<p>In this thesis I have investigated verb frame divergences in a bilingual Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar for machine translation. The purpose was threefold: (1) to describe and classify verb frame divergences (VFDs) between Swedish and English, (2) to practically implement a bilingual grammar that covered many of the identified VFDs and (3) to find out what cases of VFDs could be solved and implemented using a common semantic representation, or interlingua, for Swedish and English.</p><p>The implemented grammar, BiTSE, is a Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar based on the LinGO Grammar Matrix, a language independent grammar base. BiTSE is a bilingual grammar containing both Swedish and English. The semantic representation used is Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). It is language independent, so generating from it gives all equivalent sentences in both Swedish and English. Both the core of the languages and a subset of the identified VFDs are successfully implemented in BiTSE. For other VFDs tentative solutions are discussed.</p><p>MRS have previously been proposed as suitable for semantic transfer machine translation. I have shown that VFDs can naturally be handled by an interlingual design in many cases, minimizing the need of transfer.</p><p>The main contributions of this thesis are: an inventory of English and Swedish verb frames and verb frame divergences; the bilingual grammar BiTSE and showing that it is possible in many cases to use MRS as an interlingua in machine translation.</p>

In this thesis I have investigated verb frame divergences in a bilingual Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar for machine translation. The purpose was threefold: (1) to describe and classify verb frame divergences (VFDs) between Swedish and English, (2) to practically implement a bilingual grammar that covered many of the identified VFDs and (3) to find out what cases of VFDs could be solved and implemented using a common semantic representation, or interlingua, for Swedish and English. The implemented grammar, BiTSE, is a Head-driven Phrase Structure Grammar based on the LinGO Grammar Matrix, a language independent grammar base. BiTSE is a bilingual grammar containing both Swedish and English. The semantic representation used is Minimal Recursion Semantics (MRS). It is language independent, so generating from it gives all equivalent sentences in both Swedish and English. Both the core of the languages and a subset of the identified VFDs are successfully implemented in BiTSE. For other VFDs tentative solutions are discussed. MRS have previously been proposed as suitable for semantic transfer machine translation. I have shown that VFDs can naturally be handled by an interlingual design in many cases, minimizing the need of transfer. The main contributions of this thesis are: an inventory of English and Swedish verb frames and verb frame divergences; the bilingual grammar BiTSE and showing that it is possible in many cases to use MRS as an interlingua in machine translation.

Intercultural marketing is a constant process of marketing programs adaptation to the national or international target markets. Intercultural differences play an important role in the process of implementing marketing strategies, hence while doing marketing research, market segmentation and selection of suitable target groups, developing brand positioning and implementing marketing mix -- product, price, distribution and communication. The dissertation work of David Hrbek provides a reader with a complex of characteristics of cultural divergences in selected countries of European Union and Eastern Europe -- Germany, Austria, Italy, Poland, Russia, Ukraine and Belarus -- with a goal to define manners of behavior of industrial (B2B) subjects in these countries, to analyze business environment and to synthesize the main findings about the ways of leading business negotiations. Based on numerous practical examples the author comes to the conclusion that in spite of the fact business negotiations in B2B markets have been determined mostly by rational data - product description, services, price, terms of delivery, payment conditions, etc. - it more and more appears, that knowledge of cultural disparities of particular countries, selection of appropriate methods of business negotiation with a foreigner, and ability to adjust business habits and ethics in foreign environment, significantly influence results of the business transactions. Without knowledge of local environment, language, hierarchy of values, historical and cultural heritage, and at last but not least careful selection of strategy and tactics of business negotiation, it would be very difficult to realize large and organizationally complex business contracts. The work has a highly practical use due to extended collection and synoptic comparison of business environments in seven selected European countries. The author offers broad analysis of political, legislative and economic factors, and describes specific conditions for selling Czech goods into the above mentioned markets. These data, collected in close cooperation with the Czech embassies and commercial representation abroad, are universally applicable for Czech exporters and establish a frame for further analyses in the area of social-cultural environments and leading business negotiations with foreign partners.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2015-10-07T21:48:06Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de Mestrado - Marcus Vinicius Araujo Martins.pdf: 17313212 bytes, checksum: c8f53c6ca71e9fd04eb76a8bfaa1f1a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-07T21:48:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o de Mestrado - Marcus Vinicius Araujo Martins.pdf: 17313212 bytes, checksum: c8f53c6ca71e9fd04eb76a8bfaa1f1a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-23 / This dissertation includes the implementation of an investment strategy using the divergence pattern of Technical Analysis indicator MACD. This pattern, when it occurs in historical price series indicate trend reversals and thus signal moments of buying and selling of shares, within the so-called Capital Markets. An investment strategy composed of a pattern detection algorithm divergence of the MACD indicator was implemented and applied to several historical series of american stock prices considering trade volumes, popularity of the company, price volatility and their comparison with returns on random dates market entrance. In addition, a stock portfolio composed of the higher volume trading and more volatile stocks was implemented. These tests considered the period from 2003 to 2013. Another test on definite trend moments and not definite considered the interval from 2000 to 2013. Overall, all the tests and simulations, were obtained positive returns on investments based on past prices using a strategy when compared with simple strategies such as buy a stock and hold it till the end of the period, or in comparison with major indexes in the US market. One can conclude, therefore, that the divergence pattern of the MACD indicator was able to predict reversals trends in stock prices used as reference during the period. / Esse trabalho contempla a implementa??o de uma estrat?gia de investimento utilizando o padr?o de diverg?ncia do indicador de An?lise T?cnica MACD. Esse padr?o, quando ocorre em s?ries hist?ricas de pre?os, indicam revers?es de tend?ncia e, dessa forma, sinalizam momentos de compra e venda de a??es, dentro do que se chama Mercado de Capitais. Uma estrat?gia de investimento composta por um algoritmo de detec??o do padr?o de diverg?ncia do indicador MACD foi implementada e aplicada a diversas s?ries hist?ricas de pre?os de a??es americanas, considerando volume de negocia??es, popularidade da empresa, volatilidade dos pre?os e comparativos com retornos por datas aleat?rias de entrada no mercado. Al?m disso, foi implementada uma carteira de a??es composta pelas empresas de maior volume de negocia??o e volatilidade de pre?os. Esses testes consideraram o per?odo de 2003 a 2013. Outro teste, sobre momentos de tend?ncia definida e n?o definida considerou o intervalo de 2000 a 2013. No geral, em todos os testes e simula??es, foram obtidos retornos positivos sobre investimentos baseados em pre?os passados utilizando a estrat?gia, quando comparado com estrat?gias simples como comprar uma a??o e mant?-la at? o fim do per?odo, ou na compara??o com principais ?ndices do mercado americano. Pode-se concluir, portanto, que o padr?o de diverg?ncia do indicador MACD foi capaz de prever revers?es de tend?ncias nos pre?os das a??es utilizadas como refer?ncia no per?odo considerado.

Après dix ans de monnaie commune, les disparités régionales persistent dans la zone euro et l'activité économique a du mal à se dynamiser. Le dysfonctionnement du système de politique économique figure parmi les explications possibles de ces évolutions. Cette thèse reconsidère la conduite des politiques macroéconomiques dans une Union hétérogène, avec transmission asymétrique des chocs. Trois essais de modélisation sont développés dans ce but. Le premier étudie la politique monétaire dans un modèle à la Barro-Gordon, à l'aide d'un jeu défini entre la banque centrale et les différents agents de l'Union. Le second introduit l'interaction entre politique monétaire et budgétaire dans l'Union, afin d'assurer un environnement stable, favorable à l'activité économique. Il se situe dans un cadre néo-keynésien, modifié pour inclure certains aspects des pratiques monétaires et budgétaires de la zone euro. Enfin, un troisième essai analyse le rôle de ces politiques dans la stabilisation des chocs conjoncturels, à l'aide d'un modèle d'équilibre général dynamique stochastique (DSGE) avec asymétries financières. Les enseignements vont dans une direction commune. Une politique monétaire orientée vers la réduction des divergences nationales serait bénéfique pour l'Union, uniquement si la banque centrale est hostile simultanément aux divergences d'inflation et de revenu. L'intérêt de la banque centrale pour les seules divergences d'inflation peut être contreproductif. Les politiques nationales restent les principaux outils pour réduire les disparités. Leur conduite doit se faire dans un cadre coordonné, qui tient compte des asymétries structurelles dans l'Union. Ce serait compatible avec la conduite autonome des politiques budgétaires, suivant une stratégie commune pour la zone. L'annonce publique des règles budgétaires nationales permettrait d'améliorer la transparence des politiques et d'accroître leur efficacité.

We present the techniques for the calculation of one- and two-loop integrals contributing to the virtual corrections to 2→2 scattering of massless particles. First, tensor integrals are related to scalar integrals with extra powers of propagators and higher dimension using the Schwinger representation. Integration By Parts and Lorentz Invariance recurrence relations reduce the number of independent scalar integrals to a set of master integrals for which their expansion in є = 2 — D/2 is calculated using a combination of Feynman parameters, the Negative Dimension Integration Method, the Differential Equations Method, and Mellin-Barnes integral representations. The two-loop matrix-elements for light-quark scattering are calculated in Conventional Dimensional Regularisation by direct evaluation of the Feynman diagrams. The ultraviolet divergences are removed by renormalising with the MS scheme. Finally, the infrared singular behavior is shown to be in agreement with the one anticipated by the application of Catani's formalism for the infrared divergences of generic QCD two-loop amplitudes.

Submitted by Cássia Santos (cassia.bcufg@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T11:10:22Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Correa Cardoso - 2015.pdf: 1889051 bytes, checksum: 30ceafcbcec49849ebbd9052365878f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2015-10-26T13:20:58Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Correa Cardoso - 2015.pdf: 1889051 bytes, checksum: 30ceafcbcec49849ebbd9052365878f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-26T13:20:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - João Henrique Correa Cardoso - 2015.pdf: 1889051 bytes, checksum: 30ceafcbcec49849ebbd9052365878f6 (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / Study of classical guitar technique aims at providing enabling tools to musical expression. This research investigated the different techniques in the traditional guitar methods. Our main objective was to identify the diverging and converging characteristics among such methods, as well as to elucidate elements and concepts that directly influenced the current approaches towards the instrument. For this purpose, the paper encompasses three chapters: the first one is about the structural changes in the guitar which interfered in the dawn of new technical approaches. It also presents a historical and bibliographical survey on classical guitar techniques from the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. The second chapter identifies and discusses the main distinguishing elements of each method’s suggestions. In the last chapter, we analyse the results by using the theoretical background previously discussed, the considerations concerning to the performance possibilities and the differences learnt throughout the study of the methods. By comparing all those elements, we were able to observe that the convergences or divergences emphasizing factors among the methods are wide, being specially influenced by the didactic philosophy in each one. Eventually, we verified that the divergences are highlighted as we compare the Spanish to the Italian method. / O estudo da técnica violonística tem a finalidade de fornecer ferramentas capazes de possibilitar a expressão musical. A presente pesquisa investigou as distintas linhas de condutas técnicas contidas nos métodos para violão que consideramos tradicionais. O intuito principal foi identificar os pontos divergentes e convergentes entre os métodos, bem como elucidar elementos e conceitos que influenciaram diretamente as atitudes atuais frente ao instrumento. Para tanto, este trabalho compreende três capítulos: o primeiro consiste na exposição das alterações estruturais no violão que intervieram no surgimento de novas abordagens técnicas, bem como em um levantamento histórico-bibliográfico acerca dos métodos para guitarra do século XVII, XVIII e XIX. O segundo capítulo identifica e discute os principais elementos que caracterizam as propostas de cada método. No último capítulo, discutimos os resultados a partir dos embasamentos teóricos, das considerações concernentes às possibilidades de execução e distinções colhidas através do estudo dos métodos. O emprego de uma ótica comparativa nos possibilita observar que os fatores que acentuam as convergências ou divergências entre os métodos são amplos, influenciados principalmente pela filosofia didática que cada um adota. Verificamos, ainda, que as divergências acentuam-se na medida em que comparamos os métodos espanhóis com os italianos.

The aim of this paper is to analyze descriptively the consensual and differential dimensions of political leadership social representations, based on a convenience sample composed of Psychology, Philosophy and Humanities college students from Tucumán National University, Argentina. Results show a representational universe in tension characterized by opposite nuclear components: Leadership and Representation versus Power and Corruption, as well as opposite dimensions: Features / Positive Political Aspects versus Features / Negative Political Aspects, as well as two relevant clusters consistent with the latter two. Differences are also observed when analyzing variables such as: year in college, student’s political group membership, university political involvement and background / types of political figures. / Se analiza descriptivamente la faceta consensual y diferencial de las representaciones socialessobre la dirigencia política, en base a una muestra de estudiantes de la Facultad de Psicología y en la Facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad Nacional de Tucumán (UNT)-Argentina. Los resultados muestran un universo representacional en tensión caracterizado por componentes nucleares contrarios: Liderazgo y Representación versus Poder y Corrupción; y por dimensiones opuestas: Características/Aspectos Políticos Positivos versus Características/Aspectos Políticos Negativos, así como por conglomerados primordiales concordantes con estas últimas. Se observan también diferencias en función de variables como año de cursado, militancia en agrupaciones políticas estudiantiles, antecedentes de participación política en la Universidad y cargos/figuras políticas de diversa índole.

La description et l’estimation des modèles aussi bien univariés que multivariés impliquantdes distributions à queue lourde est un enjeu applicatif majeur. Les L-moments sontdevenus des outils classiques alternatifs aux moments centraux pour décrire les comportementsen dispersion, asymétrie, kurtosis d’une distribution univariée à queue lourde. Eneffet, contrairement aux moments centraux correspondants, ils sont bien définis dès quel’espérance de la distribution d’intérêt est finie. Les L-moments peuvent être vus comme laprojection de la fonction quantile sur une famille orthogonale de polynômes, récupérant lalinéarité inhérente aux quantiles. Nous estimerons dans un premier temps les paramètresde modèles semi paramétriques définis par des contraintes sur ces L-moments par des méthodesde minimisation de divergences.Nous proposons dans un second temps une généralisation des L-moments aux distributionsmultivariées qui passe par la définition d’un quantile multivarié défini comme untransport entre la distribution uniforme sur [0; 1]d et la distribution d’intérêt. Cela nouspermet de proposer des descripteurs pour des distributions multivariées adaptés à l’étudedes queues lourdes. Nous détaillons leurs expressions dans le cadre de modèles possédantdes paramètres de rotation.Enfin, nous proposons des M-estimateurs de la matrice de dispersion des distributions complexeselliptiques. Ces dernières forment un modèle multivarié semi-paramétrique contenantnotamment des distributions à queue lourde. Des M-estimateurs spécifiques adaptésaux distributions elliptiques avec une hypothèse supplémentaire de stationnarité sont égalementproposés. Les performances et la robustesse des estimateurs sont étudiées.Les signaux radar provenant de fouillis tels les fouillis de mer ou les fouillis de sol sontsouvent modélisés par des distributions elliptiques. Nous illustrerons les performances dedétecteurs construits à partir de l’estimation de la matrice de dispersion par les méthodesproposées pour différents scénarios radar pour lesquels la robustesse de la procédure d’estimationest cruciale. / The description and the estimation of univariate and multivariate models whose underlyingdistribution is heavy-tailed is a strategic challenge. L-moments have becomeclassical tools alternative to central moments for the description of dispersion, skewnessand kurtosis of a univariate heavy-tailed distribution. Indeed, contrary to correspondingcentral moments, they are well defined since the expectation of the distribution of interestis finite. L-moments can be seen as projections of the quantile function on a family oforthogonal polynomials. First, we will estimate parameters of semi-parametric modelsdefined by constraints on L-moments through divergence methods.We will then propose a generalization of L-moments for multivariate distributions using amultivariate quantile function defined as a transport of the uniform distribution on [0; 1]dand the distribution of interest. As their univariate versions, these multivariate L-momentsare adapted for the study of heavy-tailed distributions. We explicitly give their formulationsfor models with rotational parameters.Finally, we propose M-estimators of the scatter matrix of complex elliptical distributions.The family of these distributions form a multivariate semi-parametric model especiallycontaining heavy-tailed distributions. Specific M-estimators adapted to complex ellipticaldistribution with an additional assumption of stationarity are proposed. Performancesand robustness of introduced estimators are studied.Ground and sea clutters are often modelized by complex elliptical distributions in the fieldof radar processing. We illustrate performances of detectors built from estimators of thescatter matrix through proposed methods for different radar scenarios.

We discuss the vacuum energy of the electromagnetic ¯eld interacting with a spherical plasma shell together with a model for the classical motion of the shell. We discuss the ultraviolet divergences in terms of the heat kernel coe±cients. Using these, we carry out the renormalization by rede¯ning the parameters of the classical model. It turns out that this is possible and that the resulting model has a vacuum energy which changes sign in dependence on the parameters of the plasma shell. In the limit of the plasma shell becoming an ideal conductor the vacuum energy found by Boyer in 1968 is reproduced.