This study examined the prevalence of undiagnosed dissociative disorders in a sample of 201 adult patients admitted to a private psychiatric hospital in a major metropolitan city in the south-central United States, over an eight-month period. A screening measure, two blind structured interviews, and a blind clinical interview were employed. The lifetime prevalence of dissociate disorders among the interviewed subjects was 40.8%. More specifically, 7.5% were diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder, 15.4% with dissociative disorder not otherwise specified, 13.4% with dissociative amnesia, and 4.5% with depersonalization disorder. Dissociative fugue was not found in this sample. Cohen's kappa reliability coefficients were computed between the three interview measures, resulting in significant findings for the presence of dissociative identity disorder and dissociative disorder not otherwise specified versus no dissociative disorder. The Cohen's kappa reliability coefficients were as follows: DDIS-DES-T = 0.81; SCID-D-DES-T = 0.76; Clinician-DES-T = 0.74, DDIS-SCID-D = 0.74; DDIS-Clinician = 0.71, and SCID-D-Clinician = 0.56. A meeting was conducted at the end of all subject interviews to discuss discrepant findings between measures. Four additional sub-analyses were performed between dissociative and non-dissociative subjects on DSM-IV variables. Patients diagnosed with a dissociative disorder had higher rates of comorbid major depressive disorder, borderline personality disorder, somatization disorder, and childhood history of physical and/or sexual abuse. Theoretical and methodological issues were discussed as they relate to these findings.

La recombinaison dissociative (RD) est le processus dans lequel un ion moléculaire positif se recombine avec un électron et se dissocie après en fragments neutres. Parmi les différents types de réactions entre ions moléculaires et électrons, la RD mérite une attention particulière à cause du rôle important qu'elle joue dans les plasmas à basse température et de faible densité, telles que celles rencontrées dans les ionosphères planétaires et les nuages interstellaires. En dépit de l'apparente simplicité de la RD, son étude s'est avéré difficile aussi bien du point de vue expérimental que théorique. Afin d'apporter plus de lumière sur ce processus, la technique de la post-décharge en écoulement a été introduite et a été largement utilisée ces dernières décennies. La présente thèse est dédiée aux études expérimentales de la réaction RD, à l'aide du spectromètre de masse à sonde Langmuir (FALP-MS) en post-décharge en écoulement, à l'Université de Rennes 1, à Rennes, en France. Nous avons étudié la réaction RD à température ambiante a été étudiée pour les ions moléculaires d'acétone ( ) et les cations de diméthylamine cations ( ainsi que les vitesses de réaction des cations de triméthylamine ( cations, et nous avons obtenu des valeurs avec des incertitudes de of ± 30 %. De plus, nous avons étudié l'attachement électronique à la diméthylamine neutre et nous avons trouvé une constante de vitesse de = 4.81 x 10-10 cm3 s-1. Un nouveau système d'injection pour l'anneau de stockage électrostatique de KACST a été conçu et construit dans le laboratoire de l'IPR à Rennes. Le couplage de la source d'ions avec un analyseur de masse quadripolaire et l'utilisation d'un système de vannes pulsées assurant un pompage différentiel entre différentes régions de la ligne d'injection constitue une méthode nouvelle dans le contexte d'un anneau de stockage. Le but final de ce projet est l'étude des réactions à ions lourds tels que les ions moléculaires biologiques. / Dissociative recombination (DR) is a process in which a positive molecular ion recombines with an electron and subsequently dissociates into neutral fragments. Among the different types of molecular ion-electron reactions DR deserves particular attention due to the important role it plays in low-temperature and low-density plasmas such as those encountered in planetary ionospheres and interstellar clouds. Despite the apparent simplicity of the DR reaction, its investigation has proven to be a difficult task from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. In order to shed more light upon this process the flowing afterglow technique has been introduced and utilised extensively for the last few decades. This thesis is devoted to experimental studies into the DR reaction using the flowing afterglow Langmuir probe mass spectrometer FALP-MS at the University of Rennes 1, in Rennes, France. The DR reaction at room temperature has been investigated for the acetone molecular ions ( ) and dimethylamine cations ( as well as the reaction rates of trimethylamine ( cations, and the obtained values were with uncertainties of ± 30 %. In addition, the electronic attachment to neutral dimethylamine was also studied and the rate constant was determined to be = 4.81 x 10-10 cm3 s-1. A new ion injection system system for the KACST electrostatic storage ring has been designed and built in the IPR laboratory in Rennes. The coupling of an ion source with a quadrupole mass analyzer and the use of a gas pulsing system to maintain the differential pumping between different regions of the injection line, is a novel technique for use with a storage ring. The final goal of this system is to study the reactivity of heavy ions such as biological molecular ions.

This thesis is based on theoretical studies of molecular collisions occurring at relatively low to intermediate collision energies. The collisions are called dissociative recombination (DR) and mutual neutralization (MN). In a molecular quantum mechanical picture, both reactions involve many highly excited molecular electronic states that are interacting by non-adiabatic couplings with each other. The molecular complexes involved in the collisions are relatively (diatomic or triatomic systems) composed of relative light atoms. This allows for accurate quantum chemistry calculations and a quantum mechanical description of the nuclear motions. The reactions studied here are the MN reaction in collisions of H++ H-, Li++ F-, and He++ H- and the DR reaction of H2O+. Rotational couplings are investigated in the study of MN reaction for  He++ H . For some reactions, the electronic resonant states have to be considered. These are not bound states, but are states interacting with the ionization continuum. Electronic structure calculations are combined with electron scattering calculations to accurately compute potential energy curves for the resonant states involved in the DR of H2O+ and the MN of  He++ H. From these calculations, the autoionization widths of the resonant states are also obtained. Once the potential energy curves are computed for the systems, the nuclear dynamics are studied either semi-classically, using the Landau-Zener method or quantum mechanically, employing the time-independent and time-dependant Schrödinger equations. Reaction cross section and final states distribution are computed for all the reactions, showing significantly large cross section at low to intermediate collision energies. For the MN processes, studied here, not only total cross sections are calculated but differential cross sections as well. Where possible, comparisons with previous experimental and theoretical results are performed / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>

Background: Differential relationships of the dimensions of psychopathy with external factors indicate that psychopathy can be conceptualised as a multifaceted syndrome comprised of distinct subgroups of psychopaths (Blackburn, 1988). However, it is not known whether similar subtypes of psychopathy exist across cultures. The research question which this thesis sought to answer was: Do subtypes of psychopathy exist among murderers, and if so, might the prevalence of these subtypes differ across cultures? Three aims were addressed: i) to compare the trauma histories, dissociative experiences and psychopathic features of British and South African men convicted of murder and the associations among them; ii) to test potential aetiological models of psychopathy; and iii) to explore whether subtypes of psychopathy could be identified among men convicted of murder. Method: Participants were 120 adult male prisoners serving sentences for murder. Sixty participants were British and incarcerated in prisons in England and 60 participants were South African and incarcerated in South Africa. Trauma, dissociation and psychopathy were measured using the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ; Green, 1996), the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES; Carlson & Putnam, 1993) and the Psychopathy Checklist-Revised Second Edition (PCL-R; Hare, 2003a), respectively. Results: South African participants reported significantly more traumatic and dissociative experiences and possessed more psychopathic features than their British counterparts. Structural equation modelling (SEM) analyses of the entire sample revealed that trauma was positively and directly related to the behavioural features of psychopathy, whereas trauma was positively and indirectly related to the affective features of psychopathy via the partial mediating role of dissociation, suggesting that subtypes of psychopathy may exist among murderers. In addition, cluster analyses identified subtypes of psychopathy, two of which parallel variants of primary and secondary psychopathy described in the literature. Conclusions: Dissociation may mediate the relationship between trauma and psychopathy among individuals who have experienced high levels of trauma, suggesting that there may be a threshold or a ‘cut-off’ level at which witnessing or experiencing trauma becomes detrimental for one’s psychological health. The prevalence of certain subtypes of psychopathy may differ across cultures. Findings have theoretical implications as well as implications for the treatment and risk assessment of offenders.

In this thesis the major work described concerns experimental determination of the dissociative recombination (DR) reaction for several molecular ions of astrochemical interest. DR is the process where an electron recombines with a molecular ion to form an excited neutral that disintegrates into two or more neutral fragments to release the gained excess energy. It is very efficient under cold conditions and therefore ubiquitously occurring in interstellar environments such as dark clouds and plays an important role in aeronomical plasmae, lightnings and in man-made plasmas such as in combustion engines and fusion reactors. Although DR reactions are crucial processes in all these environments, product branching fractions of DR reactions have proven to be very unpredictable and present one of the great remaining challenges for theoreticians. The experimental work includes determination of reaction rates and product distribution of DR of complex ions such as protonated alcohols and ethers. The following species have been investigated and are discussed in this thesis: CH3OH2+ (protonated methanol), CD3OD2+ (deuteronated methanol), CD3OCD2+ (methoxymethyl cation), CD3CDOD+ (deuteronated acetaldehyde), CH3CH2OH2+ (protonated ethanol) and (CD3)2OD+ (deuteronated dimethyl ether). The results of these measurements are used in astrochemical model calculations in which the rates used hitherto greatly have been based on educated guesses. Employing the outcome of the DR investigations of the CH3OH2+ and CD3OD2+ ions have shown a great impact on such models. The DR investigations have been followed up by astronomical observations. Theoretical models and laboratory experiments show that methanol should be formed from CO on cold grains. This scenario was tested by astronomical observations of gas associated with young stellar objects (YSOs). Two independent tests were showing consistency with methanol formation on grain surfaces. / I den här avhandlingen redovisas mitt arbete som till stor del baseras på experimentell bestämning av dissociativa rekombinations (DR) processer för molekylära joner av astrokemiskt intresse. DR är en process där en elektron rekombinerar med en molekylär jon som splittras up i två eller fler neutrala fragment för att göra sig av med den extra energi som erhållits. Processen är väldigt effektiv i kalla miljöer varför den är allestädes återkommande i omgivningar som interstellära moln och kometkoman och spelar en betydande roll i aeronomiska plasman, blixturladdningar men även i mänskligt skapade plasman såsom de i förbränningsmotorer och fusionsreaktorer. Det har dock visat sig att produkt distributionsförhållandena från DR reaktioner är mycket oförutsägbara och kvarstår som en av de stora återstående utmaningarna för teoretiker. Det experimentella arbetet består av bestämning av reaktionshastigheter samt produktdistribution för DR av komplexa joner som protonerade alkoholer och etrar. De följande jonerna har blivit undersökta och diskuteras i denna avhandling: CH3OH2+ (protonerad metanol), CD3OD2+ (deuteronerad metanol), CD3OCD2+ (metoxymetyl katjon), CD3CDOD+ (deuteronerad acetaldehyd), CH3CH2OH2+ (protonerad etanol) och (CD3)2OD+ (deuteronerad dimetyleter). Resultaten av mätningarna används i astrokemiska modelberäkningar i vilka reaktionshastigheterna som hittills använts till stor del baserats på kvalificerade gissningar. Insättning av resultaten av CH3OH2+ och CD3OD2+ jonerna har visat sig ha en stor effekt på sådana modeller. DR undersökningarna har följts upp av astronomiska observationer. Teoretiska modeller och laboratorieundersökningar visar att metanol borde kunna formas från CO på kalla iskornsytor, detta scenario har testats med astronomiska observationer av gas som associeras med unga stjärnor. Två oberoende undersökningar visade på förenlighet med metanolformation på kornytor. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished  and had a status as follows: Paper 1: Manuscript. Paper 2: In press. Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 5: Manuscript.

Thesis (M.Ed.)--Acadia University, 1997. / Includes bibliographical references. Also available on the Internet via the World Wide Web.

Extensive computer use is creating a society where its citizens are communicating outside the norm of real life. These diversions from real life communication behavior have been named the Online Disinhibition Effect (ODE). The effect is a psychological model that is structured with different types of elements which can be triggered by different communication mediums. There are two sides of the effect; a benign, where compassion and a reveal of emotions are more likely, and a toxic, where anger, frustration and threats are in focus. In the online video game industry, ODE is active, but as the medium is different than regular internet use the effects are different as well. This paper looks at how online video games are affected by ODE. By using the most current disinhibition model made by Suler and looking at modern cyberpsychology in online games, this paper found eight features that have the possibility to decrease disinhibition amongst users. This paper concludes with a warning that games are becoming more immersive and without the proper authority features, games will increase their disinhibition effect amongst its users.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as alterações hemodinâmicas, respiratórias e metabólicas, bem como a qualidade de indução e recuperação do animal; de sedação e relaxamento muscular promovidos pela utilização da dexmedetomidina isolada ou associada à tiletamina-zolazepam. Foram utilizados 18 cães machos e fêmeas hígidos, sem raça definida, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo I recebeu dexmedetomidina na dose de 10 mcg.kg-1 através da via intramuscular e decorridos 20 minutos recebeu solução salina no volume de 0,06 ml.kg-1 através da via intravenosa; o grupo II recebeu a mesma dose de dexmedetomidina e após 20 minutos, tiletamina-zolazepam na dose de 6,0 mg.kg-1, através da via intravenosa. A coleta de dados foi realizada imediatamente antes da aplicação da dexmedetomidina, aos cinco, 15, 25, 40, 55 e 85 minutos após a administração do fármaco. Os valores obtidos foram confrontados estatisticamente através de provas paramétricas, com a Análise de Variância seguida do teste de Tukey e para os dados não paramétricos, prova de Mann-Whitney \"U\", adotando-se significância estatística de 5% (p<0,05). No grupo I observou-se redução gradativa da freqüência cardíaca, do débito cardíaco e do índice cardíaco após a utilização da dexmedetomidina. No grupo II houve redução semelhante, porém de menor magnitude após a administração da tiletaminazolazepam. A pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar, assim como a pressão venosa central e índice de resistência vascular sistêmica aumentaram significantemente em relação aos valores basais nos dois grupos. A pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média aumentaram após a aplicação da tiletamina-zolazepam. Ocorreu discreta depressão respiratória apenas no grupo II, com redução da pressão parcial de oxigênio e aumento nos valores da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial. Em ambos os grupos verificou-se redução da pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto e saturação venosa mista de oxigênio, sendo este decréscimo mais intenso no grupo I. O índice de oferta de oxigênio diminuiu em até 44% e 50% nos grupos I e II, respectivamente, porém os valores de consumo e extração de oxigênio mantiveram-se próximos aos valores basais. Ocorreu depressão ventilatória com redução de volume minuto e volume minuto alveolar no grupo I; volume corrente expirado e volume corrente alveolar no grupo II. Em relação à qualidade de indução, verificou-se ausência de excitação, vocallização e movimentos de pedalagem no grupo II e recuperação isenta de ataxia e hipertonia muscular nos dois grupos. A sedação promovida pela dexmedetomidina foi adequada permitindo decúbito lateral com capacidade de levantar a cabeça em 78% dos animais. No grupo II obteve-se grau de sedação mais profundo após a utilização de tiletamina-zolazepam. O relaxamento muscular foi satisfatório variando de moderado a intenso em ambos os grupos. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que: a dexmedetomidina promove redução importante da freqüência cardíaca e de todos os demais parâmetros hemodinâmicos dependentes do cronotropismo; quando a dexmedetomidina está associada aos fármacos tiletamina-zolazepam, a redução na freqüência cardíaca é de menor magnitude; através da via intramuscular, a dexmedetomidina preserva os parâmetros pressóricos provavelmente devido o incremento do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica; a dexmedetomidina desencadeia leve depressão respiratória e promove sedação de grau moderado a profundo e relaxamento muscular de grau moderado a intenso quando administrada pela via intramuscular. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate hemodynamic, respiratory and metabolic alterations, the quality of induction and recovery of the animal, as well as sedation and muscular relaxation promoted by the use of dexmedetomidine alone or associated to tiletamine-zolazepam. Eighteen healthy male and female mongrel dogs were used and randomly assigned to two groups: group I animals were treated with dexmedetomidine (10 mcg.k\'g-1 i.m.) and after 20 minutes, saline solution (0,06 ml.k\'g-1 i.v.); group II animals received the same dose of dexmedetomidine and after 20 minutes, tiletamine-zolazepam (6,0 mg.k\'g-1 i.v.). Data were collected immediately before dexmedetomidine application and after five, 15, 25, 40, 55 and 85 minutes of the dexmedetomidine administration. Data were submitted to Analysis of Variance Test followed by Tukey\'s, non parametrics datas were evaluated with Mann-Whitney \"U\" test, with 5% of significance (p < 0,05). In group I was observed gradual reduction of the heart rate, cardiac output and the cardiac index after the use of dexmedetomidine. In group II there was similar reduction, but in less magnitude after tiletamine-zolazepam administration. The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, as well as central venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance index increased significantly in relation to baseline values in both groups. The sistolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased after application of tiletamine-zolazepam. There was a mild respiratory depression only in group II, with the reduction of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen and increase in the the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide values. In both groups the reduction of the mixed venous blood partial pressure of oxygen and mixed venous blood saturation of oxygen was observed, this decrease was more intense in group I. The oxygen transport index reduced up to 44% and 50% in the groups I and II, respectively, however the values of oxygen consumption and extraction maintained next to baseline values. There was ventilatory depression with reduction of volume minute and alveolar volume minute in group I; tidal volume and tidal volume alveolar in group II. In terms of induction quality, there was no excitation, vocalization and paddling of limbs in group II, and recovery presented no incoordenation and muscular hypertonus in both group. The sedation promoted by dexmedetomidine was appropriated allowing lateral recumbency, with ability to rise the head in 78% of the animals. In group II a profound sedation level was obtained after tiletamine-zolazepam administration. The muscular relaxation was adequated, varying from moderate to intense in both of the groups. In view of the obtained results it was possible to conclude that: dexmedetomidine promoted important reduction of heart rate and of all other cronotropism dependent hemodynamic parameters; when dexmedetomidine was associated to tiletamine-zolazepam, reduction of heart rate was in less magnitude ; dexmedetomidine i.m. preserved the pressure parameters probably due to increase of systemic vascular resistance index; dexmedetomidine i.m. developed a mild respiratory depression and promoted moderate to profound level of sedation and moderate to intense level of muscular relaxation.

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar as alterações hemodinâmicas, respiratórias e metabólicas, bem como a qualidade de indução e recuperação do animal; de sedação e relaxamento muscular promovidos pela utilização da dexmedetomidina isolada ou associada à tiletamina-zolazepam. Foram utilizados 18 cães machos e fêmeas hígidos, sem raça definida, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo I recebeu dexmedetomidina na dose de 10 mcg.kg-1 através da via intramuscular e decorridos 20 minutos recebeu solução salina no volume de 0,06 ml.kg-1 através da via intravenosa; o grupo II recebeu a mesma dose de dexmedetomidina e após 20 minutos, tiletamina-zolazepam na dose de 6,0 mg.kg-1, através da via intravenosa. A coleta de dados foi realizada imediatamente antes da aplicação da dexmedetomidina, aos cinco, 15, 25, 40, 55 e 85 minutos após a administração do fármaco. Os valores obtidos foram confrontados estatisticamente através de provas paramétricas, com a Análise de Variância seguida do teste de Tukey e para os dados não paramétricos, prova de Mann-Whitney \"U\", adotando-se significância estatística de 5% (p<0,05). No grupo I observou-se redução gradativa da freqüência cardíaca, do débito cardíaco e do índice cardíaco após a utilização da dexmedetomidina. No grupo II houve redução semelhante, porém de menor magnitude após a administração da tiletaminazolazepam. A pressão de oclusão da artéria pulmonar, assim como a pressão venosa central e índice de resistência vascular sistêmica aumentaram significantemente em relação aos valores basais nos dois grupos. A pressão arterial sistólica, diastólica e média aumentaram após a aplicação da tiletamina-zolazepam. Ocorreu discreta depressão respiratória apenas no grupo II, com redução da pressão parcial de oxigênio e aumento nos valores da pressão parcial de dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial. Em ambos os grupos verificou-se redução da pressão parcial de oxigênio no sangue venoso misto e saturação venosa mista de oxigênio, sendo este decréscimo mais intenso no grupo I. O índice de oferta de oxigênio diminuiu em até 44% e 50% nos grupos I e II, respectivamente, porém os valores de consumo e extração de oxigênio mantiveram-se próximos aos valores basais. Ocorreu depressão ventilatória com redução de volume minuto e volume minuto alveolar no grupo I; volume corrente expirado e volume corrente alveolar no grupo II. Em relação à qualidade de indução, verificou-se ausência de excitação, vocallização e movimentos de pedalagem no grupo II e recuperação isenta de ataxia e hipertonia muscular nos dois grupos. A sedação promovida pela dexmedetomidina foi adequada permitindo decúbito lateral com capacidade de levantar a cabeça em 78% dos animais. No grupo II obteve-se grau de sedação mais profundo após a utilização de tiletamina-zolazepam. O relaxamento muscular foi satisfatório variando de moderado a intenso em ambos os grupos. A partir dos resultados obtidos foi possível concluir que: a dexmedetomidina promove redução importante da freqüência cardíaca e de todos os demais parâmetros hemodinâmicos dependentes do cronotropismo; quando a dexmedetomidina está associada aos fármacos tiletamina-zolazepam, a redução na freqüência cardíaca é de menor magnitude; através da via intramuscular, a dexmedetomidina preserva os parâmetros pressóricos provavelmente devido o incremento do índice de resistência vascular sistêmica; a dexmedetomidina desencadeia leve depressão respiratória e promove sedação de grau moderado a profundo e relaxamento muscular de grau moderado a intenso quando administrada pela via intramuscular. / The aim of the present study was to evaluate hemodynamic, respiratory and metabolic alterations, the quality of induction and recovery of the animal, as well as sedation and muscular relaxation promoted by the use of dexmedetomidine alone or associated to tiletamine-zolazepam. Eighteen healthy male and female mongrel dogs were used and randomly assigned to two groups: group I animals were treated with dexmedetomidine (10 mcg.k\'g-1 i.m.) and after 20 minutes, saline solution (0,06 ml.k\'g-1 i.v.); group II animals received the same dose of dexmedetomidine and after 20 minutes, tiletamine-zolazepam (6,0 mg.k\'g-1 i.v.). Data were collected immediately before dexmedetomidine application and after five, 15, 25, 40, 55 and 85 minutes of the dexmedetomidine administration. Data were submitted to Analysis of Variance Test followed by Tukey\'s, non parametrics datas were evaluated with Mann-Whitney \"U\" test, with 5% of significance (p < 0,05). In group I was observed gradual reduction of the heart rate, cardiac output and the cardiac index after the use of dexmedetomidine. In group II there was similar reduction, but in less magnitude after tiletamine-zolazepam administration. The pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, as well as central venous pressure and systemic vascular resistance index increased significantly in relation to baseline values in both groups. The sistolic, diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased after application of tiletamine-zolazepam. There was a mild respiratory depression only in group II, with the reduction of the arterial partial pressure of oxygen and increase in the the arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide values. In both groups the reduction of the mixed venous blood partial pressure of oxygen and mixed venous blood saturation of oxygen was observed, this decrease was more intense in group I. The oxygen transport index reduced up to 44% and 50% in the groups I and II, respectively, however the values of oxygen consumption and extraction maintained next to baseline values. There was ventilatory depression with reduction of volume minute and alveolar volume minute in group I; tidal volume and tidal volume alveolar in group II. In terms of induction quality, there was no excitation, vocalization and paddling of limbs in group II, and recovery presented no incoordenation and muscular hypertonus in both group. The sedation promoted by dexmedetomidine was appropriated allowing lateral recumbency, with ability to rise the head in 78% of the animals. In group II a profound sedation level was obtained after tiletamine-zolazepam administration. The muscular relaxation was adequated, varying from moderate to intense in both of the groups. In view of the obtained results it was possible to conclude that: dexmedetomidine promoted important reduction of heart rate and of all other cronotropism dependent hemodynamic parameters; when dexmedetomidine was associated to tiletamine-zolazepam, reduction of heart rate was in less magnitude ; dexmedetomidine i.m. preserved the pressure parameters probably due to increase of systemic vascular resistance index; dexmedetomidine i.m. developed a mild respiratory depression and promoted moderate to profound level of sedation and moderate to intense level of muscular relaxation.

Dissociative identity disorder (previously known as multiple personality disorder) often results from severe trauma during early childhood and is considered as the most severe and chronic manifestation of the dissociative disorders. This study aims to explore therapies used on patients with dissociative identity disorder and to obtain an overview of the dissociative identity disorder situation in Sweden according to the experts’ perspectives. To accomplish the objectives, a qualitative research was used and the data came from three interviews with experts in dissociative identity disorder field and a short literature review was conducted. The analysis was guided by the psychodynamic and cognitive-behavioural theories with a focus on the meaning of the interview texts. The result shows a positive trend of developments about the situation of dissociative identity disorder in Sweden. At the same time, it proves that social workers in Sweden have a long way to go in this field with therapists major in dissociative identity disorder. When it comes to therapists used by professionals, plenary effective therapies along with innovative therapies would be put in use in dissociative identity disorder field.