This study aims to evaluate algorithms designed to detect distracted driving. This includes the comparison of how efficiently they detect the state of distraction and likelihood of a crash. Four algorithms that utilize measures of cumulative glance, past glance behavior, and glance eccentricity were used to understand the distracted state of the driver and were validated on two separate data sources (i.e., simulator and naturalistic data). Additionally, an independent method for distraction detection was designed using data mining methods. This approach utilized measures like steering degree, lane offset, lateral and longitudinal velocity, and acceleration. The results showed a higher likelihood of distracted events when cumulative glances were considered. However, the state of distraction was observed to be higher when glance eccentricity was added. Additionally, it was observed that glance behavior using the four legacy algorithms were better detectors of the state of distraction as compared to the data mining method that used vehicular measures. This research has implications in understanding the state of distraction, predicting the power of different methods, and comparing approaches in different contexts (naturalistic vs simulator). These findings provide the fundamental building blocks towards designing advanced mitigation systems that give drivers feedback in instances of high crash likelihood.

Barn som undersöks, vårdas eller behandlas, genomgår olika procedurer och kan då uppleva smärta, oro och rädsla. För att minska och avleda dessa för barnet obehagliga upplevelser finns det olika distraktionsmetoder som kan användas. Clownintervention är en av dessa metoder. Syftet med studien var att beskriva clowninterventionens effekt på barns smärta, oro och rädsla. Metoden som användes var litteraturstudie. De artiklar som analyserats var huvudsakligen med kvantitativ metod men en hade mixad metod. Alla artiklar var publicerade de senaste fem åren. Resultatet visar framför allt att clownintervention hade effekt på barns oro och rädsla. Det utvärderades genom självskattning av de barn som var kapabla att använda mätinstrumenten och genom observationer av de barn som inte klarade av självskattning. Det gick dock inte lika tydligt att påvisa effekt på smärta med hjälp av clownintervention då endast tre studier visat på dess effekt. Detta kan bero på att materialet var litet. Konklusionen är att det är viktigt att för sjuksköterskor medvetandegöra clowninterventionens effekt hos barn och implementera denna distraktionsmetod i klinisk verksamhet. Dessutom skulle det vara av värde om det genomfördes mer forskning i större grupper för att se effekten av clowners medverkan för att reducera barns smärtupplevelse. / Children who undergoes examinations, care or treatment goes through different procedures that may give them experience of pain, anxiety and fear. There are different methods of distraction to decrease and distract those unpleasent experiences. Clownintervention is one of those methods. The aim of this study is to describe the effect of clownintervention on childrens pain, anxiety and fear. The method used is litterature study. The articles analysed was mainly quantitative method however one was with a mixed method. All articles were published the latest five years. The main result showed that clownintervention had effect on childrens anxiety and fear. It was evaluated through self- report assessment in the children who were able to use this and through observation of those children who were not able to use self- report assessment. It did not, however, equally clearly demonstrate effect on pain using clownintervention when only three studies demonstrated positive effect. It may be that the material was small. The conclusion is that nurses need to be aware of the importence about the effect of clownintervention and to implement this method of distraction in to clinical work. Furthermore it would be of great importance if more research could be done in larger populations to examine the effect of clowns assistance to reduce childrens experience of pain.

The increase in student cell phone use in classrooms has led to a decrease in academic performance and satisfaction with instruction (Dietz & Henrich, 2014). Currently, it is unknown as to whether student classroom cell phone usage has any effect on the teacher. The purpose of this study was to determine student and teacher opinions of classroom cell phone usage and perceived distraction. Surveys were conducted with a sample of college students (N = 163) and college faculty (N = 289), from a university in the Southeastern region of the United States. Data indicate there are differing opinions on classroom cell phone usage between students and teachers. Results revealed teachers believe significantly more than students that cell phones should not be used during class. A majority of teachers also reported they have been distracted by students using their phones, while only about half of the students believe their teachers have been distracted by cell phones. Students using cell phones during class may affect more than just their individual academic performance; student cell phone use may actually have a negative impact on the entire class and the quality of teaching.

Bakgrund Barn som kommer till sjukvården kan komma i kontakt med procedurrelaterad smärta genom olika typer av provtagningar eller behandlingar. Barn har inte samma coping-förmåga som vuxna vilket kan påverka deras eventuella rädsla och smärtupplevelse inför smärtsamma procedurer. Avledning kan vara en effektiv metod att använda sig av för att minska barnets lidande. Avledning utgår ifrån antagandet att genom att flytta barnets fokus till något engagerande och attraktivt, hindras hens förmåga att ta in smärtsamma stimuli vilket minskar smärta. Syfte Syftet med litteraturstudien var att undersöka olika avdelningsmetoders effekt på procedurrelaterad smärta hos barn. Metod En litteraturstudie där 12 originalartiklar kvalitetsgranskades och resultatet sammanställdes och analyserades. Resultat Avledningsmetoderna skiljde sig markant mellan de olika studierna. Överlag visade resultatet på att avledning vid smärtsamma procedurer minskade smärtan. Två avledningsmetoder minskad inte smärtan. Slutsats Avledning är ett effektivt sätt att minska procedurrelaterad smärta hos barn.  Avledning kan förbättra eventuella framtida erfarenheter med vården på grund av att negativa upplevelser minskas. Fler studier behövs för att se vilka avledningsmetoder som passar till vilka barn, eftersom alla barn är olika kan vissa avledningsmetoder vara mer effektiva hos vissa barn än andra. / Background Children who come in contact with healthcare can experience procedure related pain through different types of tests or treatments. Children do not have the same coping ability as adults, which can affect how much fear and pain they experience during painful procedures. Distraction may be an effective method to lessen a child's suffering. The idea behind distraction is that by moving a child's focus to something interesting and pleasant the ability to take in painful stimuli is hampered, thus pain is reduced. Aim The purpose of this literature study was to investigate the effect distraction has on procedure related pain in children. Method A literature study based on 12 original articles. The quality of the articles was examined and results were compiled and analyzed. Results Distraction methods differed significantly between the different articles. Overall, the results showed that the use of distraction during painful procedures reduced pain. Two distraction methods did not decrease pain. Conclusion Distraction is an effective way of reducing procedure related pain in children. Distraction can improve potential future experiences with health care because negative experiences are reduced. Further research is needed to see what distraction methods are suitable to each child, because all children are different certain distraction methods can be more effective in some children than in others.

by Yeung Hiu Yan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 158-171). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.i / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.ii / ABSTRACT (English & Chinese) --- p.iii / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.viii / INDEX FOR FIGURES --- p.xii / INDEX FOR TABLES --- p.xvi / Chapter 1. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.2 / Chapter 1.1. --- History of Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2. --- Clinical Application of Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- Limb-Lengthening --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Correction of Deformities and Non-Unions --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Bone Transport --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Reconstruction of the mandible --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3. --- Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4. --- Osteocalcin --- p.9 / Chapter 1.5. --- Bone Growth Factors --- p.11 / Chapter 1.6. --- Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs) --- p.12 / Chapter 1.6.1. --- Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (aFGF) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.6.2. --- Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (bFGF) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.7. --- Transforming Growth Factor-pi (TGF-β1) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.8. --- Fracture Healing --- p.18 / Chapter 1.8.1. --- Histology --- p.18 / Chapter 1.8.2. --- Growth Factor Expression --- p.18 / Chapter 1.9. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.19 / Chapter 1.9.1. --- Histology --- p.19 / Chapter 1.9.2. --- Growth Factor Expression --- p.20 / Chapter 1.10. --- Aim of the Study --- p.21 / Chapter 2. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1. --- Animal Model --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Source of Animal --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Animal Operation --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.3. --- Fracture Healing Model --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.4. --- Distraction Osteogenesis Model --- p.24 / Chapter 2.2. --- Sample Collection --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Tissue Sample Collection and Preparation --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2.1.1. --- Test for the Complete Decalcification of the Calluses --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Blood Sample Collection and Storage --- p.26 / Chapter 2.3. --- Bone Mineral Density Measurement of the Distracted Callus and the Fracture Callus --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.1. --- Fracture Healing Group --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis Group --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4. --- Serum Bone Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP) Activity --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.1. --- Wheat Germ Lectin (WGL) Precipitation of BALP --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.1.1. --- Reagent --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4.1.2. --- Preparation and Measurement of Samples --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.1.3. --- Auto-analyzer Setup --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5. --- Quantification of the Osteocalcin in Serum --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.1. --- Reagent and Sample Preparation --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.2. --- Detection Procedures --- p.31 / Chapter 2.6. --- Localization of the Growth Factors in Distraction Osteogenesis and Fracture Healing --- p.32 / Chapter 2.6.1. --- Immunohistochemistry of the Growth Factors --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.1.1. --- Reagents and Solution Preparation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.6.1.2. --- Experimental Procedure --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.1.3. --- Evaluation of Immunohistochmical Staining Results --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6.2. --- Verification of the Primary Antibody Used in the Study --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6.2.1. --- Tissue Preparation --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6.2.2. --- Antibody to Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor (aFGF) --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.1. --- Immunohistochemistry of Goat Brain and Growth Plate --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.2. --- Dot Blot --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.2.1. --- Materials and Reagents --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.2.2. --- Procedures --- p.39 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.3. --- Sodium Dodecylsulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.3.1. --- Materials and Reagents --- p.41 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.3.2. --- Procedures --- p.42 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.4. --- Western Blotting --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.4.1. --- Materials and Reagents --- p.43 / Chapter 2.6.2.2.4.2. --- Procedures --- p.44 / Chapter 2.6.2.3. --- Antibody to Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor --- p.45 / Chapter 2.6.2.4. --- Antibody to Transforming Growth Factor-β1 --- p.45 / Chapter 3. --- RESULTS --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1. --- Animal Model --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Fracture Healing Animal Model --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.1.1. --- Radiography of Fracture Healing --- p.53 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis Animal Model --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2.1. --- Gross Morphology of Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.54 / Chapter 3.1.2.2. --- Radiography of Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.55 / Chapter 3.2. --- Bone Mineral Density (BMD) Measurement --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.1. --- In Fracture Healing --- p.56 / Chapter 3.2.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.57 / Chapter 3.3. --- Bone-specific Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Goat Serum --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- ", Fracture Healing" --- p.59 / Chapter 3.3.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.59 / Chapter 3.4. --- Serum Osteocalcin Measurement --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Fracture Healing --- p.60 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.60 / Chapter 3.5. --- Histology --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.1. --- Fracture Healing --- p.61 / Chapter 3.5.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.64 / Chapter 3.6. --- Verification of Primary Antibody Used in the Study --- p.67 / Chapter 3.6.1. --- Antibody to Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor --- p.67 / Chapter 3.6.1.1. --- Dot Blot --- p.67 / Chapter 3.6.1.2. --- Western Blotting --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.1.3. --- Immunohistochemistry of Goat Brain and Growth Plate --- p.68 / Chapter 3.6.2. --- Antibody to Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.2.1. --- Dot Blot --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.2.2. --- Immunohistochemistry of Goat Brain and Growth Plate --- p.69 / Chapter 3.6.3. --- Antibody to Transforming Growth Factor-β1 --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.3.1. --- Western Blotting --- p.70 / Chapter 3.6.3.2. --- Immunohistochemistry of Growth Plate --- p.70 / Chapter 3.7. --- Localization of Growth Factors in Fracture Healing and Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.70 / Chapter 3.7.1. --- Acidic Fibroblast Growth Factor --- p.71 / Chapter 3.7.1.1. --- Fracture Healing --- p.71 / Chapter 3.7.1.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.72 / Chapter 3.7.2. --- Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor --- p.73 / Chapter 3.7.2.1. --- Fracture Healing --- p.73 / Chapter 3.7.2.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.74 / Chapter 3.7.3. --- Transforming Growth Factor-β1 --- p.75 / Chapter 3.7.3.1. --- Fracture Healing --- p.75 / Chapter 3.7.3.2. --- Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.76 / Chapter 4. --- DISCUSSION --- p.142 / Chapter 4.1. --- The Biochemical Events in Fracture Healing --- p.142 / Chapter 4.2. --- The Biochemical Events in Distraction Osteogenesis --- p.147 / Chapter 4.3. --- Limitations of the present study --- p.153 / Chapter 4.4. --- Future Study --- p.154 / Chapter 5. --- CONCLUSION --- p.156 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.158

Many models of reading include cognitive components such as memory and attention in addition to the linguistic processing aspects; however, the particular effects of these other resources have yet to be clearly defined. The current study seeks to look at the effects of attentional resource manipulation on the reading process through the use of comic viewing, auditory distraction and dual-task paradigms. The study uses both behavioral measures (comprehension question performance) and eye-tracking measures (fixation time, revisits) to investigate the effects of increased cognitive load on the reading process in healthy, literate adults. The study found that healthy adults used the presence of comics to attenuate the effects of distraction and increased cognitive load on the comprehension process. Without the additional visual information of the comics, the participants showed a significant increase in the number of attempts to reread material (i.e. revisits) due to the distractor/dual-task presentation while still exhibiting notable decreases in comprehension. Furthermore, additional correlations were found between several cognitive testing measures and the participants’ performances in both the comprehension and eye-tracking measures across conditions. The results of this study provide valuable insight into future stages of this study, informing further research with both healthy adults and clinical populations such as people with aphasia or traumatic brain injuries.

Chan Chun Wai. / "August 2004." / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Mode of access: World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese.

The current study investigates whether younger adults process distraction semantically and how age influences the level of distraction processing. In a first experiment, younger adults’ processing of distraction was examined by comparing implicit and explicit memory for that distraction. Then, in a second experiment, younger and older adults’ semantic processing of distractors was directly tested by examining memory for distractors on a conceptually based category-generation task. Younger adults showed equivalent implicit and explicit distractor memory in the first experiment and no conceptual priming for distractors on the category-generation task of the second experiment. Older adults, on the other hand, showed reliable conceptual priming for distractors, and the effect was significantly correlated with age in that group. The results collectively suggest that older, but not younger, adults engage in elaborate processing of irrelevant information, and that this effect is possibly tied to inhibitory control abilities that tend to decrease with age.

Distraction is an effective pain management intervention and children’s coping styles are important to consider when designing interventions. The purpose of this study was to examine two movie distractions in children 3 to 11 years old receiving venipunctures and to evaluate the relations between the effectiveness of the interventions and coping styles. Results revealed no interaction and no main effects of condition or coping style. However, coping on caregiver-report of child pain approached significance. T-tests revealed significant differences between approach and avoidance coping styles, with children with an approach coping style experiencing significantly less pain compared to children with an avoidance coping style. Descriptive statistics revealed the presence of a mixed coping style, suggesting that children’s coping styles may be continuous. This study highlights the importance of examining coping styles in the context of pediatric painful medical procedures and the need to further examine the effectiveness of distraction interventions.

Syfte: Att beskriva och analysera sjuksköterskors kunskap, användning av och inställning till  avledning som en smärtlindrande omvårdnadsmetod vid procedursmärta hos barn.  Metod: Fyrtioen sjuksköterskor, varav sexton specialistutbildade, från tre olika pediatriska  slutenvårdsavdelningar besvarade en enkät som sedan analyserades med hjälp av innehållsanalys  samt i statistikprogrammet SPSS där t-tester och Spearman’s rangkorrelationskoefficient beräknats.  Resultat: En stor andel utav sjuksköterskorna hade hört talas om avledning och använde sig  regelbundet av metoden. Två tredjedelar, främst specialistutbildade, hade hög kunskap kring  avledning och ansåg sig använda metoden i hög utsträckning. Flertalet, främst specialistutbildade,  var positivt inställda till metoden. Specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor hade högre kännedom och  kunskap än grundutbildade sjuksköterskor. Ett samband fanns mellan positiv inställning till  avledning och hög användning av metoden.  Slutsats: De flesta sjuksköterskorna kände till avledning, men kunskapsnivån var dock inte lika  hög. Deltagarnas självrapporterade användning utav avledning var hög, men fler  observationsstudier behövs kring ämnet. Trots att flertalet var positiva till avledning fanns ett antal  sjuksköterskor som var negativa till metoden och för att höja sjuksköterskors kunskapsnivå och  inställning till avledning bör man belysa och implementera de forskningsresultat som finns till  klinisk verksamhet. / Aim: To describe and analyze nurses’ knowledge, use of and attitudes towards distraction therapy  as an analgesic nursing method during procedural pain in children.  Method: Forty-one nurses, including sixteen pediatric nurse specialists, from three different  pediatric wards completed a questionnaire which was analyzed using content analysis and the  statistical program SPSS where t-tests and Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was calculated.  Results: A large proportion of the nurses had heard of distraction therapy and used it regularly in  their practice. Two thirds of the participants, mostly pediatric nurse specialists, had a high level of  knowledge about the distraction therapy and reported that they used the method to a large extent.  The majority, primarily pediatric specialists, had a positive attitude toward the method. Pediatric  nurse specialists had higher awareness and knowledge than regular nurses. A correlation was found  between positive attitude to distraction therapy and high use of the method.  Conclusion: Most nurses had a high awareness about distraction therapy, but the level of  knowledge was not as high. The participants self-reported use of distraction therapy was high, but  there is a need of further observational studies regarding the subject. Although a majority were  positive toward distraction therapy, a number of nurses had a negative attitude toward the method  and to increase nurses’ knowledge and attitudes current research results should be emphasized and  implemented into clinical practice.