A capacidade de identificação de emoções é imprescindível para uma interação social adequada entre indivíduos. Existem transtornos psiquiátricos, como o Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), que impedem o reconhecimento de emoções e acabam por comprometer a qualidade de vida das pessoas. Faz-se necessária uma forma eficaz de avaliar e treinar os pacientes na identificação de emoções. Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto maior que objetiva fornecer representações de faces humanas com emoções diversas. Já existe um sistema, implementado em nossos grupos de pesquisa LAPIS-BIOINFOMED, que apresenta como saída imagens de faces com a aplicação das emoções: aversão, medo, raiva, satisfação, surpresa e tristeza, mas restrito à faixa etária jovem, sexo masculino e etnia caucasiana. Este sistema será utilizado no futuro como um jogo para auxiliar no tratamento dos pacientes com autismo, apresentando as imagens das caricaturas para que sejam adivinhadas pelo paciente. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi expandir o algoritmo existente de forma a permitir a combinação de diversas faixas etárias, sexos e etnias, permitindo que as imagens geradas sejam mais próximas ou mais distantes do convívio do paciente em tratamento, graduando assim a dificuldade no reconhecimento das emoções aplicadas às imagens. Neste trabalho foi levantado o estado da arte na literatura, para a área de representação de sexos, etnias e faixas etárias em imagens de face. Estes dados levantados foram comparados com características extraídas de tabelas com dados antropométricos, que armazenam as principais medidas e distâncias entre regiões da face humana (olhos, boca, nariz, etc.) para diferentes etnias, faixas etárias e sexos. Após esta análise, foram adicionadas ao algoritmo de geração de imagens as características que melhor diferem as três diversidades estudadas. Também foram adicionadas características que não estavam presentes nos dados antropométricos, como as rugas, tanto de idade quanto de algumas emoções. O produto final deste projeto é a comparação entre as características utilizadas pela literatura e as características extraídas da antropometria, e a expansão do algoritmo atual contemplando as diversidades étnicas, etárias e de sexo, permitindo que o usuário possa escolher uma configuração dessas diversidades para a geração das imagens com as emoções aplicadas / The ability to identify emotions is essential for adequate social interaction between individuals. There are psychiatric disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which prevent recognition of emotions and impair people\'s quality of life. An effective way to evaluate and train patients to identify emotions is needed. This work is part of a larger project that aims to provide representations of human faces with diverse emotions. There is already a system, implemented in our research group LAPIS-BIOINFOMED, which outputs face images with those emotions applied: aversion, fear, anger, satisfaction, surprise and sadness, but restricted to the young age group, male sex and Caucasian ethnicity. This system will be used in the future to develop serious games to support the treatment of patients with ASD, by presenting facial images with emotional expressions, so that the emotion can be guessed by the patient. The aim of the present study was to expand the existing algorithm to allow the combination of different age groups, genders and ethnicities, allowing the generated images to be closer to or more distant from the patient\'s life, graduating the difficulty in the recognition of the emotions applied to the images. In this work, the state of the art was presented in the literature for the area of representation of sexes, ethnicities and age groups in face images. These data were compared with characteristics extracted from articles with anthropometric data, which store the main measurements and distances between regions of the human face (eyes, mouth, nose, etc.) for different ethnic groups, age groups and sexes. After this analysis, the characteristics that best differ the three studied diversities were added to the imaging algorithm . Features that were not presented in the anthropometric data were also added, such as wrinkles, both age and some emotions. The final product of this project is the comparison between the characteristics used in the literature and the characteristics extracted from the anthropometry, and the expansion of the current algorithm contemplating the ethnic, age and sex diversities, allowing the user to choose a configuration of these diversities for the generation of the images with the applied emotions

A capacidade de identificação de emoções é imprescindível para uma interação social adequada entre indivíduos. Existem transtornos psiquiátricos, como o Transtorno do Espectro Autista (TEA), que impedem o reconhecimento de emoções e acabam por comprometer a qualidade de vida das pessoas. Faz-se necessária uma forma eficaz de avaliar e treinar os pacientes na identificação de emoções. Este trabalho faz parte de um projeto maior que objetiva fornecer representações de faces humanas com emoções diversas. Já existe um sistema, implementado em nossos grupos de pesquisa LAPIS-BIOINFOMED, que apresenta como saída imagens de faces com a aplicação das emoções: aversão, medo, raiva, satisfação, surpresa e tristeza, mas restrito à faixa etária jovem, sexo masculino e etnia caucasiana. Este sistema será utilizado no futuro como um jogo para auxiliar no tratamento dos pacientes com autismo, apresentando as imagens das caricaturas para que sejam adivinhadas pelo paciente. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi expandir o algoritmo existente de forma a permitir a combinação de diversas faixas etárias, sexos e etnias, permitindo que as imagens geradas sejam mais próximas ou mais distantes do convívio do paciente em tratamento, graduando assim a dificuldade no reconhecimento das emoções aplicadas às imagens. Neste trabalho foi levantado o estado da arte na literatura, para a área de representação de sexos, etnias e faixas etárias em imagens de face. Estes dados levantados foram comparados com características extraídas de tabelas com dados antropométricos, que armazenam as principais medidas e distâncias entre regiões da face humana (olhos, boca, nariz, etc.) para diferentes etnias, faixas etárias e sexos. Após esta análise, foram adicionadas ao algoritmo de geração de imagens as características que melhor diferem as três diversidades estudadas. Também foram adicionadas características que não estavam presentes nos dados antropométricos, como as rugas, tanto de idade quanto de algumas emoções. O produto final deste projeto é a comparação entre as características utilizadas pela literatura e as características extraídas da antropometria, e a expansão do algoritmo atual contemplando as diversidades étnicas, etárias e de sexo, permitindo que o usuário possa escolher uma configuração dessas diversidades para a geração das imagens com as emoções aplicadas / The ability to identify emotions is essential for adequate social interaction between individuals. There are psychiatric disorders, such as Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), which prevent recognition of emotions and impair people\'s quality of life. An effective way to evaluate and train patients to identify emotions is needed. This work is part of a larger project that aims to provide representations of human faces with diverse emotions. There is already a system, implemented in our research group LAPIS-BIOINFOMED, which outputs face images with those emotions applied: aversion, fear, anger, satisfaction, surprise and sadness, but restricted to the young age group, male sex and Caucasian ethnicity. This system will be used in the future to develop serious games to support the treatment of patients with ASD, by presenting facial images with emotional expressions, so that the emotion can be guessed by the patient. The aim of the present study was to expand the existing algorithm to allow the combination of different age groups, genders and ethnicities, allowing the generated images to be closer to or more distant from the patient\'s life, graduating the difficulty in the recognition of the emotions applied to the images. In this work, the state of the art was presented in the literature for the area of representation of sexes, ethnicities and age groups in face images. These data were compared with characteristics extracted from articles with anthropometric data, which store the main measurements and distances between regions of the human face (eyes, mouth, nose, etc.) for different ethnic groups, age groups and sexes. After this analysis, the characteristics that best differ the three studied diversities were added to the imaging algorithm . Features that were not presented in the anthropometric data were also added, such as wrinkles, both age and some emotions. The final product of this project is the comparison between the characteristics used in the literature and the characteristics extracted from the anthropometry, and the expansion of the current algorithm contemplating the ethnic, age and sex diversities, allowing the user to choose a configuration of these diversities for the generation of the images with the applied emotions

Background: China is today regarded as Sweden’s most important business partner in Asia. Even if there are cultural differences between Sweden and China the intercultural distance has successively decreased. One of the reasons is the globalisation. Another reason is the consecutive development of Swedish-Chinese relations. The interpretation from common understanding has increased the level of trade between the nations. There is an on-going development of business co-operation between Sweden and China.  The Purpose: This Bachelor Thesis will examine the differences between the Swedish-Chinese business culture and how the cultural differences affect the Swedish B2B in China. The purpose is formulated by the basis of our main research questions; “How do Swedish B2B companies perceive the cultural differences between the Swedish and Chinese way of doing business?“ and “how do Swedish companies operating in China deal with business cultural diversity in China?”  Theoretical Framework: The basis of our Bachelor Thesis examines the theories within cultural dimension. The theoretical framework is based on proven studies from e.g. Hofstede’s Five Dimensions, Trompenaars Cultural Diversity, CVS, the GLOBE Study, Cross-Cultural- Communication & Adaptation and Guanxi.  Methodology: We have used an abductive approach with the basis of a qualitative research strategy. The primary data is gathered from six different case studies; Scania, Ludvig Svensson AB, Formox AB, Century 21, Business Sweden and Småland-China Support Office. The empirical findings will further be interpreted with the theoretical framework, analysed and we will finish up with our conclusion.  Conclusion: From the research examined we have identified a numerous of business cultural differences between Sweden and China. Even if the cultural barriers including communication, decision-making, co-operation, relations and business behaviour differs there are numerous of essential exploratory effort that can be initiated to prevent cultural misunderstandings and barriers. This fundamental will be presented as our suggestions.

Namibia continues to face an ongoing struggle in protecting the rights and civil liberties of its LGBT population with LGBT rights-based organisations in the country strongly relying upon their volunteers to take advantage of political opportunities and manage multiple visibilities. Despite a growing body of international research into volunteer motivation and the beneficial application of such knowledge in volunteer management strategies, a dearth of literature exists on the motives of volunteers within LGBT rights-based organisations. This study uses data from qualitative interviews with 6 formal volunteers from Namibian LGBT rights-based organisations to explore volunteer motivations. A thematic analysis of the research findings reveal the complex motivations underlying volunteering in these organisations. Volunteer motivations in Namibian LGBT rights-based organisations included: (a) addressing and promoting humanitarian concerns; (b) improved social interaction, integration and support; (c) self-regulatory opportunities for personal enhancement; (d) developing career prospects; and (e) responding to past homophobic incidents. Barriers to volunteering were also identified and included: (a) strained organisational resources; (b) LGBT discrimination; and (c) complacency. For volunteer recruitment and retention strategies to be effective, organisations need to recognise and satisfy volunteers’ motives while also properly training and assisting volunteers in their respective roles. Also, given the local LGBT community’s sense of complacency, Namibian LGBT rights-based organisations would greatly benefit by strategically engaging community members and working to overcome the community’s lack of urgency. / Psychology / M.A. (Psychology)

O principal propósito deste trabalho foi problematizar o hodierno discurso educacional que busca valorizar as diferenças culturais, hoje bastante naturalizadas. Visando entender a emergência de enunciados sobre as pluralidades, diversidades e/ou diferenças culturais no contexto educacional brasileiro, analisamos alguns documentos de âmbito federal, produzidos pelo MEC entre 1997 e 2007. Durante a pesquisa, demonstrou-se necessário mapear alguns diferentes contextos globais em que a temática da diversidade ganhou relevância, assim como as diversas correntes epistemológicas que debatem essa temática. Estabelecemos, em nossa cartografia discursiva, duas principais tendências teóricas: a teoria crítica e o pósestruturalismo. Várias são as diferenças entre elas e, mesmo em seus interiores, encontramos muitos debates. As principais características que relacionam a teoria crítica à discussão que ora propomos são: sua leitura sobre o papel atribuído à Razão, à Dialética, ao Reconhecimento Identitário e à Redistribuição de bens materiais. Já no pós-estruturalismo encontramos críticas sobre esses conceitos por meio do estabelecimento de outras ideias, que privilegiam as traduções, os hibridismos e as diferenças culturais. Os autores e documentos pesquisados, por muitas vezes, partem de diferentes perspectivas sobre a justiça, os Direitos Humanos, as comunidades ou mesmo a importância das diferenças no âmbito político. Para compreensão da dinâmica desse campo de disputas utilizamos o conceito de desentendimento, conforme postulado por Rancière. Notamos ainda, que os debates em torno de cidadanias diferenciadas ou ações afirmativas a certos grupos, somente ganham relevância em um contexto político liberal, com sua peculiar valorização dos direitos individuais. Devido a isso, estudamos as singularidades da formação das ideias liberais no Brasil. O trabalho é composto de três partes que se relacionam e três intervalos que as complementam. Na primeira parte o foco são os desentendimentos discursivos globais, na segunda parte, as singularidades do Brasil e na terceira parte a ênfase é dada sobre os discursos educacionais, na qual privilegiamos algumas diretrizes curriculares, que são descritas em detalhe para a compreensão das tendências nelas expostas, entendidas como norteadoras de práticas e novas subjetivações. Dentre vários aspectos presentes nos documentos, quatro chamaram mais nossa atenção: a produção e naturalização de determinadas vizinhanças (negros, indígenas, mulheres, deficientes, homossexuais etc), a aproximação da diversidade cultural e da biologia, a ênfase no reconhecimento e, principalmente, a construção de um discurso essencialista sobre as diferenças, notadamente nas temáticas étnico-raciais, que se erige a partir da contestação do mito da democracia racial brasileira. Na construção e análise desse tenso e imprescindível debate, utilizamos o conceito de discurso, conforme estabelecido por Foucault. Nosso desígnio foi o de fornecer subsídios para essa premente questão: a de saber o papel da escola nessa reconceitualização sobre a justiça no contexto político-social, que atualmente parece mesclar desigualdade e exclusão através de desentendimentos sobre as relações entre igualdade e diferença. / The main purpose of this study was to question the present-day educational discourse that seeks to value cultural differences, now widely naturalized. In order to understand the emergence of statements about the cultural pluralities, diversities and / or differences within the Brazilian educational context, we review some documents at the federal level, issued by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) between 1997 and 2007. During the research, the need arose to map some different global contexts in which the theme of diversity had gained prominence, as well as the different epistemological trends debating this subject. We have established, in our discursive cartography, two main theoretical trends: the critical theory and the post-structuralism. There are several differences between them and, even within their core, we detect many debates. The main feature that relates the critical theory to the discussion that we are proposing is its approach about the role assigned to Reason, Dialectic, Recognition of Identity and Redistribution of Goods. On the other hand, in poststructuralism we find reviews about these concepts by means of the establishment of other ideas, with a focus on translations, hybridisms and cultural differences. The authors and documents that we have surveyed are often based on different perspectives about justice, Human Rights, communities, or even the importance of the differences in the political arena. In order to understand the dynamics of this field of battle, we used the concept of disagreement, as postulated by Rancière. We also observed that the discussions about differentiated citizenships or affirmative actions for certain groups only become relevant in a liberal political context, with its peculiar appreciation of the individual rights. For this reason, we studied the peculiarities of the formation of liberal ideas in Brazil. The paper comprises three parts that relate to each other and three \"intervals\" that complement them. In the first part the focus is the global discursive disagreements; in the second part, the peculiarities of Brazil; and in the third part the emphasis is on the educational discourses, in which we focus on some curriculum guidelines, which are described in detail so that the trends exposed in them can be understood, and construed as guides for practices and new subjectivations. Among several aspects present in the documents, four were those that stood out the most: the production and naturalization of certain \"neighborhoods\" (blacks, Indians, women, the disabled, homosexuals, etc.), the proximity between cultural diversity and biology, the emphasis on the recognition and, above all, the construction of an essentialist discourse about the differences, especially within the ethnic and racial spheres, which arises from the challenging of the \"myth of racial democracy in Brazil. In the construction and analysis of this tense and vital debate, we applied the concept of discourse, as established by Foucault. Our purpose was to provide subsidies to this pressing question: what the school\'s role is in this re-conceptualization about justice in the political and social context, which currently seems to merge inequality and exclusion by means of disagreements on the relationship between equality and difference.

Abstract Sweden has over the past years grown into a multicultural society which has caused that people with numerous variances of religion and cultures have to interact. This essay will be based on several primary school teacher’s experiences with immigrant families. The purpose of this essay is finding out how they are introduced and integrated in Swedish primary schools by the teachers. I’ve interviewed six primary teachers that shared what they’ve experienced with immigrant families. In order to achieve this study’s purpose I’ve used qualitative methods. The theory for this essay has been chosen to provide me with deeper knowledge about intercultural communication and meetings between people with different cultures. The results have shown that teachers experienced the culture as a big influence in the meetings. The meetings between parents and teachers has been challenging and difficult. The difficulties was often caused by the lack of understanding and communication issues, based on language, religious beliefs etc.  I’ve found out that teachers had trouble informing and achieving what was written in the curriculum for primary schools.  The teachers experienced that immigrant parents had low expectations of the primary schools and on its staff. This study has shown that teachers resolved difficulties in the meetings by acknowledging immigrant parent’s languages, heritages and cultures.

Resumo: A agricultura brasileira apresenta desigualdades e especificidades regionais, justificando a diversidade de suas condições de desenvolvimento, no que diz respeito à produção rural familiar. Esse segmento de produtores dispõe de condições desvantajosas para viver, produzir e comercializar seus produtos, principalmente quando comparada à agricultura empresarial moderna. Suas condições de sobrevivência foram agravadas, sobremaneira, com a expansão do modelo de acumulação flexível. A condição de instabilidade desses produtores tem refletido, também sobre a população urbana, uma vez que não possibilita o rebaixamento dos preços dos gêneros alimentícios básicos. Em face do reconhecimento da importância da produção rural estruturada no trabalho familiar para a agricultura e para a sociedade, contribuindo para amenizar os problemas sociais e econômicos e da intensidade das diferenças apresentadas pela ruralidade brasileira, as proposições a respeito sugerem que as análises devem ser pensadas como uma tendência geral, porém, tornam-se necessários estudos localizados. Nesse sentido, o estudo propõe compreender e analisar o contexto em que surgiram e desenvolveram os pequenos produtores na sociedade brasileira e suas possibilidades de reprodução na atual conjuntura, particularmente, no município de Catalão, Estado de Goiás. Assim, como conhecer a diversidade de estratégias adotadas por esse segmento de produtores, contribuindo com os trabalhos que vêm sendo realizados para aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a produção rural estruturada sobre o trabalho familiar e suas possibilidades de desenvolvimento social e econômico. Como terreno empírico para o estudo da produção rural familiar escolheu-se quatro comunidades rurais no município de Catalão (GO). Para a execução do trabalho foram efetuados, além da revisão da literatura... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Brazilian agriculture shows unequality and regional different features, this justify its developing conditions in many ways, as for the rural familiar production. This segment of growers face disadvantage conditions in their lives - to plant and trade their product - when compared to the modern agribusiness. Their living conditions became worse on account of the flexible accumulation expansion. Grower's instability has an effect on the urban population because of their need of basic food supplies in lower cost but, the prices have not gone down. It is recognized that structured rural production at families work is important to the agriculture and society as a whole, due to its decisive contribution to helping solving social and economical problems. Although researches points out some general trends in agriculture, it is necessary to promote case studies provided that Brazilian countryside is far different and unequal in its national configuration. So, this study proposes to comprehend and analyze the context in which the small productors were developed at Brazilian Society and their possibilities of reproduction at present conjunction, specially, at Catalão (GO). Thus, how to know the strategies diversity applied by this segment of growers, hoping to contribute to the researches which has been made so far, in order that more knowledge may be created about rural production structured upon familiar work and its possibilities to the social-economical development. Four rural communities were chosen to the empirical study in Catalão (GO). To building this research, many sources were used, besides the literature review, there were systematization, analyses and data representation and information based on first and second sources. This empirical studies were developed during the years of 2003, 2004 and 2005 in the following rural communities: Coqueiro Community... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below). / Orientador: Rosângela Aparecida de Medeiros Hespanhol / Coorientador: João Cleps Júnior / Banca: Darlene Aparecida de Oliveira Ferreira / Banca: Bernardo Mançano Fernandes / Banca: Vera Mariza Henriques de Miranda Costa / Banca: Elpídio Serra / Doutor

O principal propósito deste trabalho foi problematizar o hodierno discurso educacional que busca valorizar as diferenças culturais, hoje bastante naturalizadas. Visando entender a emergência de enunciados sobre as pluralidades, diversidades e/ou diferenças culturais no contexto educacional brasileiro, analisamos alguns documentos de âmbito federal, produzidos pelo MEC entre 1997 e 2007. Durante a pesquisa, demonstrou-se necessário mapear alguns diferentes contextos globais em que a temática da diversidade ganhou relevância, assim como as diversas correntes epistemológicas que debatem essa temática. Estabelecemos, em nossa cartografia discursiva, duas principais tendências teóricas: a teoria crítica e o pósestruturalismo. Várias são as diferenças entre elas e, mesmo em seus interiores, encontramos muitos debates. As principais características que relacionam a teoria crítica à discussão que ora propomos são: sua leitura sobre o papel atribuído à Razão, à Dialética, ao Reconhecimento Identitário e à Redistribuição de bens materiais. Já no pós-estruturalismo encontramos críticas sobre esses conceitos por meio do estabelecimento de outras ideias, que privilegiam as traduções, os hibridismos e as diferenças culturais. Os autores e documentos pesquisados, por muitas vezes, partem de diferentes perspectivas sobre a justiça, os Direitos Humanos, as comunidades ou mesmo a importância das diferenças no âmbito político. Para compreensão da dinâmica desse campo de disputas utilizamos o conceito de desentendimento, conforme postulado por Rancière. Notamos ainda, que os debates em torno de cidadanias diferenciadas ou ações afirmativas a certos grupos, somente ganham relevância em um contexto político liberal, com sua peculiar valorização dos direitos individuais. Devido a isso, estudamos as singularidades da formação das ideias liberais no Brasil. O trabalho é composto de três partes que se relacionam e três intervalos que as complementam. Na primeira parte o foco são os desentendimentos discursivos globais, na segunda parte, as singularidades do Brasil e na terceira parte a ênfase é dada sobre os discursos educacionais, na qual privilegiamos algumas diretrizes curriculares, que são descritas em detalhe para a compreensão das tendências nelas expostas, entendidas como norteadoras de práticas e novas subjetivações. Dentre vários aspectos presentes nos documentos, quatro chamaram mais nossa atenção: a produção e naturalização de determinadas vizinhanças (negros, indígenas, mulheres, deficientes, homossexuais etc), a aproximação da diversidade cultural e da biologia, a ênfase no reconhecimento e, principalmente, a construção de um discurso essencialista sobre as diferenças, notadamente nas temáticas étnico-raciais, que se erige a partir da contestação do mito da democracia racial brasileira. Na construção e análise desse tenso e imprescindível debate, utilizamos o conceito de discurso, conforme estabelecido por Foucault. Nosso desígnio foi o de fornecer subsídios para essa premente questão: a de saber o papel da escola nessa reconceitualização sobre a justiça no contexto político-social, que atualmente parece mesclar desigualdade e exclusão através de desentendimentos sobre as relações entre igualdade e diferença. / The main purpose of this study was to question the present-day educational discourse that seeks to value cultural differences, now widely naturalized. In order to understand the emergence of statements about the cultural pluralities, diversities and / or differences within the Brazilian educational context, we review some documents at the federal level, issued by the Ministry of Education and Culture (MEC) between 1997 and 2007. During the research, the need arose to map some different global contexts in which the theme of diversity had gained prominence, as well as the different epistemological trends debating this subject. We have established, in our discursive cartography, two main theoretical trends: the critical theory and the post-structuralism. There are several differences between them and, even within their core, we detect many debates. The main feature that relates the critical theory to the discussion that we are proposing is its approach about the role assigned to Reason, Dialectic, Recognition of Identity and Redistribution of Goods. On the other hand, in poststructuralism we find reviews about these concepts by means of the establishment of other ideas, with a focus on translations, hybridisms and cultural differences. The authors and documents that we have surveyed are often based on different perspectives about justice, Human Rights, communities, or even the importance of the differences in the political arena. In order to understand the dynamics of this field of battle, we used the concept of disagreement, as postulated by Rancière. We also observed that the discussions about differentiated citizenships or affirmative actions for certain groups only become relevant in a liberal political context, with its peculiar appreciation of the individual rights. For this reason, we studied the peculiarities of the formation of liberal ideas in Brazil. The paper comprises three parts that relate to each other and three \"intervals\" that complement them. In the first part the focus is the global discursive disagreements; in the second part, the peculiarities of Brazil; and in the third part the emphasis is on the educational discourses, in which we focus on some curriculum guidelines, which are described in detail so that the trends exposed in them can be understood, and construed as guides for practices and new subjectivations. Among several aspects present in the documents, four were those that stood out the most: the production and naturalization of certain \"neighborhoods\" (blacks, Indians, women, the disabled, homosexuals, etc.), the proximity between cultural diversity and biology, the emphasis on the recognition and, above all, the construction of an essentialist discourse about the differences, especially within the ethnic and racial spheres, which arises from the challenging of the \"myth of racial democracy in Brazil. In the construction and analysis of this tense and vital debate, we applied the concept of discourse, as established by Foucault. Our purpose was to provide subsidies to this pressing question: what the school\'s role is in this re-conceptualization about justice in the political and social context, which currently seems to merge inequality and exclusion by means of disagreements on the relationship between equality and difference.

Cette recherche doctorale interroge la construction des identités linguistiques dans les trajectoires migratoires et le processus d’intégration de migrants africains plurilingues, dont les parcours de vie s’inscrivent dans les espaces francophones pluriels et diversitaires que constituent l’Afrique subsaharienne, la France hexagonale et l’Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick. Elle repose sur une démarche comparée ayant pour but de chercher à comprendre comment et dans quelle mesure les migrants originaires d’Afrique noire s'inscrivent respectivement dans les contextes d'intégration particuliers que constituent l'Acadie du Nouveau-Brunswick et la France, en misant ou pas sur leur identité et compétence francophones. Cette recherche s’inscrit par ailleurs dans une perspective qualitative herméneutique accordant une place primordiale aux expériences des personnes et à l’historicité des processus et des phénomènes sociaux innervant ces expériences. L’étude menée propose, dans cette perspective, une lecture sociolinguistique des histoires de vie et biographies langagières des migrants rencontrés : approche qui permet d’interpréter les expériences mises en mots par ces derniers, et de saisir la portée des reconfigurations engendrées par la confrontation à des environnements sociolinguistiques et socioculturels autres que ceux qui les ont institués en tant qu’individus-Locuteurs / This doctoral thesis explores the construction of linguistic identities in migrants' trajectories and the integration process of multilingual African migrants whose life courses are contextualized by the multiple and diversified Francophone spaces which Sub-Saharan Africa, mainland France and New Brunswick's Acadie represent. It is based on a comparative approach aimed at understanding how, and to what extent, migrants from Black Africa are integrated into each specific settlement context of New Brunswick's Acadie and France, and whether or not their integration validates their Francophone identity and competencies. Further, the research is informed by a hermeneutic qualitative perspective, which places primary importance on the lived experiences of individuals and the historicity of the social processes and phenomena underlying their experiences. Using this perspective, the study presents a sociolinguistic reading of life histories and linguistic biographies of the migrants interviewed. This approach makes it possible to interpret the experiences articulated in their comments, and to define the impact of reconfigurations generated by their contact with sociolinguistic and sociocultural environments different from those in which they first established themselves as individual speakers.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:31:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2005-09-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:41:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendes_epp_dr_prud.pdf: 2891240 bytes, checksum: 511748d870181047cb0cab80aa2e337f (MD5) / A agricultura brasileira apresenta desigualdades e especificidades regionais, justificando a diversidade de suas condições de desenvolvimento, no que diz respeito à produção rural familiar. Esse segmento de produtores dispõe de condições desvantajosas para viver, produzir e comercializar seus produtos, principalmente quando comparada à agricultura empresarial moderna. Suas condições de sobrevivência foram agravadas, sobremaneira, com a expansão do modelo de acumulação flexível. A condição de instabilidade desses produtores tem refletido, também sobre a população urbana, uma vez que não possibilita o rebaixamento dos preços dos gêneros alimentícios básicos. Em face do reconhecimento da importância da produção rural estruturada no trabalho familiar para a agricultura e para a sociedade, contribuindo para amenizar os problemas sociais e econômicos e da intensidade das diferenças apresentadas pela ruralidade brasileira, as proposições a respeito sugerem que as análises devem ser pensadas como uma tendência geral, porém, tornam-se necessários estudos localizados. Nesse sentido, o estudo propõe compreender e analisar o contexto em que surgiram e desenvolveram os pequenos produtores na sociedade brasileira e suas possibilidades de reprodução na atual conjuntura, particularmente, no município de Catalão, Estado de Goiás. Assim, como conhecer a diversidade de estratégias adotadas por esse segmento de produtores, contribuindo com os trabalhos que vêm sendo realizados para aprofundar os conhecimentos sobre a produção rural estruturada sobre o trabalho familiar e suas possibilidades de desenvolvimento social e econômico. Como terreno empírico para o estudo da produção rural familiar escolheu-se quatro comunidades rurais no município de Catalão (GO). Para a execução do trabalho foram efetuados, além da revisão da literatura... / Brazilian agriculture shows unequality and regional different features, this justify its developing conditions in many ways, as for the rural familiar production. This segment of growers face disadvantage conditions in their lives - to plant and trade their product - when compared to the modern agribusiness. Their living conditions became worse on account of the flexible accumulation expansion. Grower's instability has an effect on the urban population because of their need of basic food supplies in lower cost but, the prices have not gone down. It is recognized that structured rural production at families work is important to the agriculture and society as a whole, due to its decisive contribution to helping solving social and economical problems. Although researches points out some general trends in agriculture, it is necessary to promote case studies provided that Brazilian countryside is far different and unequal in its national configuration. So, this study proposes to comprehend and analyze the context in which the small productors were developed at Brazilian Society and their possibilities of reproduction at present conjunction, specially, at Catalão (GO). Thus, how to know the strategies diversity applied by this segment of growers, hoping to contribute to the researches which has been made so far, in order that more knowledge may be created about rural production structured upon familiar work and its possibilities to the social-economical development. Four rural communities were chosen to the empirical study in Catalão (GO). To building this research, many sources were used, besides the literature review, there were systematization, analyses and data representation and information based on first and second sources. This empirical studies were developed during the years of 2003, 2004 and 2005 in the following rural communities: Coqueiro Community... (Complete abstract, click electronic address below).