. A investigação de preferência de substrato foi conduzida com o uso de calhas de PVC cobertas por malha e dispostas no riacho para o experimento em condições de densidade controlada, e com surber, para busca ativa no riacho. A análise de área de vida foi realizada com a utilização da técnica de rádio telemetria. A população em questão foi estimada em 950 indivíduos na primavera e 210 indivíduos no outono (estimativas segundo o Método Bayesiano). Com relação à preferência de substrato, verificamos que há associação ontogenética quanto à escolha. Os juvenis, nos primeiros estágios de desenvolvimento, preferem substratos arenosos, enquanto que adultos (machos e fêmeas) preferem substratos mais complexos. Estimou-se também que a área de vida desses eglídeos varia desde 8,41 metros até, aproximadamente, 45,49 metros lineares de riacho, e que estes crustáceos apresentam comportamento de deslocamento local, já que realizam suas atividades em torno de um ponto específico do riacho. Observou-se ainda que os juvenis eglídeos, assim como os adultos, são caminhadores ativos, não sendo carregados pela correnteza de forma passiva como ocorre nas fases larvais de outros crustáceos. Suas atividades estão relacionadas com a temperatura do ambiente e com a densidade de adultos machos no riacho. Acreditamos que muito se avançou em termos de conhecimento da ecologia do grupo como um todo, e não apenas para a espécie estudada, servindo este estudo de base para estudo futuros sobre dispersão e área de vida principalmente.

[pt] Na indústria do petróleo, a passagem de pigs em dutos tem sido largamente aplicada com diferentes propósitos: limpeza do tubo, inspeção, remoção de líquido e separação de produtos, entre outros. A eficiência e segurança de uma operação com pig demandam que diversos parâmetros operacionais, tais como pressões máximas e mínimas no duto e velocidade de movimentação do pig, sejam bem avaliados durante a etapa de planejamento e mantidos dentro de determinados limites durante o acompanhamento da operação. Tendo como objetivo a obtenção de uma ferramenta eficiente para ajudar no controle e projeto das operações de passagem de pigs, desenvolveu-se um código numérico baseado no método de diferenças finitas para a simulação de escoamentos transientes de dois fluidos, podendo estes ser líquido-líquido, gás-gás ou líquido-gás. Módulos para controle automático das variáveis do processo foram incluídos, visando à previsão do escoamento mediante diferentes estratégias para alcançar uma operação eficiente. Problemas teste foram realizados, validando a metodologia. Por fim, os resultados obtidos com o simulador são comparados com um caso real de esvaziamento de um trecho do oleoduto OSPAR, pertencente à Petrobras, com 30`` de diâmetro e extensão de 60 km. / [en] In the oil industry, pigging operations in pipelines have been largely applied for different purposes: pipe cleaning, inspection, liquid removal and product separation, among others. Pigging operations to be efficient and safe require a number of operational parameters, such as maximum and minimum pressures in the pipeline and pig velocity, to be well evaluated during planning stage and maintained within stipulated limits while the operation accomplishment. With the objective of providing an efficient tool to assist in the controlling and designing of pig operations through pipelines, a numerical code based on a finite difference scheme for a two-fluid transient flow simulation was developed. The model accounts for liquid-liquid, gas-gas and liquid-gas products in the pipeline. Automatic control modules for some process variables were included to permit the flow prediction by means of different strategies to reach an efficient operation. Test problems were performed to validate the methodology. At last, simulation results were compared with an actual liquid displacement operation at a 60 km segment of the 30`` diameter OSPAR pipeline, owned by Petrobras.

Déplacement est un paradigme qui permet de décrire les procédés que j’utilise pour m’organiser en tant qu’individu, artiste et chercheur. Mon processus se fait en mouvement constant que ce soit dans un contexte particulier ou entre différents contextes, aussi en perpétuel mouvements. Bouger et être bougé, déplacer et être déplacé sont des procédés qui impliquent une lecture ininterrompue des contextes, la création de situations appropriées, et/ ou une utilisation réfléchie de situations existantes. Cela appelle des attitudes de présence, de distanciation et de (re-)positionnement. Cinq méthodes et trois pratiques sont nées du temps consacré à cette recherche développée dans le cadre d’un doctorat. Celles-ci sont proposées, partagées afin d’inviter le lecteur à un jeu de perception(s) et de positionnement(s) en vue d’un déplacement. Ma thèse intitulée “Displacement(s) as Method(s)”, est une matrice constituée de plusieurs formats (lettre, catalogue, conversation) et médias (texte, film, etc.) dont l’objectif est d’analyser mes œuvres, méthodes, pratiques et outils. Il est possible d’y circuler à son gré, de suivre le processus de son choix et de consacrer un temps qui peut aller de quelques minutes à plusieurs heures. Le lecteur est invité à plonger dans un travail qui a ses propres réalités, temporalités et espaces. Chaque notion, chaque positionnement, chaque format et chaque proposition artistique sont des fragments d’une recherche développée et mise en pratique pendant quatre années. Les multiples éléments de cette recherche entraînent des divergences et des superpositions qui densifient ma proposition d’articulation. / Displacement is a paradigm I use to describe the ways in which I organize myself and invite others to reposition themselves while being in constant movement in and between contexts that are also in perpetual motion. Move and be moved, displace and be displaced are principles that (i) imply constant readings of contexts, the creation of appropriate situations, or/and informed uses of existing situations; and (ii) call for attitudes of presence, distanciation, and (re-)positioning. Five methods and three practices came out of the time dedicated to search and research within my PhD project. My thesis, titled “Displacement(s) as Method(s)”, is a matrix of several formats (such as letter, catalogue, conversation) and media (text, film, etc.), which I used to filter my works, methods, practices, and tools. Within this matrix, one can choose one’s own journey and process, and the time one wants to dedicate to and invest in it – from a few minutes to several hours. The reader is invited to dive into a work that has its own reality, temporality, and space. Each notion, positioning, format, and work is a fragment of the research I have processed over the last four years. These diverging and overlapping elements and components are numerous and multiple; they nourish and densify my proposition of an articulation.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This research focuses on the displacement of families in the Western Cape during apartheid within the context of its slave past.The transmission of intergenerational trauma has been based on research on holocaust survivors. Aboriginal academic writers in Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the US found that initial studies of intergenerational trauma did not take into the account the historical trauma of colonialism which they believe has left its mark on aboriginal communities today. In South Africa writers from the Apartheid Archives Project have started to focus on the intergenerational trauma of apartheid. These are mainly academics from psychology and not social work. The Apartheid Archives Project and social work discourse do not focus on the historical trauma of slavery. Historians believe that slavery has still left a mark on its descendants in the Western Cape. The families in this research are descendants of slaves and they were also displaced as a result of the Group Areas Act during apartheid. Qualitative research using a postcolonial indigenous paradigm was adopted in this study. Life histories, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were the primary sources of data collection. The research design was a multiple case study which consisted of 7 families where each family was a case and 3 generations in each family were interviewed. The families had typical slave surnames and at least one generation was displaced as a result of the forced removals when the Group Areas Act (1950-1985) was implemented during apartheid. Thematic analysis, narrative thematic analysis and case study analysis was adopted .In addition narrative therapy theory and collective narrative practice was used to decolonise the conceptual framework and methodology. The trauma of displacement and historical trauma of slavery was not acknowledged as traumatic by the dominant society because South African society was based on institutional racism. The grief and loss of the trauma therefore became unresolved and disenfranchised. The findings indicate that disenfranchised grief, silence, socialisation in institutional racism and shame have been the main mechanisms in which the historical trauma of slavery and trauma of displacement has been transmitted within the families. The effects such as intimate partner violence and substance abuse and community violence in the form of gang violence are forms of internalised oppression which has also been transmitted intergenerationally. In addition overcrowding, poor housing and poverty has been transmitted via socialisation which is a societal mechanism of trauma transmission. vi The research findings indicate that the trauma of displacement and historical trauma of slavery was transmitted because the trauma was not included in the social discourse of society. In order to prevent the transmission of the historical trauma of slavery and displacement, the real effects of institutional , cultural and interpersonal racism need to be understood and the counter-memories and counter-histories of slaves and their descendants need to be included in social discourse. A framework to assist social workers in engaging with trauma transmission in families has been proposed in order to interrupt the trauma transmission in families.

The global society of today is characterised by global communications, expansive networks and uninterrupted movement of information and people. This study sets out to investigate psycho-geographic liminality, understood as a state of perpetual movement, through the work of selected contemporary South African artists. This liminality is situated between an identity denoted on one hand by fragmentation and fluid change, as a result of transitivity, and on the other hand by a sense of place, which sets up two psychological states, namely displacement and belonging. Transitivity is explored in relation to conditions of post-colonialisation, immigration, emigration and telecommunications within the context of globalisation and is considered in direct in contrast to the concept of place as a physical house, suburb, city or country where one feels 'at home,' denoting a sense of belonging. Through the investigation of relevant theories in sociology, anthropology and philosophy this study proposes that we are in perpetual transit, being at home everywhere and yet nowhere, therefore requiring a new understanding of belonging rooted in a continual flow. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Visual Arts / unrestricted

The search for clean and efficient combustors is motivated by the increasingly stringent emissions regulations. New gas turbine engines are designed to operate under lean conditions with inhomogeneous reactants to ensure cleanliness and stability of the combustion. This ushers in a new mode of combustion, called the inhomogeneous reactants premixed combustion. The present study investigates the effects of inhomogeneous reactants on premixed combustion, specifically on the interactions of an initially planar flame with field of inhomogeneous reactants. Unsteady and unstrained laminar methane-air flames are studied in one- and two-dimensional simulations to investigate the effects of normally and tangentially (to the flame surface) stratified reactants. A three-dimensional DNS of turbulent inhomogeneous reactants premixed combustion is performed to extend the investigation into turbulent flames. The methaneair combustion is represented by a complex chemical reaction mechanism with 18 species and 68 steps. The flame surface density (FSD) and displacement speed S_d have been used as the framework to analyse the inhomogeneous reactants premixed flame. The flames are characterised by an isosurface of reaction progress variable. The unsteady flames are compared to the steady laminar unstrained reference case. An equivalence ratio dip is observed in all simulations and it can serve as a marker for the premixed flame. The dip is attributed to the preferential diffusion of carbon- and hydrogen- containing species. Hysteresis of S_d is observed in the unsteady and unstrained laminar flames that propagate into normally stratified reactants. Stoichiometric flames propagating into lean mixture have a larger S_d than lean flames propagating into stoichiometric mixtures. The cross-dissipation term contribution to S_d is small (~~10%) but its contribution to the hysteresis of S_d is not (~~50%). Differential propagation of the flame surface is observed in the laminar flame that propagates into tangentially stratified reactants. Stretch on the flame surface is induced by the differential propagation, which in turn increases the flame surface area.

Time history-analyses of building structures have been used for a quite long time for research at universities. Considering the advantage of time-history analysis relative to the equivalent static force method, the National Building of Canada and other modern building codes around the world require the use of time-history analysis in the design of specified types of buildings located in seismic regions. One of the main issues in the use of time-history analysis is related to the selection and scaling of the seismic excitations (i.e., accelerograms) to be compatible with the design spectrum for the location considered. Currently, both recorded (i.e., “real”) accelerograms and artificial accelerograms are used in the analyses. The objective of this study is to determine the effects of the selection and scaling of seismic excitations on the response of reinforced concrete frame buildings. Three reinforced concrete frame buildings with heights of 4 storey, 10 storey and 16 storey, designed for Vancouver (high seismic zone) were used in this study. Five sets of seismic excitations were used in the analysis – one set of “real” accelerograms, and four sets of artificial accelerograms obtained by different methods. All sets were scaled to be compatible with the design spectrum for Vancouver. Both linear and nonlinear time history analyses were conducted on the buildings considered. Interstorey drifts and storey shear forces were used as response parameters. The results from the linear analysis show that both the interstorey drifts and the shear forces are affected significantly by the type of the excitation set. Similarly, the effects of the type of the seismic excitations on the drifts from nonlinear analysis are substantial. On the other hand, the influence of the excitation sets on the storey shears from nonlinear analysis are quite small. Based on the results from this study, sets of scaled real records are preferred for use in time-history analysis of building structures. If such records are not available, then sets of simulated accelerograms based on the regional seismic characteristics should be used.