Le projet d’école est issu des textes officiels et constitue le projet institué qui doit animer les équipes pédagogiques. Des travaux (Dubet, 1992 ; Rich, 1998, 2010 ; Gather Thurler, 2000) montrent que les projets d’écoles, même s’ils sont écrits, ne prennent pas toujours vie dans la réalité des écoles. Cette thèse propose de se placer du côté des pratiques de classe et non du point de vue des textes. Des processus moteurs pour l’école ne pourraient-ils pas se trouver dans la propagation de projets de classe à d’autres classes, voire à l’école toute entière ? Les phénomènes de propagation, s’il y en a, sont étudiés à l’appui des théories de l’influence sociale (Moscovici, 1979, 1984 ; Perez et Mugny, 1993). Les projets de classe peuvent-ils influencer d’autres classes jusqu’à l’école ? Telle est la principale question posée. La méthodologie de l’étude comporte une enquête préalable à partir de huit entretiens exploratoires, puis une phase approfondie de type quantitatif avec 166 questionnaires suivie d’une autre phase approfondie de type qualitatif comportant 20 entretiens. Par croisement des données, les résultats mettent à jour des phénomènes d’influence. Des types de comportement d’enseignants émergent à l’occasion de ces mécanismes. Ce travail conduit à analyser ces types de comportements ainsi que des fonctionnements particuliers dans certaines écoles. / The school project is based on official documents as is officially considered the guideline that should motivate the teaching staff. Research (Dubet, 1992; Rich, 1998, 2010; Gather Thurler, 2000) has shown that school projects, even if they are official, do not always become reality. This thesis proposes to take the perspective of classroom practice and not to begin with what the official texts require. Might not the process of dynamism within schools take its roots in the dissemination of class projects toward other classes or even the entire school? The phenomena of dissemination, if they indeed exist, are studied through the theories of social influence (Moscovici, 1979, 1984, and Mugny Perez, 1993). Can class projects influence other classes and even the entire school? This is the main question addressed in this work. The methodology of the study includes a preliminary investigation from eight exploratoryinterviews and a thorough quantitative phase with 166 questionnaires followed by another qualitative phase composed of 20 interviews. By crossing the data, the results point to a phenomenon of influence. Types of teacher behavior are also revealed through these mechanisms. This work analyzes these types of behaviors and the functioning of specialgroups in some schools.

L’évolution du système éducatif et l’apparition de nouveaux lieux de production et de diffusion des savoirs en éducation jouent un rôle dans le développement des pratiques enseignantes en général, mais transforment aussi les conditions de l’action et de la réflexion pédagogiques. C’est à l’étude de ces évolutions et transformations que s’intéresse cette thèse, en prenant comme exemple le Mouvement de l’Ecole Moderne (ICEM, pédagogie Freinet). La recherche, à caractère ethnographique, vise donc à repérer comment ce mouvement pédagogique s’est adapté à ces nouvelles conditions, comment se construisent et se diffusent les actions et les idées pédagogiques novatrices, qui sont les « enseignants Freinet » aujourd’hui et quel est leur degré d’engagement… Un bref retour sur l’histoire du système éducatif et ses transformations éclaire le contexte dans lequel le mouvement Freinet a évolué. On s’interroge ensuite sur la manière dont celui-ci a évolué et s’est adapté en menant une enquête ethnographique dans plusieurs lieux : réunions et conférences départementales, stage régional, congrès national. Cette enquête par observation directe s’accompagne d’une analyse approfondie des échanges sur une liste de diffusion nationale. Enfin, des entretiens auprès d’anciens militants, de nouveaux adhérents, d’enseignants innovants et de chercheurs pédagogues, permet de mieux comprendre l’évolution des formes d’engagement, les nouveaux objets et les nouveaux lieux de construction des savoirs pédagogiques. Au final, après un temps d’agrégation puis de « désagrégation », on peut repérer un phénomène de réagrégation autour de « nouveaux pédagogues », dont l’idéologie et l’engagement militant ne sont pas de même nature que ceux de leurs aînés. / The evolution of the educational system and the emergence of new centers of production and dissemination of knowledge play a vital role in the development of teaching practices in general, and also in transforming the conditions of pedagogical action and thought. The present thesis is interested in studying these developments and transformations, using an example the Modern School Movement – Freinet’s pedagogy. This research is an ethnographic research, therefore, seeks to identify how this pedagogical movement was adapted with the new educational conditions, how to construct and disseminate these actions and innovative teaching ideas, and how are the « Freinet teachers » today and what is their level of commitment. A brief review of the educational system history and its transformations illuminates the context in which the Freinet movement has evolved. We, then inquire the way in which it has evolved and adapted by conducting an ethnographic study in several places : departmental meetings and conferences, regional trainings and national congress. The survey made by a direct observation was accompanied by a depth analysis of the exchange on a Freinet national survey list. Moreover, interviews with old militants, new members, innovative teachers and pedagogues researchers allow a better understanding of the evolution in forms of commitment, new objects and new construction centres of pedagogical knowledge. In conclusion, after a time of turn and aggregation followed by « disintegration », we could identify a phenomenon of reaggregation around « new pedagogues » whose ideology and militant commitment is not the same nature as those of their elders.

The dissemination of monastic culture int he Grand Duchy of Lithuania had a profound effect on the country’s cultural life. By the seventeenth century quite a few Christian religious orders had sent their members to settle here. Since the Christianization of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania in 1387 monastics became instrumental in creating, preserving and enhancing the institutions of religious and secular learning and in transmitting Western cultural goods, artefacts, and intellectual skills. When the first Franciscan and Dominican friars settled in the territory of pagan Lithuania in the beginning of the thirteenth century, they sought acceptance within the local society and laid foundation for the arrival of Roman Catholic Church in theselands. The official Christianization of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania led to even more active expansion of monastic networks and activities. The latter extended to various domains of culture and social life, catering to theneedsofdifferentclasses. Living in isolated communities, some of them under a strict rule,monks and mendicant friars were harbingers of Western civilization in many areas of the country’s life (like medicine, agronomy, gastronomy) and social domains, including learning and arts.

There are indications of concern by governments for public opinion even centuries ago. The use of scientific research though, was only introduced by governments to enhance the effectiveness of government communication and the dissemination of government information during the last few decades of the twentieth century. The main aim with this research is to contribute towards improving the research used in South Africa by the Government Communication and Information System (GCIS) in order to enhance the effectiveness of government communication and the dissemination of government information. As research can contribute towards enhancing the effectiveness of government communication and the dissemination of government information, it is considered as being of critical importance to contribute towards improving the quality of relevant research in South Africa. No research has been conducted before in South Africa regarding the use of research to enhance the effectiveness of government communication and the dissemination of government information. The methodology used to address the aim and objectives of this research was that of a qualitative, non-empirical study conducted by means of a literature review. The research provides a brief theoretic overview of research in communication. It records the use of communication research by government in South Africa since 1936 as well as the process of transforming government communication after 1994. Furthermore, it records government communication and information dissemination in other countries, with specific reference to the use of research. Various conclusions derive from this research. Among these is a clear indication of the necessity of conducting communication research in a scientific way, by applying sound theoretical principles. It also indicates that there is a good platform and strategic framework from which government communication research in South Africa can be improved further, and that South Africa can learn from relevant research conducted by governments in other countries. The researcher presents a wide range of recommendations for consideration, as well as potential areas for further research regarding this broader theme. / Thesis (MA (Information Science))--University of Pretoria, 2001. / Information Science / unrestricted

Background Social media has increased tremendously in users during the last years, which consequently has transformed the way people create, collaborate and communicate information. Given the wide usage, the opportunity for businesses to listen and analyze consumers' opinions online has increased. The technique of analyzing user-generated content from various social media channels is a tactic where companies can utilize their capacity and improve future business. Social listening is an active process where companies can attend, observe, interpret and respond to a variety of stimuli created by consumers on social media platforms.   Purpose The purpose of this research is to understand how organizations manage social listening and how the activities in the process can be implemented to leverage impacts for organizations’ marketing strategies. The purpose is refined by addressing the research questions:      -       How do organizations manage the social listening process?   -       How can the activities in the social listening process be implemented to enhance the leverage of impacts on the organization’s marketing strategy? Method To carry out the research purpose, a qualitative research through a descriptive multiple case study design was performed. Empirical data was collected through eight semi-structured interviews with professionals within the field. The primary data was reviewed in relation to previously conducted research by thematic analysis to answer the research questions.   Conclusion              The research finds that organizations’ intention of integrating social listening is to deepen the understanding of the market to incorporate the results in their marketing strategy. Empirical findings explain the social listening process by emphasizing on the importance of establishing intentions to facilitate the choice of process, separating qualitative and quantitative data, and to carefully chosen dissemination strategy, to leverage the impacts on marketing strategies as a result of social listening.

Sammanfattning Datum:                               2022-05-30 Nivå:                                   Magisteruppsats Företagsekonomi, 15 hp Akademi:                            Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalen University Författare:                           Sara Andersson                  Anna Tjärnström                                             (95/03/22)                           (96/03/05) Titel:                                   Kunskap som resurs- En fallstudie på Volvo CE om utmaningar och möjligheter inom knowledge management utifrån ledares och medarbetares upplevelser  Handledare:                        Magnus Linderström Nyckelord:                          kunskap, knowledge management, kunskapsspridning, explicit och tyst kunskap, organisation Forskningsfråga:                    Hur hanterar fallföretaget explicit och tyst kunskap utifrån ledare och medarbetares upplevelser?  Syfte:                                         Syftet med studien var att utifrån fallföretagets utmaningar och möjligheter inom knowledge management få en djupare förståelse för hur dem hanterar kunskap som resurs utifrån ledare och medarbetares upplevelser.  Metod:                                I studien användes fallstudiemetodik med en blandad metod. Fem semistrukturerade intervjuer med ledare från fallföretaget samt en enkät som skickades ut till dess medarbetare utgör empiriska data. Slutsats:                              I studiens analys urskildes tre teman som har betydelse för hur kunskap som resurs hanteras i fallföretaget. Analysen framförde att kunskap som resurs är en ständig process samtidigt som särskilda processer eller strategier för kunskapshantering inte identifierades. Det visade sig ske ett större och mer medvetet hanterande gällande explicit- än tyst kunskap / Abstract Date:                                   2022-05-30 Level:                                 Master thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr Institution:                          School of Business, Society and Engineering, Mälardalen University Authors:                              Sara Andersson                  Anna Tjärnström                                             (95/03/22)                           (96/03/05) Title:                                   Knowledge as a resource- A case study at Volvo CE on challenges and opportunities in knowledge management based on managers 'and employees' experiences Supervisor:                         Magnus Linderström Keywords:                          knowledge, knowledge management, knowledge dissemination, explicit and tacit knowledge, organization  Research question:             How does the case company handle explicit and tacit knowledge based on leaders 'and employees' experiences? Purpose:                              The purpose of the study was to, based on the fall company's challenges and opportunities in knowledge management, gain a deeper understanding of how they handle knowledge as a resource based on leaders 'and employees' experiences. Method:                              The study used the case study methodology with a mixed method. Five semi-structured interviews with leaders from the case company and a questionnaire sent out to its employees constitute empirical data. Conclusion:                        In the study's analysis, three themes were identified that are important for how knowledge as a resource is handled in the case company. The analysis stated that knowledge as a resource is a constant process at the same time as specific processes or strategies for knowledge management were not identified. It turned out that there was a greater and more conscious handling of explicit than tacit knowledge

Background: Advances in information technology have paved the way to facilitate accessibility to population-level health data through web-based data query systems (WDQSs). Despite these advances in technology, US state agencies face many challenges related to the dissemination of their local health data. It is essential for the public to have access to high-quality data that are easy to interpret, reliable, and trusted. These challenges have been at the forefront throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify the most significant challenges faced by state agencies, from the perspective of the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) coordinator from each state, and to assess if the coordinators from states with a WDQS perceive these challenges differently. Methods: We surveyed BRFSS coordinators (N=43) across all 50 US states and the District of Columbia. We surveyed the participants about contextual factors and asked them to rate system aspects and challenges they faced with their health data system on a Likert scale. We used two-sample t tests to compare the means of the ratings by participants from states with and without a WDQS. Results: Overall, 41/43 states (95%) make health data available over the internet, while 65% (28/43) employ a WDQS. States with a WDQS reported greater challenges (P=.01) related to the cost of hardware and software (mean score 3.44/4, 95% CI 3.09-3.78) than states without a WDQS (mean score 2.63/4, 95% CI 2.25-3.00). The system aspect of standardization of vocabulary scored more favorably (P=.01) in states with a WDQS (mean score 3.32/5, 95% CI 2.94-3.69) than in states without a WDQS (mean score 2.85/5, 95% CI 2.47-3.22). Conclusions: Securing of adequate resources and commitment to standardization are vital in the dissemination of local-level health data. Factors such as receiving data in a timely manner, privacy, and political opposition are less significant barriers than anticipated.

The web has granted everyone the opportunity to freely share large amounts of data. Individuals, corporations, and communities have made the web an important tool in their arsenal. These entities are spreading information online, but not all of it is constructive. Some spread misinformation to protect themselves or to attack other entities or ideas on the web. Checking the integrity of all the information online is a complex problem and an ethical solution would be equally complex. Multiple latent factors decide how a topic spreads and finding these factors is non-trivial. In this thesis, the patterns of different topics are compared with each other and the generalized patterns of fake, true, and mixed news, using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic models. We look at how the dissemination of topics can be compared through different metrics, and how these can be calculated through networks related to the data.  The analyzed data was collected using the Twitter API and news article scrapers. From this data, custom corpora were made through lemmatization and filtering unnecessary words and characters. The LDA models were made using these corpora, making it possible to extract the latent topics of the articles. By plotting the articles according to their most dominant topic, graphs for the popularity, size, and other distribution statistics could easily be drawn. From these graphs, the topics could be compared to each other and be categorized as fake, true, or mixed news by looking at their patterns and novelty. However, this brought up the question if it would be ethical to generalize topics in this way. Suppressing or censuring an article because it contains a lot of novel information might hide constructive novelties and violate freedom of speech. Finally, this thesis presents the means for further work in the future, which could involve collecting one large, continuous dataset for a fair and accurate comparison between topics.

Information is a powerful tool for enabling physicians to provide quality healthcare for their patients. Information use in the clinic is a skill that must be learned. If medical residency programs fail to impart this skill, then patients will suffer. The residents of the ETSU Quillen College of Medicine were surveyed as to their use of clinical information. Of the 217 residents of the 2005-2006 class who were surveyed, 105 returned the survey for a return rate of 48%. The clinical faculty was also surveyed in order to measure the responses of the residents against that of their instructors. ETSU residents frequently had a new information need in the clinic. The majority of the time they did not seek an answer, but when they did they were often successful in finding an answer. Therapy information was the most frequently sought after type of information. Most residents used the Quillen College of Medicine Library, but not at a desirable rate. Residents stated that information obtained from the library was helpful in caring for their patients. The most frequent source of information used by residents was electronic resources and the greatest barrier to the use of information was time. The majority of residents were PDA users, with Palm devices being the primary platform. The residents rated their PDA skills and evidence-based medicine skills as above average. Few were LoansomeDoc users. The majority of residents received information training from clinical faculty and from librarians and rated it highly. Residents indicated a desire for more training and the majority indicated that they would like a clinical medical librarian for their program. They rated the library service of the Quillen College of Medicine and the area teaching hospitals highly. Residents used Google and the Web frequently. PubMed was rated as a valuable resource. Online journals and the UpToDate database were important electronic resources for the residents. ETSU residents have many excellent resources and training opportunities in place. However, for ETSU residents to go out into community practice as true "Infomasters" an upgrading of their information training should be undertaken.

Background: There is limited research on how web-based, point-of-care, evidence-based medicine (EBM) tools, such as evidence summaries, are being implemented and used in developing countries. Objectives: To investigate accessibility, use, and impact of an online EBM knowledge dissemination portal in orthopaedic surgery. To explore whether receiving daily targeted evidence summaries results in more frequent use of an EBM tool compared with receiving general weekly reports. To identify and explain the barriers and benefits of a point-of-care resource in the Indian context. Methods: Forty-four orthopaedic surgeons in Pune, India, were provided free access to OrthoEvidence (OE), a for-profit, online EBM knowledge dissemination portal. Participants were subsequently randomized to an Intervention group receiving daily targeted evidence summaries or a Control group receiving general weekly summaries. This study employed an explanatory sequential mixed methods design that incorporated two questionnaires, OE usage data, and semi-structured interviews to gain insight into the surgeons’ usage, perceptions and impact of OE. Results: There were no observable differences in OE usage between the Intervention and Control groups. OE was deemed to be comprehensive, practical, useful, and applicable to clinical practice by the majority of surgeons. The exit survey data revealed no differences between groups’ perceptions of the OE tool. Semi-structured interviews revealed barriers to keeping up with evidence that included limited access to relevant medical literature (limited internet connection, lack of time, minimal access to medical journals) and limited incentive to keep up with it (limited decision-making powers for residents, textbook-based residency curriculum, lack of research methods knowledge, limited context-specific research). Changing trauma practices at the hospital were noted following the intervention. Recommendations: The practice of EBM and the use of point-of-care tools in India can be promoted by investing in adequate electronic infrastructure (improvements to internet access) and by integrating EBM into training programs and surgical cultures. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)